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Essential Protocol

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Essential Network Protocols

Modern computer networking leverages many components to enable computers on one network (or opposite side of the world) to communicate with a computer on a different network (or other side of the world). Of the components that enable network communication, there are several in the TCP/IP suite of protocols that work in the background to provide reliable Internet connection and data transport every day for millions of computers worldwide.

Internet protocol or IP is an essential component of modern internetwork communication. IP is a connectionless protocol that provides neither fault tolerance nor error correction. It is also not responsible for the setup or teardown of network communications. The primary job assigned to IP is logical addressing and routing as it resides at layer 3 (the Network layer) of the OSI model. While every host on the network has a hardware address (also called a MAC address), hosts can only communicate with other hosts in the same broadcast domain using MAC addressing. For internetwork communication, a logical, unique network address is required so that the devices forwarding network traffic (primarily routers), can determine the source and destination and best route to forward data packets.

The ARP or Address Resolution Protocol enables devices on a single network, in a single broadcast domain, to find the hardware or MAC address of a device on the network given the IP address of the device. ARP resides at layer 2 of the OSI model, is connectionless, is non-routable, and uses broadcasts to forward ARP requests to all hosts in a broadcast domain to find the MAC address of a host. Without ARP devices that use logical addressing such as IP addressing would not be able to find the destination host in a TCP/IP network.

RARP or Reverse Address Resolution Protocol provides a service opposite of ARP which is to find the IP address of a network host given the MAC or hardware address of the host. RARP is used primary in diskless workstations that load their operating systems from a network location rather than from local storage. Like ARP, the RARP protocol resides at layer 2 or the data link layer of the OSI model, is connectionless and non-routable, and also uses broadcast requests in the local broadcast domain to resolve addresses.

ICMP or Internet Control Message Protocol is an OSI layer three protocol that provides routing messaging services for hosts on a network. There are several types of ICMP packets that each conveys a specific message. For example, the ICMP echo request packet is used to determine whether or not a host is reachable on a network and using a specific address (echo request is used by the PING or Packet Internet Groper tool for network trouble shooting). ICMP is connectionless, unidirectional, and used extensively by routers and other network management devices to communicate on the status of network connections, and features other message packets such as “destination unreachable” that help routers successfully find the correct network paths to each requested destination.

TCP or Transmission Control Protocol is one of the two TCP/IP protocols used at the OSI Transport layer for network communication. TCP is known as a “reliable” protocol, in that it is designed to detect failures such as dropped packets and out of order packets and has mechanisms that support resending data to ensure that all information is successfully delivered to the intended destination. TCP includes a setup and teardown sequence for communication called a “three way handshake” that essentially consists of sending a Synchronization or Syn packet to initiate a session, to which a Syn Ack or Synchronization Acknowledgement is sent in reply, followed by an Ack or Acknowledgement signifying that the source can start sending.

UDP or User Datagram Protocol is the other most often used protocol in the TCP/IP suite that resides at the OSI layer 4 or Transport layer. UDP is considered an “unreliable” or “best effort” protocol, therefore does not have the same mechanisms for setup and teardown that are employed by TCP. UDP is used primarily by multimedia applications where the overhead of TCP is not desirable and dropping some data is acceptable. UDP headers are very basic and include essentially the source and destination address and checksum or CRC for the data payload along with a couple of other fields that are rarely used.

SMTP or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is used to forward or send email messages from a client to an email server or for use when relaying email reroute to its final destination. SMTP does half of the email messaging transport work as receiving is accomplished using the POP or Post Office Protocol or the IMAP or Internet Message Access Protocol. SMTP resides at layer 7 or the Application layer of the OSI model.

HTTP or Hyper Text Transport Protocol is another OSI layer 7 or Application layer protocol. HTTP is used primarily to forward markup language information (such as HTML and XML) between web servers (which are then rendered in a web browser for users to view). HTTP is a stateless protocol that relies on TCP for transport. HTTP sends all information, including user names and password in web pages, in clear text (HTTP uses Base64 only encoding for passwords).

DNS or Domain Name Service is a technology the emerged with rapid Internet growth. During the early Internet days a host naming method was introduced that enabled connections to hosts based upon human friendly host names rather than IP addresses. The host name to IP address resolution lists resided on each network host. Networks such as the Internet quickly outgrew this approach and a method was needed to centrally manage host name resolution for thousands and even millions of network hosts. The DNS solution provides Internet and private network host name resolution by storing host names in hierarchical databases that manage host domains and host names. For example, the “com” domain is generally used for commercial purposes and managed by DNS servers authoritative for that domain. Host names or other domain names and host names are then added to the domain name and resolve to a particular IP address. DNS is a stateless, connectionless protocol that uses UDP for transport. The hierarchical nature of the DNS name resolution system enables name resolution support for millions of hosts. DHCP or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol was introduced to accommodate several needs including centralized IP address configuration administration. Managing thousands of large network hosts using statically assigned IP addresses (such as was the case with early ISPs or Internet Service Providers) is an unwieldy burden. DHCP enables network administrators to centralize IP address management and dynamically assign IP addresses only when hosts connect to the network. DHCP uses a sequence of packets starting with broadcasts to find a DHCP server, and then obtains an IP address which the DHCP server stores in its database with a lease time that may or may not expire along with the MAC address of the computer to which the IP address is assigned.

References

IETF, 2001, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2821.txt

IETF, 1980, User Datagram Protocol, http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc768

IETF, 1981, Transmission Control Protocol, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc793.txt

IETF, 1984, A Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc903.txt

IETF, 1982, An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc826.txt

Kozierok, 2005, The TCP/IP Guide – DHCP Autoconfiguration / Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA),
http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_DHCPAutoconfigurationAutomaticPrivateIPAddressingA.htm

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