...LAW122 Essay On Ethical Reasoning Emma Kiani-Oskoi 500511475 The issue that is concerned with the party named Martha raises both an ethical and legal aspect of law. As stated in the “Fact Pattern and Question” Bob had promised Martha a referral fee of $1000 as a way of thanking her for putting Raj in contact with him. This is technically referred to as a gratuitous promise from Bob that is not considered a contract due to the fact that it is not contain legally enforceable rights and obligations. Martha did not agree with the fact that Bob did not keep his word, and began to “grumble about Bob at the TBREA” stating slander at networking events. She had affected Bob’s reputation as a businessman by speaking out about him in the Toronto Builders and Real Estate Association (TBREA), an industry organization where your representation is important. If Bob were to find out about these statements that were said about him at a networking event, he would be able to sue Martha for slander of title, and malice. Slander is a “defamatory statement that is spoken” (McInnes, 2014) about a party. Defamation is considered as any uncomplimentary statement that could hurt someone’s reputation. The repercussions for this action can be serious, and could create a loss for Bob that Martha would be responsible for. Remedy for such an action could result in compensation or personal distress. This is could become a case of Injurious Falsehood for Martha. Although Martha may have thought this could...
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...AB105 Organizational Behavior & DesignEthical Reasoning Assignment Summary Page The issue arises as Wellness Village; a spa operator who collected prepayment from its customers suddenly terminated its business without prior notice, leaving its customers and credit-issuing banks in great loss. The customers did not receive the service they supposed to get from Wellness Village and as a result, the bank faced credit risks that some credit customers refused to pay. The owners knew the closed-down of the spa beforehand, but they still sold prepaid packages dishonestly. A concern is thus raised whether the owners and managers of a business are ethically right to ignore their responsibility and integrity in the pursuit of self interests and benefits, which could impose potential damages and losses to customers or other related stakeholders. Businesses have evolved into many distinctive forms, but for all of them the goal to maximise their profit is nevertheless in common. This everlasting aim of business is more or less in line with ethical egoism theory that ‘it is necessary and sufficient for an action to be morally right that it maximises one's self-interest’ (The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 2010). According to this theory, the spa owners’ irresponsible and dishonest act was ethically correct and should be encouraged. Contrastingly, in the view of Ethical Altruism, such act is definitely unethical as it states ‘only actions having for their object the happiness of...
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...1. The ethical issue here was that Lehman’s executives exploited loopholes in the accounting standards to manipulate their balance sheet in order to mislead the investing public. Using “Repo 105”, Lehman was able to clear huge amount unprofitable assets off its balance sheet instead of selling at loss. Evidence pointed out that the chief executive, Richard Ruld, knew about the use of it but faked ignorance in defence. Even the auditors from Ernst and Young knew about the use of the suspicious Repo 105 but chose to keep quiet. I believe that the prime motivation behind the act was to retain investors’ confidence by preventing a plummet in stock price. Hence, the implication was that Lehman was projecting a false image of its strong financial position, meaning that its stock price was overvalued. Through falsified accounting reports, investors were tricked into believing that their investments were safe, incurring huge losses when Lehman defaulted. Investors lost faith. The consequences were devastating as it created a systemic crisis of confidence in the banking industry as all other banks froze lending to reduce their exposure of Lehman’s undesirable Repo 105. Lehman’s employees suffered too as they lost their jobs overnight. 2. After extensive research, it was apparent that a written “Code of Ethics” was present at Lehman Brothers. However, for an ethics code to be effective, the tone at the top executives needs to be set right so that the entire organisation can feel connected...
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...Business Ethics and Ethical Reasoning Managers are faced with daily decisions to ensure that they are leading by example in their managerial position. Managers must make sure their actions are fair, honorable, and reasonable to employees and customers is the groundwork of good ethical decision making. In today’s society ethical issues are becoming extremely complicated because of global and diversification in corporations. A broad explanation of diversity stems from personality and work style to all the visible dimensions such as age, race, ethnicity, or gender and to also to be influenced by religion, social economics and education (Lockwood, 2005). In this paper, I will describe moral and ethical issues faced by managers; explain the relationship between social issues and ethically responsible management practices apply to diversity; an example of a workplace diversity ethical dilemmas and the legal aspects management face while dealing with the issue. In addition to legalities governed or should be governed. Managers have a reasonable ethical duty to uphold the policy and the procedures of the company, so their ethical and morality is essential to employees. Managers are faced with various issues such as: diversity, work ethics, and discipline. However, diversity plays a major role in how an organization which can exemplifies that they are a company that can be open to an assortment of employees within the organization. According to Thomas (1992), dimensions of workplace...
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...The Utility Lens is the next step of the Ethical Reasoning Model. In applying this lens we need to consider the following two questions: Do the benefits of the alternative action outweigh the costs of the alternative action? Will the alternative action benefit the most people? Leaving the nativity scene displayed would benefit claimants who support or identify with the Christian faith. Given the region where the school is located the majority of people involved in this case identify with a tradition Christian Christmas. Therefore, the alternative action would benefit the most people. However, the alternative action could have negative consequences. Allowing the bulletin board to remain could cause non-Christians to feel unrepresented within...
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...The next lens in the Ethical Reasoning Model is the Equitable Treatment lens. This lens focuses on treating the claimants in a situation the same unless they are different in a way that is relevant to the case. In this case, we need to answer the question: Would allowing the nativity scene to remain be equitable to all involved? The claimants who object to the bulletin board could argue that those who hold to the Christian faith already outnumber those who do not and therefore should not be allowed to promote their beliefs. These complaints could be based on these individuals feeling that the Christian belief system already dominates the school district and the bulletin board makes it appear that other belief systems are not given equal display...
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...“…develop critical-thinking skills, to recognize behavior and to understand different philosophical approaches to moral reasoning” (Manias, Monroe, & Till, 2013, Para.2). The principles and rules of critical thinking are applicable to ethical reasoning because they enable a mental process of evaluation that helps guide us to decisions based on truths and information that is verified. Ultimately, “Ethical principles mean something only when manifested in behavior. They have force only when embodied in action” (Paul & Elder, 2011, Para.5). It is only through true critical thinking analysis that our ethical reasoning will translate into exemplary forms of actions. If everyone followed the rules and guidelines of logic, there would still be a need for ethical decision making. The reason is because, “the forces that shape us and the institutions that nurture us are complex and sometimes contradictory” (Manias, Monroe, & Till, 2013, Para. 1). Much like ethics (morals, values, individual beliefs and sense of right and wrong), our logic is largely influenced by our background and experiences. Therefore it is too overwhelmed with emotion, making it unreliable for ethical decision making. If a woman finds out that the powerplant she works for is guilty of illegal dumping, her logical thought process may lead her to make a bad ethical decision for the sake of keeping her job. However, her critical thinking analysis of the same scenario may lead her to...
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...came from must be able to be identified and questions should be developed to modify the current conclusion. These principles do not necessarily apply to ethical reasoning. Ethical reasoning usually consist on ideas that are somewhat measured by compassion along with what is thought of as justice or sufficient. Critical thinking paints a clear and cut picture of a situation while ethical reasoning is measuring right or wrong. Critical thinking involves using logic to arrive at a conclusion without regards to morals or virtues. Ethical reasoning is used to arrive at morally sound decisions. The Blood Money scenario presents the ethical dilemma of the black market human organ transplant operation in China. Logically speaking, it is a medically sound practice to transplant donated organs to qualified patients in order to improve their quality of life. However, the proliferation of the Chinese government to procure the organs of condemned prisoners for the sake of profiting from an illegal and unregulated practice is morally reprehensible. Making ethical choices involves critical thinking abilities when addressing large populations or even small groups. The solutions to a big problem may resolve the issue for a majority of the people, but what is good for the majority may not be the solution for the minority. Ethical reasoning and critical thinking will leave open the need to question the past, and ask how problems can be corrected for the greater good of everyone involved. ...
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...Ethical Lens Inventory Reflection Andrew P. Fields US/101 April 16, 2013 Nakia Samuel Ethical Lens Inventory Reflection In this paper I will be discussing key concepts based on my ethical lens inventory. I will be explaining my ethical lens and academic behavior, along with; how my ethical lens influences these things. I will also be discussing the results of my reasoning aptitude, and how my ethical lens and reasoning aptitude will help me in the classroom and workplace. I feel the results of my ethical lens inventory are very valuable in determining who I am as a person. This is very interesting to me to know that my ethical lens reflects me perfectly as a person. For my core values, I value sensibility and follow my heart to make prudent choices, and I use rationality before anger. I agree with my key phrase results about making choices good for everyone. I feel that I am compassionate and free willed. My blind spot; WOW! This is very interesting. Yes I do sometimes set goals that are optimistic. As my wife says; “I am optimistic, and she is a realist.” This is very true for me. For my vise I feel everyone has a little greed in their life. Thankfully my compassion rules over my greed for the most part. My crisis is very deep and spot on. I don’t have very many friends, and I feel it is for the reasons that my ethical lens says. I do feel...
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...identifying the unknown. Critical thinking develops a mental process of evaluation which helps to determine their ethical standards. By incorporating the critical thinking process into their mindset it enables them more effectively to make a decision based upon truths and verified information rather than unknown. There are steps to take in regards to thinking critically, and they should follow as listed in order to make a rational decision; step one; (knowledge) being able to identify what is being said. Step two (comprehension) understanding the material, you make the knowledge that you acquired your own by relating it to what you already know. The better involve, the better you comprehend. Step three. (Apply) Know what you have read, heard, seen and comprehend it and carry out some task to apply what you comprehend to an actual situation. Step four (analysis) breakdowns what you read, heard and seen into components in order to make clear. Step five (synthesis) the ability to put together the part you have analyzed with other information to create something original. Step six (evaluation) occurs once you have understood and analyzed what is said or written, and the reason offered to support it. The completion of these steps will ensure you are making the best decision in any situation including ethical decision. (Ethical lens inventory) Ethical lens inventory found my ethical lens to be none periscope or paralysis. Seeing the gifts and weakness of each lens and being able to move...
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...ignorant to the fact that the choices we are making have a moral factor. Critical thinking plays a major role in assisting us in developing values, using moral reasoning, and to make ethical conclusions. The steps involved. Critical thinking is defined as having the means to articulate what you study, being open to all possibilities and able to draw your own conclusions based on what you have learned. There are six steps to the critical thinking process. The first is knowledge; you are able to identify with what you hear and read, the topic, issues, and main points. Step two is comprehension, being able to relate to the information and put it into your own words. Step three is application, taking what you have learned and apply it to an actual situation. Step four is analysis, which means breaking the information down to see how they are connected to other ideas. The final step is evaluation, this occurs when you understand with supporting details and you are able to form a conclusion. According to "Ethical Reasoning: A Key Capability" (2013), ethical reasoning is the “ability to reflect on moral issues in the abstract and in historical narratives within particular traditions. Ethical reasoning is the ability to identify, assess, and develop ethical arguments from a variety of ethical positions” (What Counts As Ethical...
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...Influence of Moral Reasoning Mark R. Mitchell CRT/205 December 1, 2013 Rahana Schmalacker Influence of Moral Reasoning In accordance with this assignment to choose a person that is involved with the article chosen from the Opposing Viewpoint Resource Center, The article that I chose was “Superintendent, principal and two coaches charged in fallout from Steubenville student rape”, and the person that I chose was the Ohio State Attorney General. As to the actions taken by the attorney general was to charge four more adults with crimes that relate to the student rape case. This occurring after the Grand Jury spent eight months investigating the case. The four include two coaches, the principle, and the Steubenville School Superintendent, the charges range from tampering and obstruction to failing to reporting child abuse. Henceforth the impact of these actions is the four will be held over for trial and possibly result in serving time in prison or be acquitted of these crimes. Additionally if I were the attorney general I feel that I would also bring these charges and prosecute to the fullest extent that the law would allow. I would also use this to show that there should not be a place in any school system in the country that the lack of action to protect children entrusted to their care will not be tolerated, and the punishment...
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...Critical Thinking and Ethics Paper Submitted by: Myron Morgan ETH/316 Ethics and Social Responsibility Denise Antoon October 11, 2015 Critical Thinking and Ethics The role that ethical reasoning plays in our lives is to highlight those human acts that enhance the well-being of others that justify our praise, as well as those that may possibly bring about physical pain or reduce the well-being of others that necessitate our expression of disapproval. Because of this, I believe that the rules and principles of critical thinking is applicable to ethical reasoning. The rules and principles of critical thinking require the thought process to be clear, fair, rational, objective and independent. The process hopes to establish an impartial investigation of the information and details in order to arrive at a justifiable conclusion. Although critical thinking (and all that goes with it) is intrinsic to the scientific method – it is a more general process than science itself and can be applied to all forms of knowledge which ask us to accept them as being true (Braithwaite, 2006). The rules and guidelines of logic does not always guarantee sound reasoning, which is why ethical decision making will always be necessary. Logic helps us to consider our reasoning and ethical decisions by processing what is being argued. Some people are against the death penalty and assume that killing someone affirms death rather than life. For an example, the scenario from the video ‘Blood Money’...
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...steps to be taken when processing and evaluating any information. These steps are key elements of the critical thinking process. The first step in the critical thinking process is checking your attitude.[i] Your attitude may dictate how you approach the way you process information. Instead of being critical of a particular idea, allow yourself to be open to a wide range of viewpoints and opinions, rather than being attached only to your own. The second step is to check for logic.[ii] Some information you encounter may be void of valid reasoning or contain false assumptions. It is important to check for continuity and clear terminology. The third step is to check for evidence.[iii] There should always be plenty of facts and examples to support any topic. Ask yourself if the facts provided are consistent and relevant to the main point. Benefits of Critical Thinking for Problem Solving Critical thinking employs deductive reasoning and good decision making. When using this approach towards problem solving, you become aware that there is often more than one solution to any problem. Once you have a clear understanding of the problem, you can start to envision all possible solutions. This process will ultimately lead to choosing the solution that will work best....
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...Ethical Lens Inventory Reflection In life, individuals use their reasoning skills, which are based on values and perspectives, in determining their choices, their ethical decisions. The Ethical Lens Inventory is an excellent personal evaluation tool designed to help us understand and teach us to be aware of how we prioritize our ethical values, as well as to decrease the likelihood of unnecessary conflict, and to encourage wise ethical decisions. Personally, I identified specific characteristics I need to employ and others that require improvement. My preferred lens is Rights, Responsibility, and Relationship. This means I utilize my reasoning abilities to establish universal rules each person should follow. I believe in processes that ensure impartiality and justness for everyone. My core values revolve around autonomy, equality, and rationality. Interdependence is the goal, and we should harmonize the rights of individuals for the good of the community. In this type of core value, a person prioritizes the value of rationality over sensibility. My classic values are temperance and justice. I commend personal restraint in the desires for pleasure, when there are duties to be addressed. “I am fair and responsible,” is my motto. I believe that humans should value the fair system that all men are created equal in order to maintain an ethical result. Ethical behavior is satisfying your duties and doing the right thing, as a fully responsible adult. I use reason and...
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