...Evaluating the role of ethnic identity in explaining the occurrence of contemporary civil conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa. High hopes for many newly independent states of Africa became diminished as the 1990s saw over a quarter of the continent's states facing armed insurgencies within their borders (Young, 2002: 534). Commentators often point to pathological, deep-seated hatreds in an African tribal mosaic as the bases of such conflict. The fact is, however, that the continent is awash with political grudges, ethnically-framed and otherwise, but civil wars rarely break out. Thus this essay seeks to take a more nuanced approach to understand the analytical challenge posed by such disorder. Starting out by countering the centrality of ethnic identity, it firstly seeks to demonstrate that ethnic identities do not exist primordially, but that they are constructed on weak foundations. Secondly it endeavours to show that where cleavages do exist along lines of cultural difference, simple heterogeneity is insufficient to account for the outbreak of conflict. Next, it moves to underline the fact that more important in explaining civil conflict is whether such conflict is feasible. This is understood both in terms of the perceived capacity of the state and in terms of the viability of insurgency for would-be rebels. A final conclusion will then be expounded that ethnicity is not a central factor, but that it is simply one of a number of strategies under which conflict may be framed...
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...| MN3030C | | Hewlett-Packard | [ETHNIC ENTREPRENEUSHIP] | [Tapez le résumé du document ici. Il s’agit généralement d’une courte synthèse du document. Tapez le résumé du document ici. Il s’agit généralement d’une courte synthèse du document.] | TABLE OF CONTENT I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………Page 2-3 II. ETHNIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEFINITION………..Page 4 III. THE CONCEPT…………………………………………………………Page 5-6 IV. ENTREPRENEURIAL THEORY………………………….……Page 7-8-9 V. ETHNIC NICHE…………………………………………………….…..Page 10 VI. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………..…….Page 11 VII. REFERENCES……………………………………………………..…..Page 12-13-14 VIII. APPENDICE…………………………………………………………..Page 15 I. ------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION The recent growth of new ethnic populations in Western societies raised lots of issues. In fact, the ethnic activity is not any more a question of historic interest; nor is it the concern of the company. Because new ethnic populations grew at the same time as Western economies, they are in a phase of slow growth and are facing the massive technological challenge; the ethnic adaptation and the mobility are central questions. (Waldinger 1990). In Europe, the activities managed by persons of minority ethnic groups were always present, but changeable historic circumstances increased jutting out to them and visibility during the last decades. First of all, the important immigration of former colonies...
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...From Ethnic Conflict to Genocide Individuals are mostly identified by their religion, culture, race and most importantly, their ethnicity. They would be labeled by what country or race they represent. Over the past decades, many ethnic conflicts have occurred and are still occurring in the world today due to political reasoning. When there are at least two ethnic communities called multiethnic or multisectarian, who realize they cannot form their own independent countries, they would change their geographical locations. But there is no guarantee that both ethnic groups will solve their conflicts by moving in different parts of the region. Each ethnic group competes for power, authority, resources and political independence, which lead up to deep conflicts between ethnic groups and even dehumanization. Each ethnic conflict is associated with deep emotions such as hatred, bitterness, resentment, anger and aggression. Political leaders play a significant role in identifying ethnicities. Such leaders commit violent acts for the sake of their group and victimize their followers. There are also political extremists who are only self-concerned and tend to disregard others’ lives through horrific actions. According to political psychologists, extremists have a variety of personal characteristics. They are not mentally sick. They are insane and are capable of evil behavior because they do not have any empathy for anybody. In Milgram’s experiment on power of authority, personality...
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...Exploring the Ethnic Diversity in Shakira’s Song ( Objection) Literary studies in English Dr. Shanthini Pillai Feras Ismail Ali P61421 Review: Over the ages, humans migrated from place to place. Between 1700s to 1800s have been substantial migrations among the world. One of these migrations was the Latin Americans to United State of America. By the time the number of Latin Americans increased to reach 30 million with different ancestral, cultural background and traditions, those immigrants establish their own heritage, customs, traditions and values to build their own identity. This raises the concept of panethnicity. Panethnicity is a collection of different small identities which form a community. The different ethnicities in panethnic community have similarities in their customs, values, language and music. ( Andrea Bedoya, 2007, P1). Shakira and her family was one of the families who migrate to USA, when she became a famous singer all over the world, she tries to maintain her origins and culture through her lyrics and symbols in her songs. These movements of different origins and parts created diasporas who have to maintain their roots with their origin land, looking for their ancestral land and culture although they have to cope with the new land and culture, Shakira in her song presented these feelings clearly through the music, lyrics, setting, clothes, instruments and dancing. She tries to save her culture through singing. Karim (1998, P2) argued that “diasporas...
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...In his article, Conces’ discusses ethnic enclaves and the effects evocative objects have on them. He believes that these evocative objects are “instrumental in creating and sustaining the enclaves themselves” (Conces 2013.) Conces believes that these objects are both centripetal and centrifugal. Meaning that while they welcome and help build cohesion among the ingroup (centripetal), they discourage the outgroup from entering the place in which the object is found (centrifugal). These objects then keep people away from places in which they are not welcomed and creates further problems. Conces’ believes that because there is no interaction between the ethnic groups, the places in which they each respectively reside, simply become “pure idea” (Conces 2013, p.10.)...
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...Ethnic Themes Skylar Bandalan September 25, 2013 Instructor Solomon One point to remember when writing a comparative paper is that you have to know the material of whatever it is that is being paralleled. The theme I chose to write about is Race and Ethnicity. I am familiar with the theme and I also feel strongly about it which leads me to believe that I can do the topics justice. I chose What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl by Patricia Smith and Child of The Americas written by Aurora Levin Morales. These two authors may not share the same ethnicity; Smith being African American and Morales being Puerto Rican but they have experienced similar internal fights; cultural and personal identity struggles coupled with the need for social acceptance in their worlds. I also felt a personal connection with it seeing as how I am a mix of ethnicities, from Hawaiian, to Filipino, to Caucasian. In this comparative paper, I will discuss the similarities that both authors wrote about as well as the differences. When looking into the theme these two poems share, we can expand our understanding and in some way, reflect on it personally as I have. Both Smith and Morales explain so beautifully in their poems how difficult it was to grow up as young women who were not of Caucasian descent. They both lived completely different lives yet their struggles were comparable because they both suffered racial discrimination and in their writing explained how hard it was to live with what was decided...
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...Diversity can be defined as people coming together from different races, nationalities, religions and sexes to form a group, organization or community. A diverse organization is one that values the difference in people. It is one that recognizes that people with different backgrounds, skills, attitudes and experiences bring fresh ideas and perceptions. Diverse organizations encourage and harness these differences to make their services relevant and approachable. Diverse organizations draw upon the widest possible range of views and experiences so it can listen to and meet the changing needs of its users. The encouragement of diversity benefits society. In society today, most people view diversity as a good thing because it gives people the chance to experience different things outside of what they are normally accustomed to. Diversity in America is openly viewed as a beneficial bacterium, so many backgrounds and not knowing which ones are good and which ones are bad. Diversity as a wide component is a tricky thing to use and understand because it has both negative and positive effects on society such as education, violence and employment. People have to dig deep to figure out what exactly the effect will be in the end and be patient to wait and see. Studies show that the lack of cohesion between races, sexes and cultures is due to mistrust, stereotyping, and more within-culture conversation and language problems. When these problems are not paid attention to it may lead to...
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...Ethnic Groups and Discrimination Jerilyn Burns ETH/125 1/08/2012 I can identify with more than one ethnic group. The ethnic group that I have chosen to discuss for the assignment is the Italians. I have just a small amount of Italian in me and I know very little about my Italian ethnicity. I thought by me choosing the Italian ethnicity I would be able to learn more about the Italians and have a better understanding of how they came to America and the struggles they had to face while being here. The Italians started to migrate to the united states for a few different reasons in between the mid 1800’s and the mid 1900’s. These reasons were due to poverty, over population, and even natural disasters that had caused them to decide to migrate to the United States. Some of these natural disasters were scarcity of cultivatable land, soil erosion and deforestation. The Italians also had a lack of coal and iron ore which were needed by their industry. Many of the Italians that migrated to the United States didn’t plan to stay here permanently. The Italians wanted to come to America to build their money up so that they could better take care of their families that were still in Italy. Most of the Italians that had migrated to the United States during this time were men starting at the age of eighteen and up. There were some women who migrated to the United States as well but most of them were men. Most of the Italians that migrated to the United States were from rural communities...
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...Name: Course: Institution: Date: Ethnic Studies. Humans have since time immemorial always had a deeply rooted psychological and social need to belong or identify with a community or group that provides interaction with fellow humans, protection from external dangers and gives each member a sense of belonging. Ethnicity can be defined as a group of people who see themselves as unique or distinct from others due to imagined or real mutual history, values and traditions. These things set them apart or distinguish them from their neighbouring ethnicities. Ethnicity also entails the sharing of specific ethnic traits, backgrounds, associations, allegiances or affiliations. There are therefore innumerable ethnicities all over the world which are composed of groups of people bound together by a common factor among them all, which could be racial, cultural, religion, tribal, national, ideological or linguistic. With so many differences between the various ethnicities in their cultures, values, traditions and beliefs, conflict between them is ultimately inevitable. Ethnic groups are almost always never socially homogenous nor are they ever united politically. (Cornell, 39) Several divisive factors are always present within such groups e.g. differences in ideology, social status, class, and religion. When differences between ethnicities fail to spark conflict among them, a particularly dominant ethnicity may attempt to establish hegemony in an area. When the minority ethnicities get the...
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...Ethnic Literature Culture, origin, background, traditions, way of life, customs, intertwined these words define ethnicity. With shared beliefs and values, ethnic groups in the United States have little cultural differentiation. Readers look to literature for an understanding of ethnicity not because it is writable, but because ethnicity is readable. Ethnic writing is a choice, and results from the author’s own ethnic gaze inward, the reading of self as ethnic subject. Author Toni Morrison’s works explore race, and gender, author Sandra Cisneros brings together stories of cross-border bilingual culture. Morrison and Cisneros share views of the development of young women, the search for love, hate, and compulsion, in a world filled with loneliness, pain, and inexplicable violence. There is no feminine identity in a time of masculine dominance. The cultural content of ethnicity is largely interchangeable. Race and genetic makeup are not the defining category for ethnicity. Differences occur because of the map as it is drawn around them. In Sula by Toni Morrison, the community of “The Bottom” considers Sula evil and bad. Sula Peace is a main character shaped by two incidents in the beginning; a comment made by her mother, which was basically that she did not like her daughter, but she loved her, and in the death of Chicken little, a little boy whose character is introduced primarily for the creation of an incident. The first experience...
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...Administration Sociology Key words Racial inequality, ethnic inequality, geographic location, discrimination, cultural orientation Causes of racial and ethnic inequality This discussion looks at the causes of racial and ethnic inequalities in the world. There are a number of causes of inequalities. Some causes are geographical location and discrimination. However inequality is on the decline on a global scale. Racial and ethnic inequality is found in many countries where there are either many races or ethnics or both. In Zimbabwe there is racial and ethnic inequality. There are various reasons for that. Whereas my discussion covers what is basically in my country, I have also researched on ethnic and racial inequalities in United States of America as from 1950s to 1970s, and the current situation. One main cause of inequality is the geographical location. Some people who are located in most remote areas of the country normally become marginalized. There is poor transportation system, poor education and far of from urban centers where technology and industrialization is mainly found. These people who live in remote areas are cut of from the rest of the world. They do not access quality education. Hence they remain marginalized and backward. In Zimbabwe a number of ethnic groups are found at the borders of the country. That is the reason for the inequality. Another cause of this disparity is cultural orientation. Various ethnic groups have varying values. Some cultures encourage...
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...Religious and Ethnic Groups ETH/125 Religious and Ethnic Groups Paper Jehovah’s Witnesses primarily use one version of the bible, which is their own translation. The New World Translation text was translated by a committee of five men, four of which had no Hebrew or Greek training, and has been characterized as grossly misleading, and twisted to meet the Society’s own doctrine. Some of the beliefs of the Jehovah’s witnesses that differ from other religions include they have no ordained clergy. It is their belief that having a clergy person that directs their services creates a class and a special title that is improper, so they instead use Elders, or Overseerers. They also have no blood transfusions, not even to save a life. They will go as far as to allow themselves or a loved to die rather than accept a transfusion of another’s blood. The Witnesses also believe that there is no eternal life to be lived out in hell. If you are one of the wicked when you depart from this world, you are punished with eternal destruction. Unlike, many other religions, Witnesses believe that the cross is a pagan symbol and therefore is not displayed or used in worship, nor do they celebrate what they term as pagan holidays that include Christmas and birthdays. Because of these differences of beliefs and values, the Jehovah’s Witnesses are typically thought to be strange or different, and are avoided. The witnesses consider anyone that is...
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...| | . | I belong to the white American ethnic group. I am half Italian and half Irish. Most people only associate me as Italian and the Irish fades into the back ground. More Italians have migrated to the United States than any other group from Europe (digital history, January, 22 2012). Most of the immigration occurred in the 20th century during the years of 1880-1960(digital history, January, 22 2012). Several Italian immigrants originated from southern Italy without much of an education. The foremost reason for Italian immigration was due to the meager financial conditions in Italy during the 20th century. The Italians established themselves in areas where they could network with each other and not be around other ethnic groups. The Italians from southern Italy were not educated greatly so most of them performed manual labor. Most of the Italians were farmers in Italy but, when they immigrated they moved to the cities. Italians faced much prejudice and racism. The Italians in the United States were a very much hated group. News clippings from the 19th century named Italian immigrants as a sub-human race (Italians in America: From Discrimination to Adoration, Racial Discrimination, October 5th, 2009). They were thought of as clannish because they were known to stick with their family. The Italians were also discriminated against for their Catholic beliefs. They were exposed to anti-immigrant discrimination. There were even acts of violence such as lynching...
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...Ethnic Diversity in the System COMM/215 Famous author Francois de la Rochefoucauld once said, “The only thing constant in life is change.” This quote has never been more true than it is today. The world is constantly changing, evolving, merging, and businesses have the task of anticipating this never ending change before it occurs. 60 years ago, instant access to information was not available. A businessman in Texas was not able to communicate with a customer in Singapore, over a video conference call. People of different cultures did not have nearly as many interactions compared to today. Today’s world is one where different people of all different cultures are conducting business together on a daily basis. The presence of diverse cultures calls for a change in the way business is run. Businesses’ must anticipate the effects of a multicultural workforce and anticipate how it may impact trust between coworkers, task management, and communication in large companies. Having different cultures in the workplace can cause conflicts to arise between relationships. Some cultures, such as Latinos, value trust and relationships. Latinos, for example, put relationships with others above all else. They refuse to let work or any other subject come between them and a friend or a loved one. On the other hand, Americans tend to put work first above all else. They will set aside a relationship, or even cause harm to a...
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...International Journal of Intercultural Relations 24 (2000) 777–790 The relationship of ethnic identity and ego identity status among adolescents and young adults Curtis W. Branch*, Priti Tayal, Carla Triplett Columbia University, New York, USA Abstract A multi-ethnic sample of 248, ages 13–26, was used to examine the effects of age, gender, and ethnic group membership on ethnic identity and ego identity scores. Subjects were recruited from college and public schools in a large northeastern metropolitan area. The multigroup ethnic identity measure (MEIM) was used to assess ethnic identity and ego identity status was measured by the extended objective measure of ego identity status (EOMEIS). An age by ethnic group design was employed. Consistent findings of significant ethnic group differences in levels of ethnic identity were observed. Age and ethnic group were found to contribute differently to ethnic identity and ego identity status. The relationship between ethnic identity and ego identity status was found to be pronounced among subjects of color but not as dramatic as hypothesized. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Ego identity status; Ethnic identity; Adolescents; Adults 1. Introduction The ways adolescents attempt to resolve their identity crises are idiosyncratic to each individual and their life circumstances. Despite such diversity of approach to the ‘‘Who am I?’’ question, some variables seem to consistently contribute to the adolescent...
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