...Business Ethics Concepts & Cases Manuel G. Velasquez ABSTRACT Summary of the main points of the first two chapters in the book. The remaining chapters are application of the concepts summarized as relating to political forms of government and market systems. These further chapters are less relevant to the DBA class that this summary was prepared for. Chapter 1 – Ethics & Business Ethics is the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group. It is the study of morality. Morality are the standards that an individual or group has about what is right and wrong, or good and evil. Moral norms can usually be expressed as general rules or statements, such as “Always tell the truth”. Moral values can usually be expressed as statements describing objects or features of objects that have worth, such as “Honesty is good” and “Injustice is bad”. Five characteristics can help pin down the nature of moral standards. 1. Moral standards deal with matters that we think can seriously injure or seriously benefit human beings. 2. Moral standards are not established or changed by the decisions of particular legislative bodies. 3. We feel that moral standards should be preferred to other values including (especially?) self-interest. 4. Moral standards are based on impartial considerations. – that is, a point of view that does not evaluate standards according to whether they advance the interests of a particular individual or group, but one that goes...
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...3 Ethical Principles Moral Objectivism- -Morality is objective- moral standards are not created by human beings or human societies -Moral standards are unchanging. Moral standards are eternal and do not change throughout time or from location to location. -Moral standards are universal-there is a uniform set of moral standards that is the same for all people, regardless of human differences like race gender, wealth, and social change (Fieser, J. & Moseley, A. (2012)) * I believe that there are several companies that would use moral objectivism but the one that come to mind would be the judicial system. With this they really don’t manufacture products nor do they produce profits. With the judicial system moral objectivism plays apart where the employees are treated equally and the extended group of people that plays a part of the judicial system abide by the rules of the government locally, state and federally. Psychological egoism- All forms of egoism require explication of “self-interest” (or “welfare” or “well-being”). There are two main theories. Preference or desire accounts identify self-interest with the satisfaction of one's desires. Often, and most plausibly, these desires are restricted to self-regarding desires. (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/egoism/) Psychological egoism claims that each person has but one ultimate aim: her own welfare. This allows for action that fails to maximize perceived self-interest, but rules out the sort of behavior...
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...before she passed away, a doctor took a sample of her cancer cells, the cells from her cervix were later on named HeLa cells, and these cells helped pave the way to numerous experiments and research all over the world. Even though HeLa brought along many achievements with its discovery, it also brought disappointments to some researchers, and pain for her family. You see, she nor her family consented to her cells being sampled, or the amounts of experiments and research that occurred after. Her family was never aware that such actions even took place. Even so, on February 1st, 1951, the day Henrietta Lacks walked in to John Hopkins Hospital, was the day we started looking at cell research a lot differently. Ethical Principles On August 1st, 1920, Henrietta Lacks, a black woman from Virginia, was born. When she was just 21 years old, she moved to Baltimore, Maryland. February 1st, 1951; Henrietta entered the John Hopkins Hospital to see a gynecologist, complaining of irregular bleeding. It was then that Dr. Howard Jones discovered a purple lesion on her cervix. As per routine a sampling of the lesion, which was purple and bled easily when touched, was collected and taken to Dr. George Otto Gey. Mary Kubicek, laboratory assistant of Dr. Grey, then cultivated the sample; it was that very moment when science would be changed forever (Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2012). When Henrietta Lacks’ tissue sample was cultivated, the cells did what no...
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...Ethical Principles Paper Joe Garcia PSY/305 June 29, 2016 Dr. Christa Branton Ethical Principles According to the American Psychological Association (2016), “in psychology, APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists lays out the standards of psychologist and identifies behaviors that deserve punishment” (Ethics). It also identifies the Ethical principles issues, issues that have been violated, diversity implications that are involved, and strategies to mitigate those ethical issues. The Issue “Some people behave in a certain way because they don’t think they’ll be caught, whereas others know the difference between right and wrong and do what’s right even if they can get away with it” (Landrum & Davis, 2016, "Ethical Issues for Psychology Majors"). According to several studies done throughout the nation, approximately 40 to 60 percent of college students self-reported that they have cheated at least once during their college career. Over 50 percent of that number stated they cheated regularly (Landrum & Davis, p. 163, 2016). Colleges and Universities have a hard time legislating ethical behavior even with set academic dishonesty policies and honor codes in place. According to Landrum & Davis (2016), “Cheating is a short-term solution that leads to bigger problems” (p. 164). I agree with Landrum & Davis’ statement. You can only so as to say “wing it” for so long...
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...Ethical Principles Paper Nadia Brown University of Phoenix Ethical Principles Paper Henrietta Lacks was born on August 1, 1920, in Roanoke, Virginia and she died due to complications of cervical cancer on October 4, 1951.She had been receiving treatment at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. At the hospital she was treated with radium tube inserts, which is said to be the standard treatment for cervical cancer in 1951. As a matter of routine, samples of her cervix were removed without permission. Henrietta was 31 years old when she died. In this time it was customary for doctors and researchers to remove cells from a person for testing. Likewise cells were taken from Henrietta. The problem was that the cells were taken from her body without her knowledge or consent. These cells were later used to form the HeLa cell. The HeLa cell has been used many times over in medical research since they were removed from the body of Henrietta Lacks. The lack of consent in this case shined a light on the legal and ethical issues involved in medical research. On October 4, 1951 Henrietta Lacks died, but unlike others her cells did not die. Samples of her cells were removed from her body without her permission. During this time doctors frequently removed cells from patients without their permission or consent. Informed consent did not come into practice until the late 1970s due to another controversial case, the infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment of 1932-1972. ...
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...This supports ethical Principle 8.07 – Deception in Research The Bible has had a profound effect on billions of people, both believers and non-believers. Some ethical principles that can be derived from the Bible include the importance of caring for the stranger, the poor, employees, the environment, and animals. Demonstrating the importance of keeping honest records, Scripture (Proverbs 11:1, NIV): “A false scale is an abomination to God; but a just weight is His desire.” Researcher’s also have an obligation to behave in a manner that does not cause others to be suspicious of what they are doing. This includes using truly independent auditors and avoiding situations that give rise to conflicts of interest. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of APA ethics concerning research based on Biblical principles is an important step in caring for both the researcher and society. “These are the things that you are to do: Speak the truth every man with his fellow; with truth, justice and peace, judge in your gates. And let none of you contrive evil in your hearts against one another and do not love false oaths; because all these are things that I hate, declares the Lord.” (Zechariah 8: 16-17, NIV. Obviously, all types of deception and dishonesty are prohibited. The Bible (Exodus 23: 7) also states: “Distance yourself from a false matter.” Which include all kinds of falsehoods including press releases with misleading information, deceptive advertisements, deceptive...
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...Ethical Advertising The Ethical Advertising Standard (EAS-405) states that “all advertising should be legal, decent, honest and truthful.” (International Charter, 2012) It continues by adding that all ads should be prepared with a due sense of social responsibility and that they should conform to principles of fair competition. (International Charter, 2012) EAS-405 consists of 25 articles that cover all aspects of advertising from decency and honesty to asterisks and abbreviations. Article 5 corresponds to truthful presentation. The article reads as follows: 1. Advertisements should not contain any statement or visual presentation which directly or by implication, omission, ambiguity or exaggerated claim is likely to mislead the consumer,...
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...ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN BUSINESS 3.1 Ethics Ethics has been defined as concerned with the development of moral standards by which actions, situations and behaviour can be judged. (Boyd et al) Oelgeschlager. et al gave the simplest definition of ethics as standards conduct. Ethics is the discipline that examines one’s moral standards or the moral standards of a society. It asks how these standards apply to our lives and whether these standards are reasonable or unreasonable, that is, whether they are supported by good reasons or poor ones. Therefore, a person starts to do ethics when he or she takes the moral standards absorbed from the family, church and friends and asks: “What do these standards imply for the situations in which I find myself? Do these standards really make sense? What are the reasons for or against these standards? Why should I continue to believe in them? What can be said in their favour and what can be said against them? Are they really reasonable for me to hold? Are their implications in this or that particular situation reasonable?” Ethics is the study of moral standards, the process of examining the moral standards of a person or society to determine whether these standards are reasonable or unreasonable in order to apply them to concrete situations and issues. The ultimate aim of ethics is to develop a body of moral standards that we feel are reasonable to hold standards that we have thought about carefully and have decided are justified standards for us...
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...Code of Ethical and Principles For Baderman Island Resort By Loretta Riccardelli July 4, 2013 Instructor: Karen Heyse Code of Ethical and Principles Baderman Island Resort has a code of ethical and principle rules that must be followed by employer and/or employees to the letter. This code is how “we” or “Company” stand by to the fullest in protecting you as “employees” and our “clients”. 1. Dress Code: * No jeans are to be worn on days not designated. Those who wear jeans to work for no matter what the reasons are, will be sent home or dismissed. *Men are to wear suite with white shirts only. * Women are to wear dress, or skirts not shorter than 1 inch past the knee. Nylons are to be worn and heel or flats. No flip-flops. Blouse cannot show cleavage that is inappropriate. 2. Wages & Hours Company shall set working hours, wages, and overtime pay in compliance with all applicable laws. Workers shall be paid at least the minimum legal wage or a wage that meets local company standers, whichever is greater. Overtime must be cleared with management. 3. Discrimination: Company shall employ workers on the basis of their ability to do the job, without regard to race, color, gender, nationality, religion, age, maternity, or marital status. 4. Environment: Company must comply with all applicable environmental laws, and regulations. Employees are to keeping their work area free of any unnecessary debris. 5. Working with Clients: Management and employees will...
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...Ethical Principles Paper PSY/305 Name Date Instructor: Henrietta (Loretta) Pleasant, born in August of 1920 in Roanoke, VA, was an African American woman who was raised by her grandfather in a small cabin on a plantation. At the age of 14, she gave birth to her first child, a son, followed by a daughter four years later. She married the father of her children, her first cousin David Lacks, shortly thereafter. After having moved to Maryland for work, the couple had three other children. The last, Joseph, was born in November of 1950, and two months later, in January of 1951, Henrietta went to the hospital with abnormal bleeding. A malignant tumor of her cervix was discovered, and was treated with radiation therapy, which was ultimately unsuccessful. Mrs. Lacks died on October 4, 1951, at the age of 31. During the course of her treatment for cervical cancer, a section of the tumor was removed and sent to the pathology lab. While being treated with radiation, two more samples (one of healthy tissue, and one of cancerous tissue) were also removed without Henrietta’s consent or knowledge. These cell samples were given to Dr. George Otto Gey, a scientific researcher who had spent years trying to figure out how to keep cells alive outside the human body. In Henrietta’s cells, he found his answer. The cell line grown from Henrietta Lack’s sample, now known simply as HeLa, has been utilized in research and medical labs throughout the world since the 1950s. The controversy ...
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...Principles of Medical Ethics Of these nine principles physicians, should always have an honest relationship with the patient. Never discussing any of the health matters about patient to anyone other than the patient. These principles of medical ethnics are to be followed by all physicians that practice medicine. According to the American Medical Association these principles are not laws, but high standards of conducts that which define honorable behavior from the physician. Physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical care to all. Physicians should also uphold, respect, and abide by the law. There should never be any irresponsible acts of service rendered to patient. At all times patient should be treated with respect, and dignity, and allowed to have the right to make competent decision about their own care. Emphases of Principles of Medical Ethics The emphases concerning these nine principles of ethics, is simply for the physician to respect the autonomy of the...
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... Applying Ethical Frameworks in Practice Chandra H. Dillow Grand Canyon University: NRS-437V March 18, 2012 Applying Ethical Frameworks in Practice In the profession of nursing, there are many ethical principles which one must maintain as the basis for their nursing care. One of these principles is confidentiality, which requires nurses to preserve the privacy of one’s patients and ensure their autonomy. Maintaining confidentiality is essential in the nurse-patient relationship as it shows respect for the patients. Since the time the Nightingale Pledge was written, confidentiality has been one of the main standards to uphold as a nurse. The following will discuss ethical theories and the application of them when faced with dilemmas in the work setting. Breach of Confidentiality Nurses and physicians alike are accountable for maintaining a patient’s confidentiality. Having a breach of confidentiality has the possibility of causing undue harm or the patient being averse to seeking medical care. Undue harm can be described as “embarrassment, ridicule, discrimination, deprivation of rights, physical or emotional harm and loss of roles or relationships” (Burkhardt & Nathaniel, 2008). One’s personal values and principles establish the foundation for ethical knowledge and decision making. There are instances, however, when breaching confidentiality is necessary to prevent harm to the patient or community. Ethical Principles Ethical principles encompass autonomy...
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...Ethical Principles and Organizational Issues Sidney Holsey ETH/316 February 23, 2014 Irma Flores-Brothers Ethical Principles and Organizational Issues Ethical principles and organizational issues are an area of the corporate world that successful businesses practice and adhere to on a regular basis. The significance is ever important as the growth and development of technology in continuous. Companies need to be conscious of ethical responsibilities of their products and decisions. Privacy is becoming ever problematic due to the fact that companies can gain access to individuals’ information by way of website history. This information is attainable as a person frequents to a website and develops customer trends through cookies, web bugs, and other means. Succeeding ethical principles is necessary to keep corporations operational and clear from any negative consequences that unethical practices may lead to. This paper will look at a variety of areas ethics relates to the corporate world, such as, privacy, technological trends, and liability, as well as several other significant areas. Close to four million consumers and close to 46k megawatts of producing ability, Atlanta’s Southern Company is the primary energy provider attending the Southeastern region of the U.S. on behalf of its affiliates (southerncompany.com, 2015). One of the leading producers of uncontaminated, safe, dependable and reasonable energy in the U.S., Southern Company is the owner of electric...
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...transmitted diseases. One disease in particularly, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), affects over six million individuals every year, comprised mostly of girls between fifteen and twenty-five years of age. Because there are over a hundred strains of this disease, contributing to about 70% of all cervical cancer cases, scientists have researched and developed a vaccine to protect against several strains of HPV. This vaccine is called Gardasil. The research that led to the development of the vaccine started in the 1980s, and finally in June of 2006 a pharmaceutical company, Merck & Co., had the vaccine approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Keywords: epidemic, Human Papilloma Virus, vaccine, Gardasil, Merck & Co Ethical Issues and Principles with Gardasil After 5 years of clinical trial, Gardasil has been proven to protect against four of about 40 types of HPV, according to the CDC's informational brochure. HPV strains 6 and 11 are responsible for 90 % of genital warts diagnosed in the United States, and HPV strains 16 and 18 are responsible for 70 % of cervical cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). More specifically, Gardasil is expected to reduce the incidence of HPV related genital disease, including cervical, penile, vulvar, vaginal, anal cancer, precancerous lesions, genital warts, and laryngeal papillomatosis. In order to produce the vaccine, which costs patients about $360 for 3 shots, pleasant to American consumers, Merck took attention...
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...NAADAC ten ethical principles consist of the following: 1. The Counseling Relationship: The counselor needs to be completely honest with the client and always act with their patient’s best interest. To be respectful and understanding to their patient. 2. Evaluation, assessment and interpretation of client data: The counselor needs to obtain as much accurate information from the client and respecting their culture at the same time. They should be knowledgeable of the client’s culture. Also, they need to allow the client access to their own records, as long as it does not do harm to client. 3. Confidentiality/Privileged Communication and Privacy: The counselor should be very clear to the client on the client’s rights and make them...
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