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Analysemodel til short story
ET FORSLAG IKKE EN ENDEGYLDIG OPSKRIFT ........................... 2 KORT OM SHORT STORY .......................................................... 2 PERSONKARAKTERISTIK (CHARACTERIZATION )....................... 3 YDRE/INDRE PERSONBESKRIVELSE (OUTER/INNER CHARACTERIZATION) ..... 4 SELVE PERSONKARAKTERISTIKKEN (CHARACTERIZATION) ......................... 4 MILJØ (SETTING)...................................................................... 5 FYSISK MILJØ (PHYSICAL SETTING) ...................................................... 5 SOCIALT MILJØ (SOCIAL SETTING) ....................................................... 5 TID (TIME) ............................................................................... 6 FORTÆLLER OG SYNSVINKEL (NARRATOR AND POINT OF VIEW) ............................................................................................... 6 FØRSTEPERSONS- OG TREDJEPERSONSFORTÆLLER (FIRST PERSON AND THIRD
PERSON NARRATOR) ........................................................................ 7

SPROGET (LANGUAGE) ............................................................ 9 SIMPELT ELLER KOMPLEKST SPROG (SIMPLE OR COMPLEX LANGUAGE) .......9 ORDVALG (CHOICE OF WORDS)........................................................10 BILLEDSPROG (IMAGERY) ................................................................10 TEMA/BUDSKAB (THEME/MESSAGE) ..................................... 10 TEMA (THEME) ............................................................................11 HENSIGT OG BUDSKAB (INTENT AND MESSAGE) ..................................11

Tip: For at springe til et sted i analysemodellen, klik da på overskriften i indholdsfortegnelsen.

SYNSVINKEL (POINT OF VIEW) ............................................................ 7 KOMPOSITION OG HANDLING (COMPOSITION AND PLOT) ...... 8 TITEL (TITLE) .................................................................................. 8 TEKSTENS
OPBYGNING (THE STRUCTURE OF THE STORY) ......................... 8

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Et forslag ikke en endegyldig opskrift
Følgende model til en analyse af en novelle (short story) kan læses som forslag til, hvordan du går frem, når du skal analysere en novelle. Modellen er på ingen måde en endegyldig opskrift, men kan hjælpe dig med at finde de væsentligste ting i teksten. At lave en god analyse og fortolkning af en novelle handler om at kunne vurdere både tekst og relevante analysebegreber, samt få det hele til at virke som en samlet fortolkning. En god analyse er ikke bare en besvarelse af de spørgsmål vi gennemgår herunder. Det er teksten, der skal styre, hvilke spørgsmål, der skal være mere eller mindre fokus på, og derudfra sammensætter du en analyse, der passer til det, du har behov for.

der fokus på handlinger, hvor romanen (the novel) mere fokuserer på mennesker. Handlingerne indeholder ofte karakterer, der er i konflikt med hinanden eller i konflikt med noget i samfundet. Novellen er på grund af sin korte form ofte bygget op omkring ét handlingsforløb i modsætning til romanen, der kan behandle flere handlingsforløb samtidigt. Novellen har et begrænset persongalleri og få miljøer.

En novelle er typisk struktureret på følgende måde:

1) Introduction/presentation/in medias res 2) Turning point (vendepunkt)/crisis/conflict 3) New situation

Kort om short story
Inden du begynder at arbejde med din novelle, er det vigtigt, du har idé om hvad genren dækker over. Dette vil sætte dig i stand til hurtigere at gennemskue, hvad historien handler om. Novellen er en kort fortælling, der koncentrerer sig om ét handlingsforløb eller nogle få situationer. Den handler ofte om, hvordan disse situationer påvirker hovedpersonen. I novellen er 2

Analysemodellen
Efter du har læst din novelle et par gange, skal du til at arbejde struktureret med den. Du skal her kigge på personerne, miljøet, tiden, kompositionen osv. alt afhængigt af, hvad historien lægger op til. Det er disse punkter vi vil hjælpe dig med at få styr, da de

kommer til at udgøre fundamentet for din analyse og fortolkning.

Analyse/fortolkning (analysis/interpretation):   Personkarakteristik (Characterization) Miljø og tid (Setting and time) Synsvinkel og fortæller (Point of view/narrator) Komposition/opbygning (Composition) Sprog (Language)

Du kan bruge analysemodellen kronologisk, altså lidt som en tjekliste du går igennem, for derved at finde ud af hvad din novelle mest lægger op til at beskæftige sig med.

   

Overordnet fortolkning (Overall interpretation): NB: Husk dog, at en god analyse ikke blot er en besvarelse af spørgsmålene, som nævnt tidligere. Når du har besvaret spørgsmålene under punkterne, skal du skrive det hele sammen til en sammenhængende analyse og fortolkning, hvor du viser læseren, hvad du er kommet frem til, med eksempler fra teksten. Tema/budskab (Theme/message)

Personkarakteristik (Characterization )
Personkarakteristikken er noget af det helt centrale for novelleanalyser. Enhver analyse og fortolkning skal indeholde en karakteristik af de væsentligste personer, og du kommer derfor ikke uden om dette punkt. Personkarakteristik beskæftiger sig med personers handlinger, deres forhold til hinanden og, måske især, deres udvikling. I forhold til personkarakteristikken skal du tænke over følgende ting i din analyse:

De punkter, vi vil komme ind på i forhold til novellen, er:

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Ydre/indre personbeskrivelse (Outer/inner characterization)
En beskrivelse af personerne i en novelle kan være både ydre og indre, og det er især de indre, der udgør personkarakteristikken. De ydre kan medvirke og skal medtages, men det er de indre ting, du hovedsageligt skal fokusere på i din analyse og fortolkning:   Ydre: Beskrivelse af personernes udseende (højde, hårfarve, alder) Indre: Beskrivelse af personernes synspunkter, væremåder, ideer osv. (Hvordan personerne er.) Tip: Hold øje med om der både er indre og ydre beskrivelser i din short story. Overvej, hvilken funktion, de ydre beskrivelser har i forhold til de indre. Fortæller det ydre noget om personernes indre?

Selve personkarakteristikken (Characterization)
Der er forskel på, hvor mange personer, der er i en novelle, og hvor vigtige, de er. Alt afhængigt af dette, kan du vælge at fokusere på en analyse af alle personerne eller at holde fokus på én af personerne og relatere de øvrige personer til denne. Vælger du at fokusere på én person, skal du se på, hvilken funktion, de andre personer har i forhold til den centrale person. I din personkarakteristisk skal du overveje: 1. Handlinger (actions): Hvad foretager personerne sig? Hvad siger, tænker og gør de, og hvilke konsekvenser får det for den samlede handling? 2. Motiver (motives): Hvorfor siger personerne, de ting, de siger, og gør de ting, de gør? Hvilke motivationer/grunde ligger bag? 3. Udvikling (development): Forbliver personerne de samme igennem hele historien, eller gennemgår de en udvikling? (Det sidstnævnte er ofte tilfældet).  Hvorfor sker denne udvikling? 4



Hvilke ting/hændelser/personer ligger til grund for udviklingen?

3. Realistisk eller urealistisk miljø: Udspiller handlingen sig i en virkelig verden, eller er der overnaturlige elementer? Hvis der er overnaturlige elementer kan genren være: eventyr, fantasy, fabel mm.

Tips:   Afhold dig fra at erklære dig enig/uenig med nogle af personerne. Dette vil hæmme din fortolkning af teksten. Lad være med at fordømme/rose personerne. Det handler om tekstforståelse, og ingen personer i god litteratur er enten onde/gode, dumme/søde, osv., dvs. endimensionelle, men de er sammensatte og ofte komplekse.

4. Detaljegrad: Er miljøet beskrevet i detaljer eller blot indikeret? Hvilken betydning kunne dette have? 5. Atmosfære: Skaber miljøet en speciel atmosfære for historien? (Fx. Hvis vi er på et mørkt slot ved midnatstid, og der er lagner over alle møblerne – hvilken atmosfære er så skabt?) 6. Karaktererne: Er miljøet med til at beskrive karaktererne på nogen måde?

Miljø (Setting)
I forhold til miljø er der to hovedkategorier at forholde sig til: Det fysiske miljø og det sociale miljø. Tænk her over:

Socialt miljø (Social setting)
1. Socialt miljø: Hvilket socialt miljø er der tale om? Foregår romanen/novellen i:  Overklassen (Upper class) Øvre middelklasse (Upper middle class) Middelklasse (Middle class) Nedre middelklasse (lower middleclass) Underklasse/fattigdom (the poor) Eller noget andet? 5     

Fysisk miljø (Physical setting)
1. Hvor: Hvor rent geografisk foregår teksten og hvilken betydning har dette? 2. Skiftende steder: Foregår handlingen flere steder eller kun et sted?

Hvilken betydning har dette for historien? Er det vigtigt eller uvæsentligt?

Fortælleren springer frem til en begivenhed, der ligger fremme i tid.
3.

Tid (Time)
I forhold til tid skal du tænke over hvor lang tid novellen strækker sig over, i hvilken rækkefølge tingene bliver fortalt, og hvornår novellen foregår. 1. Udstrækning (Duration): Hvor lang tid strækker handlingen sig over? 2. Kronologi (Chronology): Hvordan er historien struktureret rent kronologisk. Tiden kan være præget af:   Kronologisk tid: En fremadskridende tid, der følger den rækkefølge, begivenhederne finder sted i. Flashbacks: Der er spring tilbage i tid. Historien kan være struktureret sådan, at den er ét langt flashback, hvor læseren først til sidst finder ud af, at fortælleren kigger tilbage på sin fortid, eller der kan være en gennemgående kronologisk tid med enkelte flashbacks.  Flashforwards: Flashforwards er ligesom flashbacks et spring i tid, men her springer tiden fremad.

Historisk tid: Foregår handlingen i en bestemt historisk epoke, og hvad betyder dette i så fald?

Fortæller og synsvinkel (Narrator and point of view)
Hvem der fortæller historien, og igennem hvis øjne vi ser handlingen udspille sig kan også være vigtig for forståelsen af teksten. Ofte bestemmer synsvinklen og fortælleren, hvordan vi som læsere opfatter temaet i historien. En alvidende tredjepersonsfortæller giver læseren en følelse af autoritet og stabilitet, mens en første-personsfortæller derimod giver læseren tvivl om, hvorvidt fortællingen er sand eller farvet af personens oplevelse af den. Synsvinkel og fortæller er derfor meget vigtig at have styr på. Her skal du fokusere på: Er det en førstepersons- (first person) eller en tredjepersonsfortæller(third person narrator)?

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Førstepersons- og tredjepersonsfortæller (First person and third person narrator)
Førstepersonsfortæller/jegfortæller (First person narrator) Førsteperson = historien er fortalt via en jeg-fortæller = "I was very upset after the divorce." Jeg fortælleren giver os mulighed for at se historien i et andet perspektiv. Med jeg-fortællere skal vi altid huske på, at vi kun får en side af sagen, og fortælleren kan være en utroværdig eller upålidelig fortæller (unreliable narrator). Samtidig identificerer vi os også lettere med en jegfortæller, da vi er helt tæt på og er med i tanker og handlinger.

Begrænset fortæller (limited) = han ved kun, hvad én af personerne tænker og har ikke indsigt i de andres tanker. 3. Er fortælleren skjult (implicit) eller åbenlys (eksplicit). Skjult= deltager ikke i historien, og han afholder fra at kommentere den. Han fungerer som en flue på væggen. Åbenlys = deltager selv i handlingen fx som en jegfortæller. Vi kan som læsere se fortælleren og hans måde at fortælle historien på.

Synsvinkel (point of view)
Også synsvinklen er vigtig for forståelsen af novellen. Hvorfra får vi fortalt historien?     Fra forfatteren (author) Hovedpersonen (main character) Fra flere karakterer på samme tid (combined point of view) Eller et helt fjerde sted?

Tredjepersonsfortæller (Third person narrator) Tredjepersons = han/hun = "he/she was very upset after the divorce." 1. Er fortælleren alvidende eller begrænset? Alvidende (omniscient) = han har viden om alle personerne og kan springe imellem dem, og hvad de tænker, som han lyster, og han ved alt om nutid, datid og fremtid.

Hvilke informationer prøver forfatteren at give os ud fra den metode, denne har valgt? Hvordan forholder fortælleren sig til andre karakterer? 7

NB: Husk, at fortæller og hovedperson ikke behøver være den samme.

Tekstens opbygning (The structure of the story)
Begyndelse: Hvordan starter historien? Der er flere muligheder:  In medias res: Teknikken ”In medias res” betyder, at læseren bliver kastet direkte ind i historien uden nogen forudgående introduktion.  Introduktion (introduction): Handlingen kan også starte med en introduktion, hvor læseren får at vide, hvad der skal ske.  Præsentation (presentation): En anden måde, en novelle kan starte på, er gennem en præsentation af miljø, tid eller personer. Midte: I forhold til historiens midte bør du overveje:  Spændingskurve (tension): Hvordan er historiens spændingskurve? (Brug evt. berettermodellen? Hvad betyder dette for historien?  Point of no return: Hvor er point of no return? Dvs. der, hvor der sker et afgørende skift i historien. Det sted hvor historien ikke kan gå tilbage fra. Fx mordet på kvinden, afsløringen af løgnen osv.

Komposition og handling (Composition and plot)
Forfatterens opbygning af historien kan give vigtige ledetråde til en bedre fortolkning. Derfor er det altid en god idé at komme ind på opbygningen. Komposition kan dække over mange ting: titlen, slutningen, tiden, spændingskurven mm. Husk kun at inddrage de dele af kompositionen, der hænger sammen med din analyse og fortolkning. Titlen og selve tekstens opbygning med begyndelse, midte og slutning er de væsentligste ting at komme ind på under komposition og handling. Under komposition skal du se på:

Titel (title)
En novelles titel er ofte en vigtig nøgle til at forstå teksten. Hvordan hænger titlen sammen med handlingsforløbet? Hvilke forventninger til historien giver den? Titler er ofte dobbelttydige og har udover en konkret betydning ofte en symbolsk betydning, der er relateret til tekstens tema.

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Klimaks (climax): Er der et klimaks i fortællingen? Dvs. et højdepunkt, hvorefter spændingskurven begynder at dale igen. Hvad bestemmer dette klimaks? Personlige intriger, tidsmæssig kulmination el. andet.

betydning for din fortolkning af historien. De sproglige virkemidler har tit en bestemt funktion i teksten, og det er denne, du skal finde frem til. I dit arbejde med at finde ud af sprogets funktion, skal du udvælge, hvilke dele af sproget, der er relevante at fokusere på i din analyse og fortolkning. Når du arbejder med sproget, skal du se på:

Slutning: Hvordan ender historien. En histories slutning kan være enten:  Lukket (closed): En lukket slutning er en slutning, hvor du får besvaret de spørgsmål, du har stillet undervejs. I en lukket slutning bliver dramaerne/gåderne løst, og der bliver mindre overladt til din egen fantasi.


Simpelt eller komplekst sprog (Simple or complex language)
Er sproget simpelt eller komplekst? Du kan overveje:      Er det korte eller lange sætninger? Er sætningerne simple eller svære og komplekse? Er ordene lette eller svære? Er sproget gammeldags eller moderne? Hvilken betydning har det for historien/karaktererne?

Åben (open): En åben slutning ender historien uafsluttet og uden løsning. Du sidder her tilbage med en følelse af, at der er meget, der er usagt, men samtidig giver det mulighed for, at du selv kan bruge din fantasi eller de tolkninger, du har fundet frem til undervejs for at nå til en konklusion om, hvordan historien skal forstås.

Sproget (Language)
Tekster er sammensat af sætninger og ord, men hvilke sætninger og ord, der er brugt, og hvordan disse er sammensat, har stor 9

Ordvalg (Choice of words)
Hvilket ordvalg har forfatteren gjort brug af?      Er det positive eller negative ord? Er det dagligdags eller højstemte/fine ord? Er ordene lette eller svære? Er der dialekt/slang? Viser ordvalget eller sprogbruget noget om det sociale lag eller miljø?



Metaforer (metaphors): Minder om sammenligninger, men uden den direkte markør ”som”. Metaforer er også mere poetiske (Hun er en fri fugl)



Metonymi (metonomy)? (At der kun er beskrevet en del, som skal betegne helheden fx ”Har du læst Bang?” forstået som ”Har du læst Herman Bangs bøger? )

Billedsprog (Imagery)
Er der brugt billedsprog? Gøres der brug af:  Symboler (symbols): Når noget repræsenterer noget andet. Det er ofte en konkret genstand, der får en overført betydning. Der findes både faste symboler (kors, hjerter, rosenkrans etc.) og symboler, der etableres gennem en tekst, hvis de bliver brugt flere gange.  Sammenligninger (similes): Markeret med ordet ”som” eller ”ligesom” (Du har ryggrad som en kop kakaomælk)

Hvilken funktion har de sproglige elementer?

Tema/Budskab (Theme/Message)
Til sidst kommer den overordnede fortolkning ind i billedet: Hvad får du ud af den analyse og fortolkning af enkeltdelene, som du har lavet? Med andre ord: hvor peger underfortolkningerne, du har lavet under alle de andre punkter, hen i mod? Til sidst hæver du dig op over teksten og knytter de ting, du har analyseret og fortolket dig frem til, sammen. Uanset hvad skal du altid vise, hvad temaet og budskabet i historien er.

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Tema (Theme)
Hvilke temaer Hvilke(t) tema(er) peger historien hen i mod? Hvad har været den centrale problemstilling, og hvilke problemer behandles igennem historien? Fx kærlighed, fordomme, ensomhed, drømme osv. Temaernes betydning Giv eksempler på hvorfor du mener, det netop er dette tema/disse problemstillinger, teksten peger i retning af. En tekst kan sagtens have flere temaer/problemstillinger, men der er oftest et/en, som har fyldt mest i historien. Vis hvor du har beskæftiget dig med temaet/problemstillingen i din analyse.

Tip til at finde frem til tekstens hensigt: Et spørgsmål, du kan stille teksten for at finde frem til hensigten, er at spørge, hvilke værdier teksten fokuserer på. Budskab(Message) Tekster kan også have budskaber, men ikke nødvendigvis. En tekst kan fx bare beskrive/lade os få et indblik i en mere eller mindre vigtig hændelse i en persons liv, uden der nødvendigvis er et budskab. Et budskab kan forstås som det, teksten eller forfatteren prøver at fortælle os. Fx har eventyr altid budskaber eller moraler, hvor vi direkte bliver fortalt, hvad der er godt, og hvad der er skidt; hvordan vi burde opføre os, og hvordan vi ikke burde opføre os. Tip til at finde frem til tekstens budskab: For at finde budskabet spørger du, hvorfor teksten netop behandler de værdier, du fandt frem til under hensigten. Hvad gør dem særlige eller specielt vigtige at fokusere på?

Hensigt og Budskab (Intent and Message)
Hensigt (Intent) En tekst har altid en hensigt. Overvej, hvad hensigten med teksten er? Det kunne være at give os et indblik i et miljø, vi ikke kender, at få os til at tænke på noget specielt, advare os imod en bestemt udvikling eller måske noget helt fjerde.

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...Process and Procedure Essay Samples are Helpful Guides in Writing Saturday, June 20th, 2009 Process and Procedure Essay Samples will Assist You in Understanding this Essay Format First of all let’s find out what essay is called process and procedure essay. It is an essay which sometimes called “how to” essay for it guides in certain activities or gives instructions as how to do some job (procedure) or complete a certain task. When you feel difficulty with this essay type, you can find process and procedure essay samples which can give you useful tips into creating an essay which will be have high rating. Process and procedure essay outlining certain procedures or directions to perform certain activity is an important task if one needs to learn how to compile clear instructions to serve the needs of professionals in different fields. These can be helpful for engineers, teachers, doctors and even housewives when it concerns cook books which are also some kind of instructive writing. Procedure essay writing is a useful skills for managerial personnel as they need to organize people and direct them toward certain activities. Process and procedure essay samples can be found online in abundance. Through these essay examples one can get some notion about procedure writing and take some notes how to complete a good piece of process essay. One may note that procedure can include descriptions, warnings and recommendations to the procedures described. To provide guidelines for...

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...Essay Writer can provide students with the exact answers to their essay assignments through our free essay section as well as our custom essay writing services. All of Essay Writer’s free essays are uploaded to our site by some college and university students in the UK to serve as informative guides and comparative templates to help you finish your own essay writing tasks with greater ease and clarity. These sample essays are readily downloadable and very easily accessible; just simply select a subject area or topic from our list of available subjects. You can then go through our list of available essay titles under that subject. Welcome to Essay Writer’s free essays section! You can now access our very extensive collection of free essays. These essays are all original and previously not made available to anyone, and are excellently written and submitted by some well meaning college students who wish to share their knowledge to help you do better in writing your own essays. Below is the list of the subject areas we cover in our free essays section. Simply select the subject that corresponds to your need. You will then be shown a list of all the essay titles available for that specific subject. Essay Writer regularly updates its free essay database. Keep checking back for additional subjects or topics. You may also bookmark our Free Essays page to make it easier to check back on the availability of our free essays. To bookmark this page, simply click on the bookmark...

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...HOW TO READ ESSAYS YOU MUST ANALYZE 1. Take a pencil in your hand. 2. Read the essay over once, quickly, looking for the main idea, for what the essay is about in general, and for what the author seems to be saying. Don't get bogged down in details. (If you come to an unfamiliar word, circle it but go on reading). 3. Check the meaning of unfamiliar words. If they seem to be key words, i.e., if the author uses them more than once, scribble a brief definition at the bottom of the page or at the end of the essay. 4. Now re-read more slowly and carefully, this time making a conscious attempt to begin to isolate the single most important generalization the author makes: his thesis. Follow his line of thought; try to get some sense of structure. The thesis determines the structure, so the structure, once you begin to sense it, can lead you to the thesis. What is the main point the author is making: Where is it? Remember, examples or "for instances" are not main points. The thesis is the generalization the author is attempting to prove valid. Your job, then is to ask yourself, "What is the author trying to prove"? Another way of identifying the thesis is to ask yourself, "What is the unifying principle of this essay"? or "What idea does everything in this essay talk about"? or "Under what single main statement could all the subdivisions fit"? If the author has stated his thesis fully and clearly and all in one place, your job is easier. The thesis is apt to be stated...

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...to write A Level Sociology Essay Assessment With reference to the present AEB syllabus, there are three main skills being assessed in your essays. 1. Knowledge and Understanding (9 marks) 2. Interpretation and Application (9 marks) 3. Evaluation (9 marks) What Does This Mean? What this means is that for writing an essay is that the content (studies, names of researcher, dates, figures, concepts, although important need to be organised coherently, applied to a variety of social situations and interpreted, and expressed in a critical fashion. You must be aware of the skills being highlighted in the question in order to use the appropriate skills in your essays. You should also practice writing essays regularly and develop a technique which addresses the skills required so that you can actually answer the question set. I hope that this handout should allow you to achieve this. Stage One Many students are too quick into diving into an answer. They have focused on certain key terms and ‘assumed’ what the essay requires from a quick look at the question. Instead, the question should be read a number of times. Task One With the title provided. Analyze the question by underlining the key features in the essay title Double underline the skills being assessed, e.g., describe and explain Identify any terms or concepts contained in the question. These terms will need to be defined, i.e. concepts such as interactionists. Essay questions will also include...

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...from these events? How have they affected your personality or how you deal with situations now? Remember the focus of the essay is on the contrasting impacts of these events in your life. These events do not have to be major events, they could be minor in nature but their impact on you could be great and long lasting. Undertake the task of pre writing for this topic. Select your two events. Describe them in point form. Consider their diverse impacts on your life. By the end of this class you should have completed your pre writing and make sure you get your sheet signed by me. You have the week to work on your first draft. Those of you who would like to show me the first draft are free to submit it to me online and I shall hand them back to you online. I will tell you whether you are on the right track, however this is optional and you will not be penalized if you do not show me your first draft. You need to give me Draft 1 by Tuesday, Feb 26. This will be an online submission under Assignments on ilearn. I will correct it and give it back to you by Sunday March 3, and then you will work on changing the draft according to my corrections and bring it to class on Tuesday, March 5 when we will have a peer review session. So after our class today you need to upload your first drafts of the essay in a week, by Feb 26 in an area marked out as Essay 1 under Assignments on Ilearn. You need to exchange your second drafts with two of your classmates on Tuesday, March...

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...tutorial x 13 weeks)     Level: Foundation/Matriculation     Lecturers: Ms Fazidah Abdul Jamil., Mdm Goh Wan Chen, Ms Saratha Thevi Ramasamy, Ms Norzaireen Shamsul Kamar Synopsis: This course is designed for students who require the necessary skills for tertiary studies. Some basic grammatical concepts are taught and students are to apply them in their writing. Writing will focus on the development of coherent paragraphs. Reading skills will cover such strategies as scanning, skimming, main ideas, contextual clues and inferences. Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of this subject, student will be able to: 1. write summaries as well as process, comparison-contrast and cause-effect essays 2. apply basic grammatical concepts in writing 3. answer questions based on academic texts 4. give oral presentations Textbook: 1. Daise, D., Norloff, C., and Carne, P., (2011). Q: Skills for Success 4 : Reading and Writing Oxford University Press, UK 2. Paterson, K, and Wedge, R., (2013). Oxford Grammar for EAP. Oxford University Press, UK Recommended References: Cambridge International Dictionary of English (1997), Cambridge University Press, UK Mode of Assessment: [1] Class participation 5% [2] Quiz 1 15% [3] Quiz 2 10% [4] Oral Presentation 10% [5] Mid-Term Examination 20% [6] Final Examination 40% Syllabus – FDENG001 |Week |UNIT |Topics ...

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...Define Your Thesis For essays that are part of an Early Years Care & Education Degree, it is important to clearly define a thesis statement within the first paragraph of the essay. Even if you are given a topic to write, such as the importance of preschool classes in low-income neighborhoods, you need to develop a strong thesis in your own words. Here is an example: "Preschool classes in low-income neighborhoods are a crucial step in helping all children enter elementary school at the same educational level, regardless of the income of the family." Once you have defined a clear thesis, you can proceed to the rest of your essay. However, without a clear thesis, your essay will not hold up. Use Examples The majority of your essay should be a careful and clear argument that supports your thesis statement. Do research and cite as many examples as possible to prove your point. For an essay about the merits of all-day educational opportunities for preschool-aged children, check trustworthy sources such as the National Association for the Education of Young Children and national PTA. Provide each point in a strong and complete paragraph. Each paragraph should have a main statement, supporting information and a conclusion. Tie In Conclusion After you have made your argument, state your conclusion in a clear and concise manner. Whether you have proven that the teacher ratio in a preschool setting should be lower than 4 to 1 or made a case for more national funding for the education...

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...Carmen Hollow Mr. Beurskens College English Critique Essay: The Morals of the Prince May 3, 2011 The Grey Area between Good and Evil: A Critique of “The Morals of the Prince” by Niccolo Machiavelli Introduction We’ve all made a promise that we couldn’t keep and we have all felt bad about breaking those promises. Whether it was a promise to our parents, our children or a co-worker, we don’t feel good about it, but sometimes it can’t be helped. Usually if we couldn’t keep a promise it was for a good reason and not a selfish one. To the person that we made the promise to, we may be viewed as uncaring or unreliable, but to ourselves we know that we had to make a decision that could hurt someone but at the same time our decision could help that same person or persons. Making a promise and not being able to keep it for one reason or another, is one of the few topics that Machiavelli writes of in his essay “The Morals of the Prince”. He also tells why he believes a prince should be feared rather than loved, and why a prince should be stingy and not generous. He wants us to know how a “perfect” prince should act and behave so that the prince will be viewed upon as a great prince. Summary Machiavelli writes about how he believes a prince should act and behave to be considered a successful prince, one that is loved and feared, liberal and stingy, one that knows when to keep his word and when to break it. In his essay, Machiavelli writes “a prince who wants to keep his post...

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...Basic techniques for generating ideas. Brainstorming. Brainstorming consists in writing series of words or sentences just as they flow from our mind, although they have no logical order or connections. Once the words are written down, we have to establish relationships among them. This is the embryo of the future text. Free writing. Free writing is a similar technique to the brainstorming. Consists in writing a text without previous decisions or ideas about how we want to write it. Just choosing a topic and writing about it, and then we can summarise the main ideas. Organisation of information. There are some basic rules for writing a well - structured text. The text should be organised in a clear way; it must not be a twisted or an incomprehensible lot of ideas. We have to try to write according to certain conventions about hoe the text is organised. We have to structure our text in paragraphs. Each paragraph must express one idea. Some rules referring to the paragraphs: A paragraph must be clearly separated from other paragraphs, either by an empty line or by indenting the first line, or both. There must be no blank spaces or half-empty lines inside the paragraph. A paragraph in academic prose does not begin with a dot, a line or a kind of mark, except in special circumstances. Each body paragraph must normally have a topic sentence, and more than one sentence. Types of paragraphs. The introductory paragraph. There must be at least one...

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