...CHAPTER 2 – Ethical Decision Making Model Objectives: * To know the definition of Ethics, * To discuss Principles of Ethical Conduct * To identify the Ideas organizing Principle of Ethics * To provide a systematic way of making ethical decision. * To encourage, motivate you to think about Ethical Decision you make. Meaning of Ethics Ethics: * Ethics provides a set of standards for behavior that helps us decide how we ought to act in a range of situations. In a sense, we can say that ethics is all about making choices, and about providing reasons why we should make these choices. moving from a primary focus on teaching employees to master the knowledge, skills, and job behaviors and apply them to the day-to-day activities (Making Choices: Ethical Decisions at the Frontier of Global Science) * Ethics refers to principles that define behavior as right, good and proper. Such principles do not always dictate a single "moral" course of action, but provide a means of evaluating and deciding among competing options. * The terms "ethics" and "values" are not interchangeable. Ethics is concerned with how a moral person should behave, whereas values are the inner judgments that determine how a person actually behaves. Values concern ethics when they pertain to beliefs about what is right and wrong. Most values, however, have nothing to do with ethics. For instance, the desire for health and wealth are values, but not ethical values. (www.josephsoninstitute...
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...I suggest that counselors should receive counseling before they start their professional as a counselor. We are all human and we face trauma and challenges in our life. Elaine should have sought guidance before making the decision to move, take on a heavy caseload and limiting her self-care. She may have wanted to a change to improve her life, but wasn’t mentally ready. Self-care is an important aspect of counseling. Self-care behaviors may also help mental health professionals avoid compassion fatigue, which can often result from work in a high-stress or traumatic environment and may lead to self-doubt, self-blame, and ethical or legal complications (ACA, 2014). You have to meet your own needs before providing services to other people. Especially when you’re working to please and care for others often interferes with one's self-care routine and can take a toll on a person's well-being. People who have dependent personalities or experience depression, codependency, or anxiety may also fail to meet their self-care needs. However, self-care is often considered to be an important aspect of resiliency: those who are able to adequately meet their needs are often...
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...104:311–323 DOI 10.1007/s10551-011-0910-1 A Model for Ethical Decision Making in Business: Reasoning, Intuition, and Rational Moral Principles Jaana Woiceshyn Received: 11 February 2011 / Accepted: 16 May 2011 / Published online: 28 May 2011 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract How do business leaders make ethical decisions? Given the significant and wide-spread impact of business people’s decisions on multiple constituents (e.g., customers, employees, shareholders, competitors, and suppliers), how they make decisions matters. Unethical decisions harm the decision makers themselves as well as others, whereas ethical decisions have the opposite effect. Based on data from a study on strategic decision making by 16 effective chief executive officers (and three not-soeffective ones as contrast), I propose a model for ethical decision making in business in which reasoning (conscious processing) and intuition (subconscious processing) interact through forming, recalling, and applying moral principles necessary for long-term success in business. Following the CEOs in the study, I employ a relatively new theory, rational egoism, as the substantive content of the model and argue it to be consistent with the requirements of longterm business success. Besides explaining the processes of forming and applying principles (integration by essentials and spiraling), I briefly describe rational egoism and illustrate the model with a contemporary moral dilemma of downsizing...
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...Journal of Business Ethics (2007) 73:219–229 DOI 10.1007/s10551-006-9202-6 Ó Springer 2006 A Model of Ethical Decision Making: The Integration of Process and Content Roselie McDevitt Catherine Giapponi Cheryl Tromley ABSTRACT. We develop a model of ethical decision making that integrates the decision-making process and the content variables considered by individuals facing ethical dilemmas. The process described in the model is drawn from Janis and Mann’s [1977, Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict Choice and Commitment (The Free Press, New York)] work describing the decision process in an environment of conflict, choice and commitment. The model is enhanced by the inclusion of content variables derived from the ethics literature. The resulting integrated model aids in understanding the complexity of the decision process used by individuals facing ethical dilemmas and suggests variable interactions that could be field-tested. A better understanding of the process will help managers develop policies that enhance the likelihood of ethical behavior in their organizations. KEY WORDS: decision making, ethical framework, ethics, process, stress Roselie McDevitt Sc.D. is Assistant Professor of Accounting at the Charles F. Dolan School of Business at Fairfield University in Fairfield, Connecticut. Dr. McDevitt teaches financial and managerial accounting. Her Primary areas of research are accounting education and accounting ethics. Catherine Giapponi is an Assistant...
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...Decision Making Models Traci Borden BSHS/335 ETHICS & VALUES IN THE HS PROFESSION 4/23/2014 Teela Carmack Decision Making Models In the Human Service Profession, a human service worker will be faced with challenging ethical dilemmas in which where one’s personal ethical values and beliefs will challenged with the ACA Code of Ethics. When a situation like this arises, it is vital for the worker to remember to engage in careful consideration when regarding an ethical decision that needs to be met and that is when the worker will look upon the types of decision making models. The paragraphs below will briefly explain three important decision making models in which will help the Human Service make the right ethical decision for the client in which they are serving. The Feminist Model is based on the principal that power should be equal in the therapeutic relationship and calls for the clients maximum involvement at every stage of their process. Women want to be seen as equal to men when it comes to salaries and the way society views women based on their beliefs and values and their contribution to society. This certain model is gender based considering the majority of clients seeking help from the human profession worker are mostly women. The next decision making model is the Social Constructionist model. This particular model redefines the ethical decision making process as an interactive/social process rather than an individual one. The primary focus is on...
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...ETHICAL DECISION MAKING AND MORAL BEHAVIOR | | Related Links WebNote Index Leadership Overview Decision Making Values Contact information: Dr. Richard W. Scholl 36 Upper College Road Kingston, RI 02881 p. 401.874.4347 f. 401.874.2954 rscholl@uri.edu Much of the recent interest in ethics and moral behavior in business comes from Enron and Worldcom, as scholars, educators, practitioners, and the public seek to understand the behavior of executives in these firms. Many have chosen to view these cases from the perspective of ethics, that is, the behavior of these executives is seen as unethical and the explanation is that they are unethical or immoral people. Furthermore, the solution is improved moral education in business programs. “Somehow, we need to make future executives more moral or more ethical” and we can do this in the context of an undergraduate business program or MBA degree program. Some have even suggested that today’s business programs not only do not facilitate the “moral development” of students, but students leave these programs “less moral” than they were when they entered the programs. Here a couple of points to consider: What is Ethical or Moral? What do we mean by ethical decision making? Are there decisions that are not ethical in that there is not ethical component to a choice? In their review of ethical decision making, Tenbruensel and Smith-Crowe (2008) present a distinction between moral decision making and amoral decision making. Within...
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...Applying Ethical Frameworks in Practice | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | | |Unsatisfactory |Less Than |Satisfactory |Good |Excellent | | |71.00% |Satisfactory |79.00% |89.00% |100.00% | | | |75.00% | | | | |80.0 %Content | | |20.0 % Identifies |Does not identify an |Identifies an ethical|There is limited |Relevant context and |Analysis of issue is | | |Ethical Dilemma |ethical dilemma; or |dilemma. But the |discussion of |thorough discussion of|comprehensive. | | | |identifies an ethical |description of the |relevant context |issue are provided. |Explores issue with | | | |dilemma but provides |ethical dilemma is |and exploration of |Identifies |broad perspective, | | | |no analysis of the |very vague; or the |implications. |implications and |identifying underlying| | | |ethical implications. |analysis of the |Identifies...
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...there are some differences in emphasis, priorities and or understanding (Osmo and Landau, 2006). As a social worker making decisions about what to do in cases that feature ethical problems as well as dilemmas integrates our ethical judgements or evaluation of what is right...
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...today’s world, business decisions are involved in everything that people do. In homes, on the job, and in everyday transactions, business is in one way or another applied. These decisions may be based on finances, personal beliefs, power, or even on greed. Due to these many reasons, it is very important that businesses use a set of rules or guidelines in helping them to make the right decisions. It seems that a different company or organization is on television every other day because they have been caught using unethical measures in their business. In applying an ethical decision model, companies can cut down on making decisions, which can hinder their companies in a negative way, now and also in the future. Applying ethics in the form of a decision model is no replacement for morals or for business leadership, but it gives guidelines to follow, and identifies which problems actually need to be addressed and offers various ways to solve them (Sternberg, pg. 112). The decision model helps to organize the information in a way that is more productive in solving the problem in the right way. Through analyzing ethical decision models a number of ethical issues can be solved quite well, and with good grace. The following ethical decision models will help illustrate the importance if using these rules and guidelines. Sternberg’s ethical decision model is based on five steps. Step one is to clarify the questions, which is very important in tackling all ethical business problems. Many...
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...essay will examine and analyze whether hiring ethical people is the key factor in encouraging and producing an ethical organization. Ethics refer to the moral standards set that enables an individual to tell what is right from wrong and what is good and bad. In today’s organizations, the importance of the code of ethics is more prevalent than ever. Code of ethics consists of various factors such as being honest, building trust, and upholding the ethical standards. Organizations that exercise ethical codes not only feel that it is a way to portray a positive image to the stakeholders, but also because it highlights its own organizational virtues and values. It is believed that such culture could cultivate and encourage more ethical behavior for the employees in the organization (Stevens, 2008).Code of ethics are also used to articulate the restrictions for the organization, and to set a benchmark of what is acceptable and unacceptable, boosting responsibility, and conveying the standard expectations demanded from the employees as well as the leaders in the organization (Stevens, 2008).The ethical codes can be described as an effective tool to promote ethical behavior in the organization(Stevens, 2008).However, researchers have came up with reports that hints that the practice of ethical codes are unproductive and they have failed to create an impact in an employee’s behavior(Stevens, 2008). One of the studies suggested that ethical codes are not suitable and were ineffective especially...
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...described in the chapter, Heinz's actions falls into which of Kohlberg's stages? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4 2. In stage 1 of Kohlberg's model, ethical reasoning is motivated by: A. Fear of punishment B. Satisfaction of one's needs C. Following the law D. Acting based on universal ethical principles 3. In the DigitPrint case, at which stage does Wally Wonderful reason if he insists on compliance with GAAP? A. Stage 2 B. Stage 3 C. Stage 4 D. Stage 5 4. Each of the following is an element of Rest's model of morality except for: A. Moral sensitivity B. One's stage of ethical development C. Moral motivation D. One's courage in making decisions 5. The actions of Sherron Watkins in the Enron case appears to reflect each of the following except for: A. Moral sensitivity B. Egoism C. Enlightened egoism D. Professional skepticism 6. Professional judgment in accounting includes each of the following attributes except for: A. Exercising due care in carrying out one's professional responsibilities B. Maintaining one's objectivity in decision making C. Maintaining one's integrity in decision making D. Acting in accordance with the moral point of view 7. In Thorne's model of ethical decision making, the instrumental virtues relate to: A. Moral sensitivity B. Ethical reasoning C. Ethical motivation D. Ethical character 8. In Cherron and Lowe's study of the link between professional skepticism and management accountants, the authors identified the importance of:...
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...Accounting 411 Quiz 1 – Fall 2011 Professor Jones Chapter 01 Ethical Reasoning Implications for Accounting Multiple Choice Questions 1. Each of the following characteristics describes the importance of integrity in decision making except for: A. Acting out of moral principle B. Being loyal to one's superior C. Having the courage to do the right thing D. Not subordinating professional judgment to others 2. Ethical relativism can best be described as a: A. Point of view that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture. B. Concept that holds that integrity should be maintained in the face of pressure by others. C. An ethical reasoning method that holds one should always act out of self-interest. D. An ethical reasoning method that holds one should always consider the effect of one's actions on others. 3. When is it appropriate to contact the audit committee about a difference of opinion with the CFO over an accounting or financial reporting manner? A. If the CFO does not agree to correct the financial statements B. The CEO supports the CFO and does not agree to correct the financial statements C. The external auditors support the CEO and do not agree to correct the financial statements D. The audit committee should always be the first to be informed about such a difference of opinion 4. An internal accountant should always take the following step after exhausting all avenues of appeal within the organization when there is a difference...
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...Analysis of Ethical Dilemma Name: Institution: Analysis of Ethical Dilemma Introduction and Facts It is important that individuals take into account the impact of their decision on themselves, others potentially involved, institutions and the world. Individuals can make ethical decision only if they understand the potential effects of their decision. Ethical decision making is an intricate process where individuals must consider impact of decisions or actions resulting from the decisions made on individuals or institution. The basis of ethical decision-making encompasses balance and choice (Levin & Mather, 2012). Law is one of the professions that demands practitioners to make ethical decisions to avoid messing up their clients and third parties. They are required to employ American Bar Association (ABA) Model Rules of Profession Conduct throughout their professional undertakings. In the paradigm case, Justin King is involved in an accident and this has resulted to lawsuit. The circumstances surrounding the incident call for due diligence from both defendant (Justin) and his legal team. As such, there are various issues affecting this situation. The first issue is whether the ethical duty of confidentiality applies to Justin’s situation. Various laws and regulations govern a lawyer’s conduct. As indicated earlier, ABA Model of Rules of Professional Conduct is a set of principles that governs the conduct of lawyers in their endeavors...
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...Title First and Last Name College Lead problem in a toy manufacturing company Our toy company has plans for shipping our elementary toy collection at the end of the week. One of our products has failed the quality control testing. The product that has failed was found to exceed the legal limits of lead that is set laid down by the federal government. The test found that the amount of lead was slightly beyond the U.S. lawfully acceptable boundaries for children aged 7 and below. According to Parboteeah and Cullen, (2013), Lead is a harmful substance that has several health problems. Some of the challenges caused by lead are neurological damage, hearing problems, delayed mental and physical development and learning disabilities when ingested by children. Young children are more vulnerable to the harmful effects caused by lead because they mouth and share many objects that they come across. The cost of replacing the toy (whistle) and conform to the guidelines laid by the government is projected to be $100,000. There are three possible alternatives that our company can embrace to address the whistle problem. The first option that the company can take to address the whistle problem is to ship the toys as planned after two weeks. The toys will be transported with the lead amount exceeding the amount that is dictated by the government of the United States. It is possible that the even if the toys are considered unsafe...
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...Ethical Decision Making Introduction Implementing a framework for ethical decision making within the Toy Company should be the first step to supporting overall company adoption of core ethical business approaches. So what exactly does ethical decision making address? From the base definition, it addresses the ability of an employee to make a decision when no apparent answer is obviously right or wrong. It addresses decisions based on differing perspectives, beliefs or bias. Ethical decisions may also incorporate ethics related to obedience, general care, or reason. In relation to obedience, decisions may not solely be based on legal concerns. Ethical decisions based on obedience may also address the moral implications of the decisions outcome. Moreover, ethical decisions made with care will introduce empathy or require the ability to see things from others perspectives. Finally, ethical decisions addressed with reason permit the company to base decisions on experience to predict the most likely outcome. Suggested Strategies for Implementation Following are two suggested strategies by which the Toy Company may ensure multi-level participation into ethical decision making models. 1. Implement a Code of Ethics and integrate that code into the company's mission statement and policies. By researching, reviewing, developing, and implementing a Code of Ethics into all facets of the company the employees will have a guideline detailing the base values governing ethical considerations...
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