...5th century, at the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It became a separate country in the 9th century. (Noin) France’s earliest attempt to stake a claim in the new world occurred in 1534 when French sailor Jacques Cartier arrived in Chaleur Bay off the Gaspé peninsula. Although fishing and fur trading expeditions were successful, France made no serious attempt to colonize “New France” until the 17th century. France greatly expanded its holdings in North America during the second half of the 17th century and early 18th century. Profits from the fur trade and from providing supplies and services to the French colonial régime and its military offered the opportunity for enterprising individuals to obtain wealth not otherwise available from the trades or farming. (New France: Historical Background in Brief) In 1756, the world war known as the Seven Years’ War broke out in Europe, with France and Austria allied against England and Prussia. The English had the advantage of the mightiest navy on the seas and, with Frederick the Great on their side, the finest army in Europe. Determined to drive France out of North America, England used its superior sea power to cut New France off from Europe. The war officially ended with the signing of the 1763 Treaty of Paris. Thus France surrendered all title to the mainland of North America, and the French régime in Québec officially ended. (New France: Historical Background in Brief) A watershed event in modern European history...
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...17th century European countries such as France and pressure for mostly consisting of absolutist governments and monarchs. Absolutism is a form of government where all the power is directed towards one single ruler. Medieval times can relate to the 17th century Europe. Medieval monarchs would occasionally attempt to centralize their governments and authority, but it would never be carried through because of the nobles in the church opposing to absolutist influence during the middle ages. Also women's rights in roles in society did not change much from medieval times to the 17th century. France and Prussia experience significant changes during the 17 century. Both countries developed absolute monarchies after wars occurred, and also form strong economic systems do absolutist rulers. However, some characteristics did remain the same, four instance, having a single, base religion for each country in social status for women....
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...University of Phoenix Material Week 4 Worksheet As you read this week’s required materials, complete this worksheet. This is a multipage assignment; double-check that you completed each page before submitting. Part I: Fill in the Blanks Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences. Ming-Dynasty China a. The population of China approximately doubled between the start of the Ming dynasty in 1368 and its collapse and replacement by the Manchus in 1415 in North China . This population increase, along with a reduction in government regulation, led to China’s Commercial Revolution, which lasted from 1500 and 1800. Economic advances during this time, which extended into the Qing era, included the so-called putting out system for textile manufacture, trade with the Qing empire through the port of Manila, expansion of private banks from Shaanxi into other provinces, flourishing intermediate market towns, and trade in staples like grain and cotton. b. The late imperial system of political control relied on a large, well-funded, and powerful central government staffed by dedicated officials who competed for positions by passing examinations ; the central authority of the government ; and the support of the new wealthy, literate working class. c. Early Ming-dynasty foreign policy...
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... Prof. Filiz Ali December 2nd, 2011 In the 17th century, France witnessed political, social and artistic facts which were triggered by the relationships between Louis the Fourteenth, Jean-Baptiste Lully and Moliere. This relationship between these important figures of 17th century can also be delineated as the connection between the political power, music and theatre. Before emphasizing the interaction among them, it might be illuminating to specify their backgrounds in order to gain an insight about their relations. Following, I am going to specify on their relationships and their influences on French music and theatre. Louis the 14th, who is named as France’s Sun King, had the longest reign in European history beginning from 1643 until he dies in 1715. He had only five years old when he became the king of France, therefore the reign was almost dominated by the Cardinal until he died in 1661 ( Louis XIV, David J. Sturdy, pg 23 ). Following the cardinal’s death, Louis brought the absolute monarchy at the risk of taking both his mother’s and the council’s reactions (Louis XIV, David J.Sturdy, pg 34). Afterward, these reactions were also gravitated to the relation between Louis, Lully and Moliere. He established Versailles palace which was a symbol of the absolute monarchy, aiming to extract more domination of government from nobility and being distant from the population of Paris. Louis the 14th...
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...The English Revolution was a period of armed conflict and political turmoil between 1642 and 1660. This included the execution of the Charles 1st, the rise of the Commonwealth followed by the Protectorate under Cromwell and then the eventual restoration of the Monarchy. Richardson is correct to state that the events that occurred were “inherently controversial… momentous and far reaching” which are still debated today. This debate rages on whether these events can constitute a Revolution. It is dependent on what definition of the word Revolution is enacted. Historians such as Jeff Goodwin provide interpretations of what it means to have a Revolution, which shall be further explored, however what ultimately accounts is how the events and interpretations of the time fit into these interpretations. Ultimately there are two ways to look at Revolution, firstly there is the struggle or initial violent uprisings of the populous against the established state. The other way of looking at a revolution is to also examine the more long term changes or effects in the mind-set of the contemporise. In other words the changes in the way men think. Richardson pushes the idea of the initial struggle constituting a Revolution whereas others such as Hill believe that the long-term effects are more significant. Both arguments both valid against differing definitions of Revolution. Similarities between the French and English Revolutions will also provide a stark comparison of the English situation...
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...The concept of sociology had been recognized by independent philosophers since the dawn of organized civilization. Philosophers such as Confucius and Xenophanes in their works had hinted at the clash of cultures and social hierarchy. Later, in the 14th century, Arab scholars such as Al Jahiz and Ibn Khaldun's compliled books on the history of society itself. These works are known to be forerunners of sociology. In fact, books written by Ibn Khaldun on social cohesion and conflict were translated into Latin in the 15th century. However, Sociology as a discipline has only been around since the late 17th century. Sociology then was very much the product of a rapidly changing world, from the violent revolutions in France to the subtle urbanization of Europe over a period of hundred years. Each philosopher, depending on the time period he was born in, and his background, contributed to sociology in his own unique way.The term "sociologie" was first coined by a French essayist named Emmanuel in the 17th century. However, little is known about his other contributions towards the field. Among most notable of early sociologists was Auguste Compte. He largey thought of sociology as a positivist science. In fact he himself coined the term positive philosophy . In his works, he established three stages of attainment of knowledge, theological, metaphysical and positive. Many historians belief that his conclusions on positivism and sociology were a direct result of the bloody French Revolution...
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...developed form of a national language, with norms fixed in writing to varying extents; the language of all manifestations of culture that are expressed in words. The concept of a “developed form” is historically variable (in different ages and with different peoples). In the age of feudalism many peoples of the world used foreign languages as their written literary languages. The Iranian and Turkish peoples used classical Arabic, the Japanese and Koreans used classical Chinese, the Germanic and West Slavic peoples used Latin, and the people in the Baltic region and the Czechs used German. The popular languages supplanted the foreign language in many functional spheres of communication during the 14th and 15th centuries in some states and in the 16th and 17th centuries in others. The literary language is always the result of collective creative activity. The notion that the norms of a literary language are “fixed” is somewhat relative (despite all the importance and stability of the norm, it changes in time). It is not possible to imagine a national culture that is rich and developed without a rich and developed literary language. This is why the problem of the literary language is very important for society. Linguists do not agree about the complex and multifaceted concept of the literary language. Some researchers prefer to talk not about the literary language as a whole but about its variations—the written literary language, the spoken literary language, the language of literature...
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...By halfway through the 15th century, European monarchies had enlarged their authority and resources and were in a place to look beyond their borders. Europeans had gained a level of wealth and technology to go on these voyages beyond Europe. But the highly schematic and symbolic medieval maps were not very useful. In the 13th and 14th centuries, medieval navigators made charts that were much more helpful. These charts were detailed with coastal contours, distances between ports, and compass readings. This improved their voyage. The con of the charts was that it was drawn on a flat surface and no one really took into account of the shape of the earth. So when Europeans got farther and farther, the charts weren’t very helpful. But by getting further, they were able to see how the earth was shaped. By the end of the 15th century, Ptolemy created a world map that was in Arab and translated into a Latin translation and with this they were be able to print copies of the spherical world. This map showed three landmasses; Europe, Asia and Africa and two oceans. But the only thing Ptolemy was off about is the circumference of the earth. An important figure was Christopher Columbus...
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...Causes for French Revolution France was the most powerful and influential European country in the 17th and 18th century. However,the outbreak of French Revolution in 1789 shattered the long existing absolute monarchy, destroyed the classic Old Regime and put an end to the age of aristocratic privilege owned solely by the royal family and the nobility. Europe’s longest ruling monarchy was not dethroned overnight, but many different factors from multiple sources, piled-up grievances and contradictions that were long precipitated, contributed to the finality of a traditional system and led to the establish of a modern constitutional government, together with democracy and nationalism. Under the reign of Louis XIV and XV, France had been put under an enormous financial and economic burden by 18th century. Louis XIV’s aggressive international policies had led to lasting and destructive Seven Years War outside the European lands and French government had experienced some period that the spending greatly exceeded the revenue income,especially with expensive military expenditures . And to make it worse, the outcome of these long drawn-out battles against the Great Britain oversea on the North America territory only threw French into bigger financial crisis. Normally the exceeding funds were borrowed, but by the time Louis XV passed away, funding sources may have been cut off and France was left in mounting debts. France had been seeking ways to repay its debts and interest, and to continue...
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...| John Locke | The father of modern liberalism | | Cole Davis | 5/20/2012 | | Liberalism, a political ideology based on the belief that constant progress is achievable, the human race is composed of intrinsically good beings, and that these intrinsically good beings are and should be autonomous in nature, is an idea that made an incredible resurgence during the English enlightenment. As the belief of Liberalism gained popularity with the public it also developed an enormous following among European philosophers. John Locke, the individual responsible for the idea of natural rights as well as the social compact, helped mold this idea of Liberalism into its own unique philosophical tradition. Because of these great contributions, John Locke is considered as father of modern liberalism. Born August 29, 1632 at Wrington in Somerset, John Locke was the son of a lawyer and the oldest child of his Puritan household (Locke, Berkeley, Hume). While Locke was a child, his father closely monitored and guided his education. An incredibly educated individual, Locke first received a formal education at Westminster School eventually graduating to Christ Church, Oxford (Collinson). After receiving his bachelors of arts in 1656, Locke stayed at Oxford to earn his master’s degree. Locke became the censor of moral philosophy in 1664 and in 1675 when the Earl of Shaftesbury fell from power; Locke exiled himself to France to restore his health (Locke, Berkeley, Hume). After four...
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...from the mid-17th to the mid-18th century, particularly in the countries of the Catholic Reformation, including Flanders, Bohemia, and the Catholic states of Germany. Characterized by elaborate detail and dynamic movement, the baroque is often associated with excess, exaggeration, naturalism, and sensuality. The style was also encouraged by the Catholic Church because it emphasized religious themes in an emotionally charged and easily accessible fashion. The painter Peter Paul Rubens in Flanders and the sculptor Gianlorenzo Bernini in Rome were among the many baroque masters. Painting: A defining statement of what Baroque signifies in painting is provided by the series of paintings executed by Peter Paul Rubens for Marie de Medici at the Luxembourg Palace in Paris (now at the Louvre), in which a Catholic painter satisfied a Catholic patron: Baroque-era conceptions of monarchy, iconography, handling of paint, and compositions as well as the depiction of space and movement. Baroque style featured "exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism". Baroque art did not really depict the life style of the people at that time; however, "closely tied to the Counter-Reformation, this style melodramatically reaffirmed the emotional depths of the Catholic faith and glorified both church and monarchy" of their power and influence. A rather different art developed out of northern realist traditions in 17th century Dutch Golden...
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...In 17th and early 18th century, The Dutch Republic held economic and political influence in Europe. The republic was split into seven separate colonies, with Holland being the largest and most influential of them as it was an integral trading center in Europe. The Dutch began to alter their alliances with many other European powers and this brought forth many conflicts and military issues between them. Ultimately though the Dutch Republic began to lose influence and power as it began to experience a military and economic downfall because of a loss of trade along with a decrease in unity within. The Dutch were beginning to thrive economically better than ever before, and thus the English and French began to believe that the Dutch could end...
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...Evolution of Modern State in Europe Introduction A break was marked in 1989 in the history of Europe. That year stands for the revolutions, breaking up of empires along with the re-ordering of the influence spheres. However, these changes happened in the established framework of the balance between the sovereign independent state and the power. However, 1989 has been unique, along with brining dramatic changes such as the re-ordering of alliances and the revolutions; it resulted in the change in the State system of Europe (Cooper, n.d.). Historically, the proper point of comparison is the year 1648 when after thirty years of war a system of modern European state was emerged in Westphalia. The same type of break point was marked in Europe in 1989. Moreover, it has resulted in not just the re-arrangement of the previous system but the formation of a new system. It is based on new forms of statehood in which the states are behaving differently as compared to the past. Furthermore, alliances, interference with the domestic affairs of one another along with the acceptance of the international court’s jurisdiction has highlighted that the present states are less absolute in terms of their independence and sovereignty (Cooper, n.d.). Furthermore, the first and second world war along with the Cold War resulted in devastation in Europe without any form of historical precedent. Moreover, it also froze Europe for almost forty years which allowed new systems and new ideas to emerge...
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...During the 18th century Europeans began to question the traditional way of livelihood and the knowing. These people were called philosophes and they explored for new ways in order to understand and improve the society in which they lived in. These philosophes held on to the idea that natural laws were the best educator and was the answer to understanding human activities some of which are economics and government, through the study of societies natural patterns. This revolution in thinking and the study of human behavior is known as Enlightenment. At this time they were focused on one major idea which was freedom. Philosophes believed that the more freedom people had individually and less of the governments authority the better society would be. The improvement of society applied to the areas of government, religion, economics and the betterment of equality for women. Enlightenment thinkers believed that all people should be equal and with this equality people should be able to make their own decisions and pick their own government. English philosophe John Locke believed that all people are free to make their own decision and create a government within the laws of nature. He also believed that if people saw that the government was failing they had the right to preserve and prevent that failure of the government (Doc.A). The government would be made for people by the people themselves. If free and equal people created a government they would improve society by maintaining the...
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...Introduction Mercantilism is the main economic system used during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by imposing government regulation concerning all of the nation’s commercial interests. It was believed that national strength could be maximized by limiting imports via tariffs and maximizing exports. Mercantilism dominated the major European trading nations. This “mercantile system” based on the premise that national wealth and power was best served by increasing exports and collecting precious metals in return. It superseded the medieval feudal organization in Western Europe; especially in the Netherlands, France and England. Domestically, this led to some of the first instances of significant government intervention and control over the economy and it was during this period that much of the modern capitalist system was established. Internationally, mercantilism encouraged the many European wars of the period and fueled European imperialism. Historical Background of Mercantilism: Mercantilist held that a nation’s wealth consisted primarily in the amount of gold and silver in its treasury. Accordingly Mercantilist government imposed extensive restriction on their economics to ensure a surplus of exports over imports. That system thinks that if one country had more gold than another, it was necessarily better off. Such ideas were attractive to some government, such as Britain, French. There are some amusing stories of mercantilism...
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