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Ethic Conflict

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Submitted By melinaaurora
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Ethnic conflict:

Ethnicity; defining principle of identity often determined by shared language, culture, religion

* Desire to reassure and protect one’s own ethnic identity results in ethnic conflict within state boundaries * Ethnic cleansing; forcible removal of a group of people by another by violence and deportation
---- Genocide is an extreme form of ethnic cleansing
Bosnian Genocide * The socialist federal republic of Yugoslavia was held together by the communist leadership of joseph bronz
-1981, individual states began to secede along ethnic lines - Slovenia and Croatia declared independence in 1991 - Macedonia and bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 - Montenegro entered into federation with Serbia
- Serbian nationals responded to Bosnian independence with attacks - The Bosnian war resulted in 100,000 dead and massive crimes to humanity - Ethnic cleansing of muslim pop. Especially in eastern bosnia - mass rape of 20,000-50,000 women.
Modern ethnic conflicts often arise from colonial experience * artificial state boundaries grouping ethnic communities together * legacy of brutality
Democratic republic of Congo * vey mineral rich lands * controlled by king leopold II of Belgium * slavery and violence
The DRC relied on Hutu and Tutsi laborers from Rwanda * Tutsi’s were favored by Belgians
Rwanda
* Rwandan Civil War between the hutu led gov. and Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) * 1994: Hutu ethnic majority instituted an ethnic cleansing against the Tutsi ethnic minority * 800,000 people murdered in 4 months * 1.5 million refugees in the democratic republic of the congo * pervasive use of war rape and other brutal tatics
Failed State: a nation state whose government can no longer provide political, economic, and social stability * Fund for Peace (D.C) estimates that 2 billion live in countries that cannot survive tensions (10 less stable, 0 more stable)

Proliferation of Nation States * UN commitment to self-determination of states * Division of post WWII/post cold war countries * BUT many states achieved independence without the requisite infrastructure needed
Response of states
-Sudan, south sudan
- response to tensions by dividing into different sates
-muslim in north, non muslim in south
-Darfur massacre of non arabs by the Sudanese government - denial by omar al bashir
-south sudan gained independence july 2011

challenges and outlooks
-initial step to end conflict is to recognize that culture and human identity underlie both the problems and soultions can religions coexist? * Sharia councils in Great Britain
Truth and reconciliation commissions * very effective in south Africa * Gacaca or “justice on the grass” in Rwanda * since 2005, more than 12,000 courts have tried 1.2 million cases related to genocide

The forgotten kingdom overview;
Atang leaves the slums of the big city to bury his estranged father in the remote, mountainous village where he was born. Befriended by an orphan herd-boy and stirred by memories of his youth, he falls in love with his childhood friend, Dineo, now a radiant young teacher. Through her, Atang is drawn to the mystical beauty and hardships of the people, and faces his own bittersweet reckoning.

Chapter 10—managing the world, cooperation at the global level

Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs): formal, international public bodies whose members are nation states (UN, world bank etc)

Nongovernmental organization (NGOs): formal, nonprofit voluntary organizations whose memberships are composed of individuals organized around specific issues or common concerns (red cross, cancer)

Supranational entities: international organizations that operate beyond the national boundaries of their member states

International Law:

prior to 17th century: * relations between states defined by customary practices early 1600s: * new concept of sovereignty and a system of nation states prompts development of international law. * Treaty of Westphalia in1648 ended 30 years war; drew formal borders, clear cut borders, state sovereignty- complicates b/c every1 can do anything
Hugo Grotius:
Father of “international Law”, lawyer with the dutch east india trading company. Rejected divine authority in favor of universal reason
-distinction between natural and manmade law -Customary practices of nations must guide the law
Positivism: theory and development of international law based on the conduct of international relations as evidenced by custom/ treaties.

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