...1 Evidence-Based Counseling Interventions With Children of Divorce: Implications for Elementary School Counselors Marianne E. Connolly Johns Hopkins University Eric J. Green The Chicago School of Professional Psychology Evidence-Based Counseling 2 Abstract Parental divorce has become increasingly common for large numbers of families in schools (Lamden, King, & Goldman, 2002). This article addresses the effects of divorce on children and protective factors supporting their adjustment. Evidence-based interventions for children of divorce in elementary school counseling programs are discussed. School-based consultation, the Children of Divorce Intervention Program, and the Children’s Support Group are three evidence-based practices described. Implications for schools counselors are provided to help integrate research findings and practice. Evidence-Based Counseling 3 Evidence-Based Counseling Interventions With Children of Divorce: Implications for Elementary School Counselors Children of divorce comprise a significant portion of the U.S. school population. Each year in the United States, more than one million children experience parental divorce (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). Projections indicate that by age 18, approximately 40% of children will experience their parents’ divorce. Because divorce affects a significant number of children, a body of empirical literature has emerged addressing its impact (Amato, 2001; Amato & Keith, 1991; Hipke...
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...Philosophy of psychology also closely monitors contemporary work conducted in cognitive neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, and artificial intelligence, for example questioning whether psychological phenomena can be explained using the methods of neuroscience, evolutionary theory, and computational modeling, respectively. Although these are all closely related fields, some concerns still arise about the appropriateness of importing their methods into psychology. Some such concerns are whether psychology, as the study of individuals as information processing systems (see Donald Broadbent), is autonomous from what happens in the brain (even if psychologists largely agree that the brain in some sense causes behavior (see supervenience)); whether the mind is "hard-wired" enough for evolutionary investigations to be fruitful; and whether computational models can do anything more than offer possible implementations of cognitive theories that tell us nothing about the mind (Fodor & Pylyshyn 1988). Philosophy of psychology is a relatively young field because "scientific" psychology—that is, psychology that favors experimental methods over introspection—came to dominate psychological studies only in the late 19th century. One of philosophy of psychology's concerns is to evaluate the merits of the many different schools of psychology that have been and are practiced. For example, cognitive psychology's use of internal mental states might be compared with behaviorism, and the reasons...
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...Examination of Clinical Psychology Clinical psychology has an important history in psychology. The history begins with early Greek Philosophers, Sigmund Freud, and continues in modern psychology. Clinical psychology is deprived from philosophy, science, and many other realms. The scientific aspect of clinical psychology continues to alter and evolve leaving clinical psychology evolving as well. There are clear distinctions between clinical psychology and other disciplines, but they all have the same goal of helping individuals. History of Clinical Psychology There are many aspects and events that lead to the progression of clinical psychology. In earlier times the Greeks realized that the mind and body both influence relationships on individuals dealing with illnesses. Plato, Hippocrates, and Aristotle grew upon this theory. They believed that an individuals body was incontrol by his or her soul, and that illness were caused from problems within the soul (Plante, 2011). The middle ages focused that physical and mental issues meant that the individuals had issues of the soul. The Renaissance period brought upon the scientific approach, that scientific experimentation and observation were evident rather than what was thought to be from spiritual thoughts (Plante, 2011). Sigmund Freud had an increase understanding of the mind and body connection. Freud believed that the unconscious mind had an influence on the individual’s wellbeing (Parsons, 1958). Freud’s theories and his...
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...between the following. a) Clinical psychology, Health psychology, psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine b) Show how the other three are interrelated with health psychology Clinical psychology is both a health care profession , and a health-related scientific discipline (Carr, 2012). As a profession clinical psychology involves using clinical judgement to apply knowledge from the scientific discipline in clinical practice with clients and patients. Clinical practice involves the assessment, treatment and prevention of psychological problems in a range of populations. For example helping a boy who is failing in school and defiant with his parents and teachers; helping a woman with depression regulate her mood more effectively; helping a family of a person whose psychotic whose psychotic symptoms have been reduced through using medication to develop a supportive style to prevent relapse. Scientific knowledge about clinical psychology is developed through initial academic training, ongoing continuing professional development and research. As a scientific discipline, clinical psychology entails research conducted to find out how best to understand, assess, treat and prevent psychological problems and also to find out how widespread psychological problems are (Carr, 2012). The result of clinical psychology research provides information for planning services for whole populations, and evaluating and treating individual cases in evidence-based way. For example, the results of epidemiological...
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...ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Organizational psychology also known as industrial psychology is “the scientific study of employees, workplaces, and organizations. Industrial–organizational psychologists contribute to an organization's success by improving the performance and well-being of its people”. Industrial/organization(I/O) psychology both work together to help the success of an organization, however; industrial psychology focuses on recruitment, performance, and training, organizational part focuses on group performance, leadership, and motivation. Research is important for organizational psychology. Evidence based practice be used along with collecting data to provide real life examples of how real life works. Theories and research are used in work and non work groups, this helps one another interact better so that later both can also work well together. Organizational psychologist also practice scientific-practitioner model to help create a foundation of research and techniques to help solve problems within an organization. Organizational psychology is not a science to many although it may involve research and theory and evidence. “How organizational psychology can be used; organizational psychology can be applied in a multitude of ways, for example, to analyze individual personality variables and career interests. Evaluate prospective employees as well as train, develop and evaluate the job performance of current employees. Study how work conditions affect aspects...
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...Improving Students’ Learning With Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions From Cognitive and Educational Psychology Many students are being left behind by an educational system that some people believe is in crisis. Improving educational outcomes will require efforts on many fronts, but a central premise of this monograph is that one part of a solution involves helping students to better regulate their learning through the use of effective learning techniques. Fortunately, cognitive and educational psychologists have been developing and evaluating easy-to-use learning techniques that could help students achieve their learning goals. In this monograph, we discuss 10 learning techniques in detail and offer recommendations about their relative utility. We selected techniques that were expected to be relatively easy to use and hence could be adopted by many students. Also, some techniques (e.g., highlighting and rereading) were selected because students report relying heavily on them, which makes it especially important to examine how well they work. The techniques include elaborative interrogation, self-explanation, summarization, highlighting (or underlining), the keyword mnemonic, imagery use for text learning, rereading, practice testing, distributed practice, and interleaved practice. To offer recommendations about the relative utility of these techniques, we evaluated whether their benefits generalize across four categories of variables: learning...
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...usually provided by a psychologist, clinical social worker or licensed therapist. With family therapy it may include all of the family members and anyone that is willing to participate. It caters to your specific therapy plan and often short term. Family therapy sessions will deepen the family connections by teaching all the family members skills to get through the stressful times, even after completing therapy. In this research paper this articles presents and illustrates historical underpinnings, key concepts therapeutic process of treatment, multicultural perspective and criticisms of evidence based treatment of family therapy. Family therapy was formed in the 1950’s due the clinicians and Theoretician who were in the lead of those experimenting with the treating family members conjointly were motivated by several factors according to Florence w. Kaslow. PhD is in Inependent Practice as a Life & Executive coach. Kaslow states that the first factor was because the leaders of experiment were disconnected by the slow progress made when doing individual psychoanalysis or psychotherapy. She states the second factor is that they recognized that the changes in the patient and his/her attitudes and behaviors could have a strong impact on other family members, and that if significant others had no one with whom to explore what was transpiring and their reactions, they might sabotage treatment secretly. However, they thought it would be better if these important others were also...
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...Discussion on how theory and research in health psychology has been helpful or unhelpful in addressing human problems. Areas important in health psychology involve studies of behaviour which courses illness and also a way to try motivate individuals to leave healthy with the influence from hospitals and care professionals in the society. ‘Health psychology is the aggregate of the specific educational, scientific and professional contribution of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illnesses’ Matarazzo (1980). As health psychology is widely related to health the definition of healthy is by the World Health Organization (WHO) 1948 saying that health is ‘the state of complete physical, social and spiritual well-being, not simply the absences of illnesses’. As psychology is the science of behaviour and change; psychologists have helped to influence change in people’s life. As health psychology is interested mainly in health and health maintenance rather than on diseases and disease prevention. It was found in the 1970s when many countries (western) began to suffer from diseases and death in result to declining expenditures, to resolve the situation health promotion strategies were introduced. As there are many factors that courses diseases for example smoking which leads to diseases like cardiovascular disease, to investigate the relationship between health behaviours, health and disease outcomes studies would...
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...Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present with a number of behavioral, social, and academic challenges. However, the importance of understanding the strengths and abilities of these children should not be overlooked, particularly in the school environment. First, it is important to understand common areas of strength in children with ADHD. In what areas are these children successful, and how are parents and educators able to support their growth and development in both areas of strength and need? Identifying areas of potential strength across children with ADHD will serve to provide a broad understanding of the unique capabilities of this population. Recent research examining strengths in children with ADHD has begun to identify a number of areas in which these children are no different from those without ADHD. Children with ADHD have been found to demonstrate cognitive strengths in the areas of logical thinking and reasoning, emotional intelligence, and creativity. There is a need to continue this avenue of research so as to better understand areas of ability and how they can be used to support success. Second, it is important to understand what protective factors may be most influential for children with ADHD. Protective factors are those that serve to shield children with ADHD against further negative outcomes, such as the development of comorbid conditions, depression, and oppositional defiant disorder. These protective factors, both internal...
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...Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Coral R Williams NUR/513 September 30, 2013 Willie Goodwin Historical Development of Nursing Timeline The purpose of this document is to explain the historic development of nursing science by 1) citing specific years, theories, theorists, and events in the history of nursing, 2) explaining the relationship between science and the profession, and 3) reviewing the influences on nursing science of other disciplines such as philosophy, religion, education, anthropology, social services, and psychology. History of Nursing In the 18th and 19th century modern nursing began to take shape. The Catholic’s recruited congregation females committed to the care of the sick within religious group. The Lutherans followed and trained women to facilitate care to the unhealthy, and in 1863 the Red Cross Society, founded in Geneva, Switzerland, devoted a program goal of educating nurses to care for the wounded during the war (s). This program was a success and therefore was the beginning of the formal education process for professional nursing. These first program trained nurses were known as civil nurses there responsibility was to provide care to soldiers (Potter, 2009). Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) began her career in nursing after completing an educational program in Kaiserwerth, Germany at the age of 31. During this time war and disease was devastating the British Army. She was called upon by the government and volunteered her services...
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...Page 1 PSYCHOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE • What is ‘psychology’ and why is it so important in the context of health and social care? • What do we mean by ‘health’ and why is psychology central to the effective delivery of health and social care? • What are the main approaches to psychological thinking and research? • Who are psychologists and what do they contribute to the promotion of health and well-being? Introduction This chapter emphasizes the importance of psychology in the context of health and social care. For many years, psychology and the other social sciences were viewed by the medical profession as ‘soft sciences’, interesting but unimportant. With the advent of research into the links between physical and mental states in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries it is now possible to demonstrate that psychology can make a fundamental difference to physical as well as mental health. In this chapter, we explore the nature of psychology and its relevance to health and social care. We outline the different schools of thought and methods of inquiry in psychology. We seek to distinguish between psychology as an academic discipline and popular notions of psychology, and identify professionals whose practice is mainly concerned with the application of psychology. In order to show how psychology can be applied to health and social care, we introduce a family scenario whose characters appear in examples throughout the book. What is psychology...
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...Implications of Evidence Based Practice-Research Patricia Davis Immaculata University The Importance and Implications of Evidence Based Practice-Research Evidence based practice is a way of providing health care that is guided by incorporating current knowledge and clinical expertise. This research and resource information corrects clinical problems, application of quality interventions, and evaluates the outcomes for further improvements in the future. Evidence based practice is an approach that improves the impact of nursing, psychology and social work. It gives research the cause and effect that gives validity to the information. The purpose of evidence based practice is ensuring that patients receive the best quality care and keep nurses, nursing care, and knowledge up to date. The American Nurses Association (ANA) recognizes the importance of evidence based practice (EBP), and that it incorporates the registered nurse to integrate, participate in the formulation, and contribute to the knowledge of research to improve healthcare outcomes (ANA, 2010). Evidence based research results in favorable patient outcomes across various geographic locations. The impetus for evidence-based practice comes from decisions of efficacy, and healthcare facility pressures for cost containment. Evidence practice stresses changes in the education of students, more practice-relevant research, and closer working relationships between clinicians and researchers. The evidence based practice...
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...rhvekrv;ev fv d dv your writing skills, the better your degree classification: The majority of marks which contribute to your degree classification will come from exam essays or other written work (assessed essays, third year project). • This education is costing you, so get your money’s worth. What students want help with Style conventions in scientific writing (1) 76.6% Lab report writing skills (2) 70.2% Thinking skills (2) 70.2% How to reference properly (3) 59.6% Presentation skills (4) 55.3% How to revise your written work effectively (5) 51.1% Learning / Research skills (6) 48.9% Essay writing skills (7) 44.7% Basic writing skills (8) 12.8% Unfortunately, you need to get to grips with (8) before you can truly master (1)…. Writing Skills for Psychologists Factors which contribute to your written work’s grade include (1) Your general writing skills. (How to write) (2) Your understanding of what is required of an undergraduate essay / lab report / presentation. (Why to write) (3) Your understanding of the topic. (What to write) This lecture will focus on 1 and 2. HOWEVER improving 1&2 will inevitably lead to improvements in 3! The following factors are equally important, and are down to you. 1. How interested you are in the topic. 2. The importance you attach to receiving a high grade for a particular piece of work. 3. The amount of effort you are prepared to make given other academic commitments. Writing Skills for Psychologists ...
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...Discuss and critically evaluate the arguments put forward by the specific ingredients perspective and the common factors perspective, regarding the mechanism and effectiveness of counselling and psychotherapy. Since its development during the 19th century more than three hundred and fifty distinct popular counselling and psychotherapy strands have emerged into the modern counselling field (Sparks, Duncan & Field, 2008). The years prior to psychotherapy’s birth were dominated by psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches and its practice was largely restricted to physicians (Miller, Hubble, Chow & Seidel, 2013). Psychotherapy’s arrival was not unnoticed from opposing schools of thought who were quick to question its scientific basis. Traditionally Eysenck (1952) not only challenged psychotherapy’s efficacy but also argued that it was “potentially harmful” (Miller, Hubble, Chow & Seidel, 2013:88). However, supporters of psychotherapy refuted Eysenck’s (1952) view and debate surrounding the fields worth began to accumulate. As a result psychotherapy research for the next few decades would focus on determining whether therapy was effective (House & Loewenthal, 2009). Subsequently, a plethora of studies that demonstrated its efficacy emerged (Smith Miller & Glass, 1980; Lambert & Bergin, 1994; Ahn & Wampold, 2001). So much so, that early studies revealed the treated population fared much better in comparison to their untreated counterparts (Sparks, Duncan...
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...IMPORTANCE OF PAY IN EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION: DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN WHAT PEOPLE SAY AND WHAT THEY DO Sara L. Rynes, Barry Gerhart, and Kathleen A. Minette A majority of human resources professionals appear to believe that employees are likely to overreport the importance of pay in employee surveys. However, research suggests the opposite is actually true. We review evidence showing the discrepancies between what people say and do with respect to pay. We then discuss why pay is likely to be such an important general motivator, as well as a variety of reasons why managers might underestimate its importance. We note that pay is not equally important in all situations or to all individuals, and identify circumstances under which pay is likely to be more (or less) important to employees. We close with recommendations for implementing research findings with respect to pay and suggestions for evaluating pay systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. It is easy to overestimate the frequency with which adults actually go to the opera and underestimate the frequency with which they watch TV cartoons on Saturday mornings, based on their self-reports. (Nunnally & Bernstein, 1994, p. 383) Rynes, Colbert, and Brown (2002) presented the following statement to 959 members of the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM): “Surveys that directly ask employees how important pay is to them are likely to overestimate pay’s true importance in actual decisions” (p. 158). If our interpretation (and...
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