...Ethanol Sarah Scott June 24, 2013 Ethanol is an alcohol that, when added to gasoline, can be used as a transportation fuel. It is being blended in to gasoline at concentrations of five percent to ten percent for use in motor vehicles. The main ingredient in ethanol is corn, a renewable resource that is in abundance in the United States. Brazil is the leading producer in ethanol, and vehicles there have been running on 100% ethanol for many years (consumerenergycenter.org, 2013). While ethanol seems to be the answer to renewable fuel sources, there are both advantages and disadvantages to using this product. The most obvious advantage of using ethanol is the benefits to the environment. Vehicles that are fueled by ethanol produce much lower carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide than those using gasoline (West. 2013), and because this fuel source is made from plants, the carbon dioxide it does emit is recycled back to reproduce the product. A study published by Yale University's Journal of Industrial Ecology found that GHG emissions from ethanol produced at modern dry-mill facilities are "... equivalent to a 48 percent to 59 percent reduction compared to gasoline, a twofold to threefold greater reduction than reported in previous studies." (www.ethanolrfa.org, 2013). Another great advantage is that ethanol is readily available in many countries around the world. In the United States, it is made with corn, and produced in the Midwestern states like Nebraska, Iowa and Illinois...
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...DMACC THE ETHANOL ENVIORMENT A RESEARCH PAPER SUBBMITTED TO MR. JEFF WILLIAMS INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS PHI 105 BE BOONE, IA NOVEMBER 17, 2014 Abstract Ethanol is a renewable resource that is produced from many agricultural products. The public attitude towards corn based ethanol is influenced by many different subjects like, the effects of production on the environment, the effects on local economies, and the effects on the national food prices. Focusing on corn based ethanol there are considerations to take into effect such as the benefits of ethanol, the problems or concerns with ethanol, the political involvement with ethanol, and the effect of ethanol on the economy. The Ethanol Environment Ethanol is a renewable resource that is produced from many agricultural products such as corn, which can be blended into many different proportions of gasoline. The public attitude towards corn based ethanol is influenced by many different subjects. The overall plan for ethanol was good but took a wrong turn and has caused damage as a result. As stated by Michelle Heath, “there are no known environmental hazards that have to do with ethanol.” Ethanol does not only make our vehicles friendlier to the environmental it also has other impacts. Considering our total energy use, including building, heating and electricity, the savings from the use of biofuels is two-thirds greater than using gasoline (Dewsbury, 2009). With the increased...
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...Research Paper HUMN 432 - Society, Culture and Technology Ethanol in Brazil Team A I. Introduction 3 II. Brazil 4 a. Short history 4 b. Brazil during the oil crisis in the 70’s 6 III. Ethanol as bio-fuel 7 a. Extraction process 7 b. Energetically self sufficient ethanol plants in Brazil 8 c. Energy from Ethanol 9 d. Flex-Fuel Vehicles 10 IV. Economic Effects of Ethanol as Bio-Fuel 10 a. Brazil not endangered by a new oil crisis 10 b. Export 12 c. Vertical industries 13 d. Environmental benefits 14 V. Ethical and Social Implications 15 a. A market not dominated by oil barons 15 b. Independent economy 16 VI. Brazil in a global economy and ethanol in the US 18 a. Future of ethanol as bio-fuel in Brazil 18 b. Ethanol in the United States 19 c. E85 21 VII. Conclusion 22 VIII. Works Cited 23 I. Introduction Fuel, at its simplest, makes us go. It is a necessity to modern day life. Even if everyone were to walk, rather than drive, there would be a need for it. This is one thing that is in common around the world. The dependence on oil based gasoline has many of the most powerful countries forking out quite a bit for their fuel. This is, of course, the case in the United States. There is no doubt that this country needs an alternative fuel, or to cut back on its use of the current fuel. However, because we are so dependent at this time on oil based gasoline and other fuels, Americans tend to be a bit hesitant...
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...Ethanol Ethanol can provide an alternative fuel source that may be a partial solution to the current energy crisis. Although when is not quite agreed upon, most experts can agree that the world will run out of fossil fuels at some point in time. In turn, this causes a need to search for alternative fuel sources. Is ethanol biofuel a solution and a good alternative? There seems to be more advantages then disadvantages, so yes overall, ethanol is an effective solution. Ethanol is produced from plant matter. The plant matter is broken down into simple sugars and starches and then fermented and distilled into alcohol. Many large farms in the Midwest have planted all or part of their land area to take advantage of the government subsidies which are offered for corn production to supply the ethanol production needs. Ethanol can be used in all cars in low concentrations, such as 10% ethanol. It can be used in specialized cars, trucks and minivans known as “flexible fuel vehicles” in concentrations up to 85% ethanol (commonly known as E85). Fuel stations in the Midwest are offering E85 fuel, often as a lower price per gallon then traditional fuel. There is a lot of controversy on the ethanol biofuel which centers on the cost to tax payers for ethanol subsidies, the environmental concerns focused especially on admissions in the ethanol production process, and the amount of net emission savings. Ethanol contains less energy per gallon than a gallon of gasoline. Meaning...
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...Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel that is made by fermenting and distilling starch crops, such as corn and it can also be made from “cellulosic biomass” such as trees and grasses. A majority of ethanol that is used for fuel is blended into gasoline. More than ninety-five percent of the gasoline supplied in California today contains six percent of ethanol. Flexible Fuel Vehicles, or FFVs, have been produced by United States automakers, which are resulting in a growing market for E85 fuel, eighty-five percent ethanol and fifteen percent gasoline. (Consumer Energy Center, 2006) About two-thirds of the United States petroleum demand is in transportation and approximately half of United States petroleum is imported. With the U.S. depending so heavily on foreign petroleum supplies, we are creating a greater risk for trade deficits, supply disruption and prices changes. The Renewable Fuels Association’s 2012 Ethanol Industry Outlook calculated that in 2011 the ethanol industry replaced the gasoline produced from more than 485 million barrels of imported oil. Ethanol represents twenty-five percent of domestically produced and refined motor fuel for gasoline engines. (U.S. Department of Energy, 2013) Since ethanol has a lower energy content than gasoline, about one-third more ethanol is required to travel the same distance as on gasoline. However, a high octane rating and other characteristics, result in increased engine efficiency and performance. The cost of producing ethanol is also...
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...Converting biomass into ethanol through fermentation by Leng Hong, Grazy (0630400033) A Final Year Project Thesis (ENV4071; 3 Credits) submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Environmental Science at BNU-HKBU UNITED INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE Novembers , 2009 DECLARATION I hereby declare that all the work done in this Project is of my independent effort. I also certify that I have never submitted the idea and product of this Project for academic or employment credits. ___________________ Leng hong, Grazy (0630400033) Date: ___________________ Acknowledgements I am grateful to my project supervisor, Dr. C. F. Yu, Assistant Professor of the Environmental Science Program at UIC. He gave me guidance throughout the whole project. Also, I deeply appreciate Prof. Daniel Ruan, the head of the Department of Environmental Science in UIC, for his expert advice, instruction, and technical supports for the whole year. Thanks are also attributed to Car Wu, Sunshine Chen ,the Laboratory Technician at UIC, who provided useful directions and helpful comments during the project. Finally, I would like to give credits to all other laboratory technicians, for their valuable advice. And to all my classmates, who provided me with encouragement throughout the whole project. ...
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...Ethanol is the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It can be used as a biofuel additive for gasoline, or on its own. It is produced from fermenting glucose and other sugars in corn, sugarcane or other crops. Ethanol fermentation also yields side products such acetic acid, glycols and other products. It is possible to generate ethanol out of cellulosic materials. That, however, requires a pretreatment that splits the cellulose into glucose molecules and other sugars that subsequently can be fermented. Ethanol can be produced from a variety of feedstocks such as barley, corn, hemp, sugarcane, sugar beet, sorghum, switchgrass, potatoes, sunflower, wheat, and many types of cellulosic waste material such as wood chips, grass clippings, and plant stalks....
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...Ethanol: Is It Really the Best Option Ethanol based gasoline vehicles are becoming more and more popular, but is ethanol gasoline better than regular petroleum gasoline? Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, can be an effective motor fuel, and most of the gasoline in the US contains some ethanol (Ethanol As a Transportation Fuel). Many people everywhere are praising ethanol gasoline because it can reduce pollution, and increase engine performance. There are some facts that are not being recognized, and these facts should be brought to light. The price of corn and food products made from corn will increase from the higher demand of corn and vehicles have to use one-third more ethanol than regular gas. Ethanol gas in the end will end up costing more than petroleum gas being used now. Ethanol gas as an alternative to gas will mean that the demand for corn will become greater and greater. The use of ethanol in motor fuel has increased for years an average of twenty-five percent per year (Ethanol Cost And Environmental Factors). This year America will use 5 billion bushels of corn which will produce about 14 billion gallons of ethanol (Helman). So will farmers be able to grow the amount of corn needed for the production of ethanol gasoline and food demand? The increase in corn crops in the Midwest has added to size of the dead zone in the Gulf Coast (Miller). What if the country was to experience another serious drought, or major flood? A different method of creating ethanol would...
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...Ethanol has the ingredient formula C2H5OH. It is the same alcohol found in alcoholic drinks, but ethanol also makes successful motor fuel. There have been decades of motor fuel submission knowledge in the United States and other countries with ethanol. Ethanol used for petroleum is being mixed together into petrol at concentrations of 5 to 10 percent. In certain states, ethanol has replaced (MTBE) as a fuel constituent. Over 95 percent of the petroleum supplied in the state today enclosed 6 percent ethanol. There is a miniature but increasing market for E85 fuel for use in elastic fuel vehicles, more than a few million of which have been created by U.S. automakers. But E85 is first and foremost established in the Midwest in corn-producing states. Ethanol is being used to put together a combine of diesel fuel and as a substitute for leaded aviation fuel in miniature aircraft. Ethanol has a lesser power content than petrol. That means that about one-third more ethanol is necessary to take a trip the same distance as on fuel. But other ethanol fuel distinctiveness, including a high octane rating, consequence in enlarged engine competence and presentation. The 15 percent petrol used to originate E85 is to guarantee cold weather engine opening and to improve flame radiance in case of fire. In small-percentage blends with fuel, ethanol outcomes in enlarged vapor pressure that can be in sync for in the gas formulation procedure and/or controlled with on-board vehicle classification...
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...Should Ethanol Be Used as an Additive to Motor Fuels Since living in Texas my whole life oil has always been a huge part of my life since oil is everywhere in Texas. I have been aware of corn ethanol production in the United States for a long time. The reason for my awareness is a lot of my family has been apart in the oil industry for a long time. Then I notice every time I go to the gas station that it states “the gas may contain up to 10% ethanol”. These things that have affected my life are the reason I analyzed in greater detail what this article has to say about ethanol. I read one article towards the use of ethanol and one against it. My journey started with the first article that was assigned to the class: “Energy Balance of Ethanol Even More Favorable Than Estimates” from Usagnet by Alan Tiemann, the Nebraska Corn Board Director. In this article Tiemann talks in great detail about the energy balance of corn production to ethanol conversion is a better measurement and more profitable for both the oil and farming industries. He also states that multiple studies have proven that the conversion measurement is better. The study at the University of Nebraska really stuck out. Ken Cassmann, director of the Nebraska Center for Energy Sciences Research. Cassmann researched and believes that the past researches were based on “backward looking data” and not that true. Whereas, new research conducted at University of Nebraska shows the conversion to ethanol are 200%-...
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...The Brazilian Ethanol Story IB 403, Section 003 Introduction: Biofuel is one of the newest and largest trends sweeping the world. Gaining interest in countries and economies, governments have announced strong commitments to biofuel programs in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and diversify energy sources. Although these programs are new to many countries, Brazil has years of experience with sugarcane-based ethanol, creating a success story for others to reference. Currently, Brazil is the largest biofuel market with the United States ringing in a close second. However, Brazil’s ethanol is created from sugarcane while the U.S. uses corn to produce their ethanol. Not only is Brazil’s sugarcane-based ethanol the first renewable fuel to be cost-competitive with transportation fuel, but it is also the most economical compared to its competitors. The ethanol’s efficiency is due to the power of the sugarcane compared to corn as an ethanol feedstock, a perfect climate for sugarcane harvesting, and the large, unskilled, inexpensive labor force in Brazil. In addition, the U.S. uses almost double the amount of land to farm corn to produce ethanol as Brazil uses to harvest sugarcane to produce almost the same volume as ethanol. What is Ethanol? Ethanol is an alcohol fuel distilled from plant materials, such as corn and sugar. Ethanol is the main biofuel for transportation and Brazil is the greatest exporter globally of bioethanol. The sugar and ethanol industry in Brazil...
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...What happens when you mix 3 different solutes with Ethanol, Lamp Oil and Water? Hypothesis: When I mix 3 different solutes; sodium chloride, baking soda and copper sulfate with 3 different solvents; ethanol and water and lamp oil, then the 3 solutes should mix with the ethanol and water but no the lamp oil because lamp oil is non polar and ethanol and water are polar so it will break apart the bonds in the solutes. Materials: Ethanol, water, lamp oil Sodium chloride, baking soda, copper sulfate 3 beakers Masking tape A Sharpe A 2 pan balance 6 test tubes with stoppers 1 test tube rack 1 mini scoop Paper Towels Stop Watch Procedure: 1. Put on an apron and safety goggles 2. Gather all the materials 3. Clean all the beakers, test tubes, and mini scoops 4. Put a layer of paper towels on the table before you start the experiment 5. Using masking tape label each beaker; one ethanol, another water, and the third lamp oil 6. Measure 30 mL of one solvent into the correctly labeled beaker, then repeat for the other solvents 7. Measure 10 mL of each solvent into 3 different test tubes and label each test tube accordingly with masking tape 8. Measure 5 mini scoops of sodium chloride into each test tube 9. Put the stoppers on each test tube and shake till the sodium chloride dissolves 10. Record observations; what happened when the solvent was mixed with the solute, color, odor (use waft test; carefully) and clarity of the...
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...Chapter 9 Ethanol Policy and Ethanol Politics David S. Bullock28 The United States is currently passing through one of the most exciting and controversial periods of its energy history. With the US military caught up in armed conflict in the Middle East, and with global warming looming in the minds of many expert scientists as the world’s greatest environmental challenge, a common belief is that it is more important than ever that the US develop sensible and far-sighted energy policy. Politicians’ claims aside, the politics of energy policy are rarely about what is best “for the country.” When government sets energy policy, some people gain, and others may lose. The politics of energy policy, then, are not simply, or even generally, about how to make the nation as a whole better off. Rather, the politics of energy policy are very much about interested political groups struggling against one another. This type of “special interest” politics is nothing new, and not unique to energy policy. Nevertheless, it is widely held among average Americans that the political activities of special interest politics are often bad for the nation as a whole. Because public information is a democracy’s best weapon against harmful special-interest politics, in this chapter we hope to accomplish three goals: 1) to present an outline of the “nuts and bolts” of U.S. ethanol policy; 2) to use economic analysis to examine the effects of ethanol policy, presenting arguments to cut through much of the...
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...The Mediating Affect of CRF Within the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala in Rats 1.Summarize the background of the article, and how does it relate to the general article. Alcohol consumption is characterized by excessive consumption which leads to feelings of increased anxiety and other negative emotional states.Consequently, these emotions lead to further consumption.Similar to human alcoholics, ethanol- dependent animals show signs of anxiety like behaviors and self administrate ethanol during periods of withdrawal. CRF, also known as corticotropin releasing factor helps mediate the increased anxiety during withdrawal.Additionally,regions of the amygdala are comprised of the CRF system, although unknown where the specific sites are responsible for the CRF component of excessive drinking. Also, numerous studies have shown that the amygdala is involved in “mediating the behavioral and physiological responses associated with anxiety.” This relates to the general article which focuses on the consumption of drug and alcohol, triggering feelings of anxiety which can be quieted by consuming more of it.Specifically, the amygdala is the part of the brain where the feelings of anxiety are triggered. Moreover, new research is showing alcohol's involvement in the transformation of the chemical architecture of the brain, allowing the brain's stress response to contribute to its dependency. CRF, also known as the corticotrophin releasing factor, is a chemical that is involved in the brain's...
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...alcohol is called saponification. It is reverse of Esterification. For example, O O O ANS [c] Dehydration means removal of a molecule of water. When ethanol is heated with conc. H2SO4 at 443K, it undergoes dehydration to form ethene. 2. An organic compound A having molecular fomula C2H4O2 reacts with Sodium metal Na evolves a gas B which readily catches fire. A also reacts with Ethanol in the presence of concentrated Sulphuric acid to form a sweet smelling substance C in making perfumes. a) Identify the compounds A, B and C. b) Write balanced chemical equation to represent the conversion of i. Compound A to compound B. ii. Compound A to compound C. ANS [2-i] Since the Organic compound A with molecular formula C2H4O2 reacts with sodium metal to form a gas B which catches fire, therefore, gas B must be H2 and compound A must be ethanoic acid. File downloaded from: http://cbseadda.blogspot.com/ Page 1 10th Carbon and Its Compounds 2CH3COOH + 2Na → Ethanoic acid, A Solved Paper-3 2CH3COONa + (Sodium ethanoate) H2 hydrogen, B [Catches fire] ANS [2-ii] We know that esters are sweet smelling substances which are used in perfumes. These are formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in presence of conc. H2SO4. Since new compound A (i.e., Ethanoic acid) reacts with ethanol (an alcohol) in presence of conc. H2SO4 to form a sweet smelling substance which is used in perfumes, therefore; C must be an Ester,...
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