...CONCEPTS Brittney Wallop INFT 101-70B LUO February 21, 2013 Summary In today’s world many people believe that adult learning is one of the most debated topics. In this report there will be three centuries of research on adult learning theories. There will also be information about how we as human beings can use games as a means of learning. Some researchers will even argue about how adult learning is a multidimensional phenomenon. Adult learning in many ways will keep several researchers motivated in their studies due to the fact that there are many ways adult learning can be viewed, studied, or compared. The adult learning theory has been researched several times by different researchers to find out what it means. The more we learn about adults and how they perceive information the better it is to create different activities. Throughout the adult learning theory there have been three changes from volume to volume but one thing that has remained constant is the transformational learning (TL). In the first chapters of adult learning theory transformational learning was more or less describing theory, but in the twenty- first century it is based on research. Researchers from the twentieth century believe that adult learning theory was surrounded around individual learner, how that learner processes information, and how learning allows the person to be more empowered and self-sufficient. In the present day “adult learning was understood as cognitive process, one in which...
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...A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL ASSUMPTIONS AND DEFINITION OF SOME KEYWORDS IN GAME THEORY There are a number of assumptions in game theory; some of the assumptions identified by Varian (1992) can be explained as follows: we assume that the descriptions of the game (such as the payoffs and the strategies available to the players) are common knowledge. That is, each player knows his own payoffs and strategies, and the other player's payoffs and strategies. Furthermore, each player knows that the other player knows this, and so on. We also assume that it is common knowledge that each player is "fully rational." That is, each player can choose an action that maximizes his utility given his subjective beliefs, and that those beliefs are modified when new information arrives according to Bayes' law. Game theory can be considered as a generalization of standard, one-person decision theory. How should a rational expected utility maximizer behave in a situation in which his payoff depends on the choices of another rational expected utility maximizer? Obviously, each player will have to consider the problem faced by the other player in order to make a sensible and economically rational choice. According to Varian (1992) the strategic form of the game is defined by exhibiting a set of players, a set of strategies, the choices that each player can make, and a set of payoffs that indicate the utility that each player receives if a particular combination of strategies is...
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...Video Games and Juvenile Delinquency The connection between video games and increased youth delinquency is debatable (“Violent video,” 2013). Social science has definitively settled some of the questions. Cumulative evidence gathered from numerous academic studies makes one side of the argument persuasive (Regoli, Hewitt, &DeLisi, 2011). The relation between increased violence and video games is an example of contested academic terrain. Recent research demonstrates the existence of a strong link between video games and youth violence (KimHun-Soo& KimHyun-Sil, 2008). The connection between video games and the real world violence is obvious. Apparently, the media seems to furnish new evidence relating to the same issue. For example, the perpetrator of Norway’s masskillings confessed to having watched a shooting game before committing the crime (Regoli et al., 2011). Playing video games has a direct link to aggressive and violent acts among young adults. Extensive literature in psychology shows increased propensity to violent acts after playing video games (“Violent video,” 2013). The findings relate to an increase in delinquency and violence among the youths. Indeed, exposure to violent video games is directly proportional to aggression and antisocial behaviour. Domain-specific theories on aggression and delinquency explain the relationship between video games and antisocial behaviour (Regoli et al., 2011). General Aggression Model, a comprehensive meta-theory...
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...a decision they think about the others and how they can react. Some decisions that one take depends sometimes on the choice of others. This paper is going to link social interaction with an economic principle. Soccer being a low-scoring game, matches often finish on a draw and need to be decided by penalties. In soccer, penalty kicks put the goal keeper against a striker in a tough mental contest. Indeed, it takes less than a half second for the ball to touch the net unless the goalkeeper succeed in intercepting it which is definitely not enough time for the goalkeeper to analyze the trajectory of the ball. He must guess where the striker will shoot unless he does not have any chances. Both striker and keeper must make delicate decisions. A left-footed strike will make a better shot to the left. The keeper will anticipate the shot and the striker would sometimes shot to the right because a even a weaker shot is better where the keeper does not stand. Same if the striker decide to toss a coin, the keeper would dive to the right side because he cannot guess where the ball will go and it is better to dive where the weak shot is coming. However, the striker should favorize his stronger feet again. The two players participate in a zero-sum game with well defined strategies for both of them. The kicker's possibilities are to kick right, left or in the middle; the goalkeeper's actions can be to jump...
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...Creating and Evaluating Accessible Audio-only Games First Author: Tatt Loong Hung Affiliation: CIRCUA, School of Engineering & Information Sciences, Middlesex University Address: The Burroughs, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK. e-mail address: t.hung@mdx.ac.uk ABSTRACT Second Author: Ray Adams (supervisor) Affiliation: CIRCUA, School of Engineering & Information Sciences, Middlesex University Address: The Burroughs, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK. e-mail address: adams@churchillians.net In summary, this work demonstrates the feasibility and acceptability of creating audio-only games plus new findings about the importance of the level of cognitive load, the nature of the learning curve, the different design methodologies and the different types of players for an understanding of the psychology of the player of the audio-only computer game. MOTIVATION FOR THIS RESEARCH Audio-only computer games are the primary focus of the present work. They are important for both practical and theoretical reasons. Computer games now form one of the biggest categories of software application in the world. Yet few of them are accessible for those players for whom visual displays are not appropriate, due to circumstances or visual disabilities. Equally, audio-only games provide an environment in which to investigate the psychology of the users of such games. We have deployed both existing games and those designed in collaboration with potential users, noting greater satisfaction with the latter. The...
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...lens of a consumer behavior theory. The goal is to be able to explain the success of an ad campaign by the use of a certain consumer behavior theory. The campaign I chose to analyze is titled, “How BBL bashed through to a lost generation of Australians” which was being advertised by Cricket Australia. The concept of involvement plays a significant role in determining the success of this ad campaign, and determining the consumer behavior theory that best explains the success of the campaign. CA (Cricket Australia) emphasized the importance between the correlation of involvement and behavior change, “The degree of involvement has a very significant effect on consumer behavior.”(slideshare.net) I will first provide a short summary of the campaign and then link the success of the campaign to the Social Judgement Theory. The concept involvement “has been discussed for over “two decades in the consumer behavior literature and even longer in psychology.” (Muncy, 1984) CA took aim in getting a specified target audience who was not engaged with the sport then raising their awareness about the sport and in turn getting them to take action by watching it through the television, or actually watching the games live. The goal was not simply to increase traffic in their television broadcasts or their live game turn ups, instead CA wanted the fans to ignite a passion for the game of Cricket. Finally after having consumers become more engaged and passionate with the game, additional revenue by having...
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...The Vehement Link Between Video Games and Aggression Charlotte M. Roberts Liberty University Online Author Note This research paper is a short and cited, Biblically based review, of previously documented evidence on behavioral links between video games and violence. The Vehement Link Between Video Games And Aggression Researchers from the University of Innsbruck, examined 98 studies that tested close to 37,000 participants from the start of the year 2009 (this study was published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin and was a “meta-analysis.” http://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/may/06/violent-video-games-murder-aggression-ann-maguire ). In this study, they came to the realization that video games do affect social behaviours of players of violent video games. Between prosocial outcomes and aggressive outcomes, it was evident that players who participated in games with more aggressive and violent plots and tendencies, (Call of Duty, Halo, and Ghost Recon) had a decrease in acts of kindness, care, and compassion- or altruism-, and an increase in aggressive behaviour, and where more likely to become misanthropic- disliking human-kind and avoiding human society. They also made an interesting discovery that supported the idea that games such as “Super Mario Sunshine,” (a game released by Nintendo in 2002, intended for the GameCube-http://www.mariowiki.com/Super_Mario_Sunshine)- where the objective of the game is that of a “prosocial” nature- created...
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...Economics for the Global Manager BUS610 AIU Abstract An economic company has contracted out to establish the financial structure and potential actions of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the difference between a monopoly, an oligopoly, and a cartel along with examples of each. It will discuss the welfare effects of monopolies and oligopolies. It will discuss how game theory explains the relations of firms within oligopolies and cartels and the financial purpose of OPEC and the past five years of the oil prices. Economics for the Global Manager The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, economic structure and future actions are predicated on a contract from an economic firm. The difference between a monopoly, an oligopoly, and a cartel are simple and examples of each will be given. The welfare effects of monopolies and oligopolies will be discussed. Game theory explains the relations of firms within oligopolies and cartels. The economic purpose of OPEC and what has happened to oil prices over the past five year will be discussed. Differences /Examples One seller of a good or service which has no close substitute and has substantial control over the price and protection from rivalry through a barrier to entry is a monopoly. An industry that has moderately diminutive number of firms, barriers to access, price searching behavior and mutual interdependence is an oligopoly. A cartel...
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...An interpretation of function of leadership using game theory. This paper seek to provide a generalisation of the function of leadership using game theory. Assuming there are 2 ends of spectrum of people- extreme rational and extreme irrational people. Most people will lies within the spectrum with only a handful of them representing extreme rational or extreme irrational. Dixit (2004) define rationality as having 'two essential ingredient: complete knowledge of one's own interests, and flawless calculation of what actions will best serve those interest.' Game theory interpretation of the function leadership assumes the follower lies towards the rational end of the spectrum. Given the follower are mostly rational, we can assume that there are 2 ends of spectrum of people- altruistic people and home economicus. Most people will lies within the 2 ends of spectrum with only a handful of them representing totally altruistic people or homo economicus. The proposed interpretation of the function of leadership assumes the followers lies towards the home economicus end of the spectrum. A brief treatment of the altruistic followers are given at the end of the paper. When followers are given the choice of doing a particular action A. There are two possibilities, either the action result in a positive payoff to the followers or a negative payoff. 1)If action A result in a positive payoff and the assumption that the follower are rational, we can assume that rational followers...
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...they have not heard of them then they should have! Freud seized on this concept and it became central in his overall theory of human nature. In his book “The ego and the id” he discusses this theory of instincts at length. Freud[1962] in his discussion of the two classes of instincts states that the first class is the sexual instincts or Eros. This is a "...selfpreservative instinct,..."(P30). On the other hand there is the death instinct whose task it is to, "...lead organic life back into the inanimate state;..."(P30). He is thus entering into the field of the philosophy of opposites. Human nature, life and the universe is unerringly a collection of opposites. The answer to the question, “Is it possible to have something that does not have an opposite?” begs unending cognition. Hyams(1998) notes this in her article on dissociation. She says that the world is full of polarities - good/bad, inhaling/exhaling, high/low and so on. In addition the is yin/yang, protons/electrons, left/right, black/white, matter/anti-matter and so on endlessly. Does something exist that does not have an opposite? I am yet to think of one. As soon as one defines ‘x’, then ‘not x’ is immediately defined as well. However that is for the philosophers to conjugate over. THEORY OF OPPOSITES Freud’s theory of these two instincts certainly is a theory of opposites. One problem with such theories is that they can become static. One discusses what is a manifestation of Eros (the life instinct) and what is a manifestation...
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...Game theory is a concept of decision making that considers more elements beyond just benefits minus costs. Specifically, it includes the interaction between participants. In economics, the theory attempts to predict the participants’ optimal decisions. It has found a core place in economic decision-making and policy-making for its inherent ability to predict reactions in resource allocation, business negotiation, and other economic aspects. Game theory is mostly associated with decision-theory and other contexts such as cooperation and negotiations. From its definition, it is evident that the game theory is largely used in the study of the human decision making processes. In psychology, its equivalent is known as the theory of social situations. In economics, however, game theory tends to focus on sets of outcomes known as equilibrium that represent the most rational solutions to each situation. Game theory emanates from the complexity of human interactions; thus, in a situation where an individual is dealing with an inanimate object such as a tree, he or she does not expect the tree to fight back or respond (Leyton-Brown and Shoham 51). The environment can also be considered neutral to what is done to the tree, at least in direct and rational response. In human interactions, however, each action by an actor emanates from a situation and elicits a response. Each actor must thus recognize how his of her interaction with other rational actors works so as to foster cooperation...
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...Negotiation Theory Types of Negotiation Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Negotiation Theory: Foundations and Approaches 2.1. Basic concepts of negotiation 2.2. Negotiation approaches: An overview 2.2.1. Structural approach 2.2.2. Strategic approach 2.2.3. Behavioral approach 2.2.4. Processual approach 2.2.5. Integrative approach 2.3. Summary of approaches 3 Types of Negotiation Negotiation Theory and Practice: A Review of the Literature “major public policies are the outcome of a complex round of negotiation between interests, choices between values and competition between resources… there are no single ‘best’ options for any player in this game, for the ‘best’ outcome depends on what others do and what deals are possible.” (Davis et.al., 1993) 1. INTRODUCTION “Pure” conflict defined as the existence of competing interests between parties in absence of interests that are shared, is an anomaly in international relations where the defining feature of the relationship between states is mutual dependence. Such was the observation of Thomas Schelling, noted international economist, during the height of the Cold War. In the decades that have since transpired, globalizing developments in technology, communications, finance and trade have given rise to a world in which citizens, organizations and governments engage in millions of trans-national interactions on a daily basis. In the modern age, the need...
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...Customized Learning Theory Eric L. Maddox Liberty University According to Slavin (2012), Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences suggests the learning objectives and lessons should be in a variety of ways and he also lists nine intelligences. The educational system has revised the curriculum so teachers are encouraged to use many different teaching strategies within the class to include music, cooperative learning, role play (hands-on), discussion and many other strategies. This paper seeks to focus on incorporating games into the modern classroom and curriculum as a strategy for student learning following the 21st Century learner profile. The paper also examines playing games in classroom and its effects on the students’ communication skills. My customized learning theory involves playing games during a 90 minute learning block, but also using the brain-based strategies suggested by Dr. Marcia Tate in order to keep the class actively engaged. Understanding learning theories are vital to the classroom teacher and also to the student learner. The students in the modern day classrooms are very different from the 1990 to 2002 school students. The modern-day students think their lives revolve around cell-phone usage and technology; however, previously the students were taught lecture style. Many theories have been created to address how students learn and think; therefore, teachers have to be cognizant of the different ways to reach learners. Not every student will...
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...Monopoly and Duopoly Models In class, we played a monopoly game. There were 14 students, and 14 cards were distributed to assign roles. A King, Queen and a 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 (one set of hearts, one of spades) was shuffled and distributed. The King became the recorder, the Queen the monopolist. The numbered cards represented redemption values. Each student individually negotiated a price with the relevant monopolist. Two strategies were evident. One monopolist reduced the price as the round proceeded and negotiated a deal with every buyer. The other monopolist chose not to strike a deal with two potential consumer and instead kept the price uniformly higher than the other monopolist. The second strategy generated the higher profit. If we had repeated the game (randomize on redemption values and renegotiate) then the strategy of lower prices as the round proceeded would break down. Students would learn to wait until the end of the round to negotiate and all would claim to have low redemption values. This is the process presumed by traditional theory. The monopolist sets one price because he or she can not predict the reservation values of consumers and can not successfully negotiate individually. Instead, a single profit maximizing price is set. With linear demand and constant marginal cost, the theory is simple, the profit maximizing rectangle connects the midpoints of the triangle formed by demand and marginal cost. (See diagram,) The height of the rectangle is...
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...fosters an exploratory play environment for children ages four to five to prepare students for private school kindergarten courses and utilizes North Carolina kindergarten standards to develop curriculum. Cumberland County public school system does not have the best reputation for educating students and has created a need for more private schools. Currently, we only offer a preschool program but plan to expand into the elementary school ages. As the new school year approaches I will be redesigning the classroom environment and curriculum by incorporating theories from Reggio Emilia, Creative Curriculum, and High Scope Curriculum along with including state standard activities to cover the main concepts for the core subjects to prepare for Kindergarten. Classroom environment and teaching strategies will incorporate philosophies and theories from Reggio Emilia, Creative Curriculum, High Scope Curriculum, and Piaget’s theory into a comprehensive curriculum design for preschoolers. When developing curriculum it is important for this age group to have several approaches. “Children ages 3–8 benefit from planned, teacher-guided, interactive small-group and large- group experiences” (NAEYC, 2009). “Reggio Emilia programs demonstrate how planning an environment is driven by respect for the rights of the child to a beautiful welcoming space that promotes relationships and attention to detail” (Jaruszewicz. 2012). Emergent curriculum introduces topics of study where lessons are child...
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