...WHAT SIGNS OF MOD CULTURE ILLUSTRATE A DOMINANCE OF MASCULINE AND EUROPEAN INFLUENCE SEEN THROUGH THE CREATIVE MEDIUMS OF PHOTOGRAPHY, MUSIC AND FASHION? Danny Lowe A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree BA (Hons) Fashion Photography London College of Fashion University of the Arts London Date: 15th April 2012 i Declaration I, Danny Lowe, certify that this is an original piece of work. I have acknowledged all sources and citation. No section of this literature review has been plagiarised. Signed: ….......................................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract List of Illustrations Introduction Methodology Literature Review Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Historical and Cultural Contexts – Defining the 'Mod' and Youth Cultures in Post WWII Britain Americanisation – Music, Motives and Movement The Signs of Style iv v vi ix xi xi xvii xxi xxii xxiv xxvi xxviii xxix xxxii Interpretative Analysis Photography: Music: Fashion Conclusion Bibliography Appendix iii Abstract The purpose of this research study is to identify the signs of masculinity and European influence that dominated aspects of 'Modernist', or Mod, culture and lifestyle. The Mod is a British subculture which developed in the 1960's. The first stage of this study involves introducing the subcultural theories attributed to the Mod...
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.................... 3 2. Introduction: measuring the impacts of large scale cultural events ................................................................ 3 3. Major cultural festivals and events ................................................................................................................. 3 4. Cultural mega events ..................................................................................................................................... 5 5. European Capitals of Culture ......................................................................................................................... 7 6. Discussion ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 7. Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................10 Impacts 08 - The Liverpool Model, European Capital of Culture Research Programme www.impacts08.net Impacts 08 – Langen & Garcia | Measuring Impacts of...
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...nineteenth and early twentieth century’s the Western cultures had began to modernize with technology, communication and the military. The growth had given the Western culture political power and economic success in other cultures. As the Western culture reaped accomplishments, other cultures feared the change and the progression. Struggling with the influence of the western cultures the non-western cultures had their own ways and their own values; they were not ready to take on neither change nor modifications, creating a decentering of their own culture, as they began losing their own identities. Due to the globalization of the nineteenth to the twentieth century non western cultures were faced with the influences of the western cultures, causing a decentering of their own culture. During the twentieth century such things as fashion, music, traditions, media, communication, and technology began to change and modernize to the times. Technology and communication has had an overwhelming growth since the nineteenth century. Some cultures such as music and literature has been passed down from generation to generation. There are many cultures that suffered decentering, such as Africa. The impact that the European culture had on Africa was devastating, as families and villages began to fall as men were sold or traded as slaves The African culture had many of their own traditions and their region flourished prior to the Europeans. The African nation lived quietly in large villages...
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...trouble accessing (downloading) the presentation slides because I am currently not in the states (I am in Shanghai China right now). That means the only source available to me was the textbook. Sorry if this fail to comply with the requirements. Native American Cultures before European Contact Introduction Before Columbus’s unexpected landfall in 1492, North America has long been untouched by “outsiders”. There were barely any contact or connections between North American cultures and the rest of the world. After 1492, however, people of generations (mostly European colonists) were motivated to come to the “New World”, hoping for the wealth this new-found-land could possibly bestow them. Their encounters with Native American people were therefore inevitable. The Native American people who had resided in the Americas for thousands of years were, to many of the outsiders’ surprise, not some sort of wild “savages”(Boyer et al., p.20). They were comprised of many different communities, or tribes. And the interactions among the tribes were frequent, leading to the fact that the Native American cultures, in general, have formed many common features. The key word to describe the Native American cultures before European contact, if any, can be ‘Equilibrium’. Throughout the history of Native American Indians before 1492, ‘Equilibrium’ had been Native American’s philosophy in dealing with in-tribe, inter-tribe relations as well as their relationship with nature. To illustrate how...
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...In 1942 Christoper Columbus accidentally discovered America. The land he discovered was very different than his own. There were animals the Europeans has never seen, food they had never eaten, and people that didn't look or have the same culture as their own. The presence of Europeans in America was devastating for the Native American's culture, while the Native Americans were essential to the survival of the Europeans culture in America. When Europeans came to America, they had never encountered the native vegetation that the Native Americans used for food. Some examples of these foods are beans, tomatoes, and potatoes. To this very day, potatoes are one of the most popular food dishes in Europe. Without these Native crops, the European culture may have died out due to starvation. Although the Native American's can take the credit for a good portion of the crops we still grow today, the Europeans contributed to the food culture of Native Americans as well. The Europeans brought sugar cane seeds which became a staple in the European diet. Unfortunately, the popular sugar cane plant also created more work to be done by slaves....
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...The Renaissance had brought many new changes in culture and inventions throughout Europe. The Renaissance was so important and influential that many other countries based their revivals off of it. During the Renaissance, art, literature, and science were furthered and were bettered as well. These factors had caused the Renaissance to flourish not only in Italy, but throughout Europe, causing other countries to further themselves. This caused Europe to enter a period of peace, stability, and growth. Art is considered the most important part of the Renaissance. Many artists were able to further their skills by having the tools to study the body and/or mathematical principles. By doing this, artists were able to give their art a perspective that looked to be real. Art also helped to express the Italian culture during the Renaissance, the beauty of life, and, by using techniques, showing the lives of everyday people. This helped give the paintings more emotion and a sense of realism. By furthering art, artists were able to help others see the beauty of life and give them powerful messages as well....
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...dedicated to weeds defines the term in modern botanical use as “any plant that spreads rapidly and outcompetes others on disturbed soil” [Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism (Cambridge University Press, 1986), 149]. Crosby reasons that weeds aren’t necessarily good or bad, however they are the plants that botanist use terms as aggressive. A vast majority of the weeds introduced by the Europeans were accidental, as Crosby suggests it as an unintentional imperial victory. Crosby suggests multiple views on how chance led to the spread of weeds throughout the lands, proposing that European horses may have even accidently picked up biota and dragged it across the land (Ecological Imperialism, 156). Weeds were drawn to repair topsoil which in turn provided food and redistribution of stability; According to Crosby, since weeds deal with ecological stability, they were drawn to “thrive on radical change, that supports the reason for the triumph of European weeds in the Neo-Europe’s” (Ecological Imperialism, 170). It may be considered luck, coincidence, or chance that weeds shadowed the movements of European populations, as it is believed that the spread of...
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...very visible, even in today's society: religion has had the most influence on wars, and is the bases on which America was formed. I will be discussing the role that religion has played in the reshuffling of an American colonization process. When the Europeans explored America, their religious beliefs were major influences on how they approached the natives, treated the land, and fulfilled their exploration. Spain and Portugal were devout Roman Catholic countries. Unlike the Spanish and Portuguese, the English Colonists wanted religious freedom from the Church of England. Europeans felt that the Native Americans were savages and barbaric people referring to them as Devils. The Natives all held a belief of animism, which meant that a spirit was present in everything. The world was contentious and the Native Americans believed that the development of a relationship with the spirits helped keep the world in order. This relationship with the world and all its dwellings kept everything perfectly connected in some way. Everything had a social interaction. Unlike the European's state of mind that man is superior to everything on earth, the Indians worked very hard not to offend the spirits. When the Europeans started to colonize to this new found world, they also started to observe the...
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...Istanbul is undoubtedly an important city as the centre of various civilizations and cultures in the entire history. Its crucial cachets had attracted at least three giant empires (Roman, Byzantium and Ottoman Empires); that was made Istanbul to be the “nest” and “bridge” not only for dominant cultures to prevail, but also provided “shelter” for vulnerable and weak minorities.14 Istanbul made a significant progress after the conquest by the Turks. Constantinople gradually had lost its essence and influence, subsequently took a new thrilling “breath” for re-strengthening as a capital of an Oriental and Muslim culture. Istanbul became a face of the East Muslim culture for the West Christian world: it played a role of linkage between the East and West. Concerning importance of Muslim Culture, Turkish in particular, for the West, Chris Morris analyzes backward situation of the West. Moreover, he sheds light on the East’s contributions to the reduction of gap and states that European Christian space was lagging behind the Muslim East in terms of improvement of technology and civilization up to 16th century. Ottoman conquests urged interaction of Christians and Muslims, herein “Islamic world became Europe’s link with more advanced civilizations to the East. Knowledge of medicine and mathematics, astronomy and the arts, hygiene and new agricultural techniques all flooded in with the invading armies of soldiers, sailors and merchants.”15 However, the challenges coming from the East as...
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...town by the name of Surabaya. Surabaya was home to a trading port and is what you would call a contact zone, a place where distinct cultures clashed. This time period designated the end of an era of colonialism and the beginning of an era of post-colonialism. Colonialism demanded direct domination over a culture and often met with heavy resistance which resulted in a high-risk. In response to the end of colonialism, ideas such as the Association Theory were implemented in order to establish control over Native people having a lower-risk. The Association Theory as explained by Sarah De La Croix meant “…direct cooperation, based on European ways, between European officials and educated Natives. Those of you who have advanced would be invited to join together with us in governing the Indies. So the responsibility would no longer be the burden of the white race alone.” (Toer 145). Bluntly speaking, this was a doctrine that sought to create Javanese puppets for the Europeans. Arguably, colonial governments were only concerned with education so that they could create an army of Natives for themselves. Soldiers by the name of bupati’s who would wear the armor of their people but provide patriotic duty for the Europeans. This novel focuses around characters such as Minke and Nyai who are prey to the Association Theory because they have received European educations. With education being provided to Natives it is important to consider that “New knowledges do not simply stuff the heads...
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...The native Americans are usually looked at like savages, slaves, uncivilized people. But nobody ever proved that to be true. Everything written about the Indians from the time before the Europeans came was written by Europeans themselves. As Europeans saw nothing in Indians other then slaves, land owner and savages, they were regarded for only the bad qualities of their civilization and often exaggerated by the hating Europeans Defining civilization in both the art of living in cities, and being able to satisfy the needs of the culture and tribe of the native Americans, in both prospects native Americans were “civilized”. So were Europeans- they needed gadgets, and they made gadgets, and it was a need of their culture and most of them would be pretty useless for native Americans Indians were judged for being civilized against their clothes and was behavior. The European culture was to wear clothes covering near the entire body. But Indians didn't need that. They were hunting and it would make their moves tighter if they had to wear everything the Europeans did. Also the climate was very different which also made an impact of the native American clothing. The environment was different-and the civilization was different too – not the stages but the type. We know that Indians were sorted by different tribes. Each tribe commonly had its permanent house, but the Indians traveled a lot within the continent during the year. The tribes were structured too. There was a chief, who together...
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...Evelyn Fowler AMH2070 MIDTERM ESSAY February 6, 2013 I am going to explain the compare and contrasting treatments of Native Americans by European Powers by many different types of cultures. We will descuss how badly the Native Americans was treated and how they had to overcome so much. I will also explain which methods was effective and which ones was not effective. The story of the Native American has been marked mainly by betrayal and sorrow towards them. Ever since the white men from across the ocean set foot onto this land, the Native American has lost almost everything including ancestral lands, dignity, and even their culture have fallen by the wayside. How interesting it is that the people who came to this land first are the ones who have been short changed. Native Americans have been ridiculed. The stereotype of the dirty dealin' Injun" is just one of numerous examples. This has not helped the Native Americans in any way. Slowly, things are getting better, but only slowly. It ended up tearing the Native Americans away from their land that they called Sacred which was not helpful and right by no means. The Cherokee called this land from Georgia to Oklahoma the Trail of Tears. Native American history is nothing but a trail of tears stretching through five centuries of horror and betrayal of the Native American. The Spanish and Native Americans date back to when Christopher Columbus discovered New World on October...
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...locals. Bakers has been working hard to prepare Matthew Rennalls, on the other hand, is a young engineer who represents the new generation of patriotic, well-educated Barracania’s professionals. His four years as a student at London University made him highly sensitive to political, racial and equality issues involving relations between his culture and western influence. The last meeting between two case characters ended up in a disaster and causes a lot of negative consequences. Instead of accepting the chief engineer position, Rennalls turns in his resignation because he felt insulted by Baker’s farewell interview and advices. This incident not only puts Baker puzzled about what he might have said wrong but also puts the future of the company’s relations with its regional staff and authorities in jeopardy. Problem Statement The main problem of the Rennalls is over racial consciousness. He had been exposed to the historical facts that West Indie was colonized by Europe. Rennalls could not accept the differences within two cultures and kept on mind that expatriates in the company by thinking that the Europeans were racial consciousness and judged that their people were “down from the trees”. Moreover, the four years he spent in London University had created a sensitive personality in expatriate’s consciousness due to family background and political environment. In addition, he also...
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...The court case of Bennelong. Why were Bennelong and Colby captured? Bennelong and Colby were captured because the European Australians wanted to see how the Indigenous Australians lived. They also wanted to capture Bennelong & Colby, so that they could have them with them and they were hoping that by the presence of Bennelong & Colby living with them the rest of the native population warm up towards them, and not be so aggressive or hostile. They were not intending to kill them as the natives thought; they just wanted to bring peace between the native people and the European settlers. The reason that Bennelong and Colby were ‘taken by force’ ( pg-11.) was because previous efforts to communicate with them freely had failed. Governor Phillip wanted to take Bennelong & Colby so that they could teach them English without losing their native tongue, the reason for teaching them English is to help their own countrymen converse with the colony. (PG-13) How did Bennelong feel throughout the ordeal? Bennelong was being taken away from his friends, so he was feeling anxious and very upset. While they were lashed to the boat they were extremely terrified (pg-13). Once they had moved far enough away from their countrymen on the shore, the captive’s hands were untied which made them more relaxed. Bennelong and Colby would have been more relaxed after they had settled in and got used to their new surroundings. Even the family was feeling distressed as one of their own was taken...
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...1. During a vital final interview of John Baker, an European English expatriate and chief engineer of the Caribbean Bauxite Company of Barracania in West Indies who was about to leave its current position because of a promotion, and Matthew Rennalls, a young Barracanian who was his prominent successor, John Baker made the mistake to unintentionally insult to Rennalls, by made him feel ashamed and betrayed in trying to make him understand that the European commercial environment is much better than his Barracanian commercial environment just because there is gab from 200 or 300 years of experience by the Europeans compared with only 50 years of the Barracanian experience. Baker also reproached Rennalls that is friendlier and gets along better with his fellow Barracanians than with Europeans. Baker, based on appearance of some attitude taken by Rennalls, has the strong believe that Rennalls has a racial prejudice, and the worst thing is that he feels disappointed and frustrated because Rennalls denies that this is true. Baker did not know very well in that moment that for the Barracanians, the issue of race and the European alleged superiority was a big deal for them. And this is something that chiefs and executives must have always clear when they are working in host countries, they must know perfectly the values, beliefs and cultures of these countries. So, in consequence, Baker did not realize this mistake when it occurred because he did not think that he was saying anything...
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