...Knowledge #2: Examine the ways empirical evidence should be used to make progress in different areas of knowledge. Candidate Name: Einar Ragnar Jónsson Candidate Number: 000975-009 School Name: Menntaskólinn við Hamrahlíð Session: May 2010 Word Count: 1595 words 1 Name: Einar Ragnar Jónsson Session: May 2010 Candidate Number: 000975-‐009 Empirical evidence has been viewed as a very prominent method of attempting to ‘prove’ something and can be applied to many of the areas of knowledge. The human sciences and natural sciences, for example, use empirical evidence to support theorems and laws, but is empirical evidence as applicable for, say, the Arts? To explore what is ‘true’ in the areas of knowledge, empirical evidence is applicable with certain limitations. ‘Empirical’ means “originating in or based on observation or experience”1 and ‘evidence’ is defined as “a thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment“2. From this, we can roughly define empirical evidence as ‘a thing helpful in forming conclusions/justifications based on observations and experience’. To attain empirical evidence, we rely on our sense perception, which provides the observations, reason, which allows for induction, and language, for communication to use the evidence. Emotion plays an important role with empirical research, especially in terms of experience as evidence. Empirical evidence insinuates that something must be proven...
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...#2: Examine the ways empirical evidence should be used to make progress in different areas of knowledge. Candidate Name: Einar Ragnar Jónsson Candidate Number: 000975-009 School Name: Menntaskólinn við Hamrahlíð Session: May 2010 Word Count: 1595 words 1 Name: Einar Ragnar Jónsson Session: May 2010 Candidate Number: 000975-‐009 Empirical evidence has been viewed as a very prominent method of attempting to ‘prove’ something and can be applied to many of the areas of knowledge. The human sciences and natural sciences, for example, use empirical evidence to support theorems and laws, but is empirical evidence as applicable for, say, the Arts? To explore what is ‘true’ in the areas of knowledge, empirical evidence is applicable with certain limitations. ‘Empirical’ means “originating in or based on observation or experience”1 and ‘evidence’ is defined as “a thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment“2. From this, we can roughly define empirical evidence as ‘a thing helpful in forming conclusions/justifications based on observations and experience’. To attain empirical evidence, we rely on our sense perception, which provides the observations, reason, which allows for induction, and language, for communication to use the evidence. Emotion plays an important role with empirical research, especially in terms of experience as evidence. Empirical evidence insinuates that something must...
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...Chapter 8: Audit Evidence and Assurance Audit Procedures: auditors set out 6 basic types of evidence, and use 6 general techniques to gather it. TECHNIQUE | TYPE OF EVIDENCE | Recalculation | Auditors calculation | Observation | Physical observation | Confirmation | Statements by independent parties | Enquiry | Statements by client personnel | Inspection | -Documents prepared by independent parties-Documents prepared by the client-Physical inspection of tangible assets | Analysis | Data interrelationships | Recalculation / Reperformance: Performing independent calculations or recalculating the client’s calculations. • Computation produces highly reliable mathematical evidence. • Computation addresses existence and valuation for calculated amounts. Reperformance is applied in control testing, the auditor independently executes an internal control procedure. Observation: looking at the application of policy or procedures by others. (reliable evidence as to performance at the time of observation) PRODUCES A GENERAL AWARENESS OF EVENTS. Confirmation: consist of written enquiry to verify accounting records. Can produce evidence regarding existence, ownership, valuation, and cut off. -should be printed on the clients letterhead, signed by the client officer. -auditor needs to ensure that the address on the confirmation is legitimate -the recipient should be able to provide the information. -the auditor must mail the confirmations. -Responses must...
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...can speak for itself through the various cultural and ritual events that take’s place. The importance of understanding peoples culture and their rituals is what anthropologists try to seek out. Through Balinese cockfighting only were they able to better understand how such an event can be used to show case culture and societies values. The association between an animal and man showed that more prestige was given to the more powerful one and thereby increasing male status in the village. b. What kinds of evidence does the author base this claim on? What are the anthropological methods used to collect this evidence? Geertz uses a mixture of research methods in his ethnography, predominantly employing long-term participant observation and supports this participant observation method with the inclusion of historical and literary research, and cross-cultural comparison. Anthropological methods such as interviewing along with the use of ethnographic realism which aims to define accurate and objective methods that accounts the different ways of life from first hand observations and experience. Other ethnographic techniques such as in depth interviewing of the Balinese people have made it possible to find out about the beliefs and perceptions. c. How does the author present the evidence to support the claim in this article? In other words, outline the argument, explaining how it works. The author’s observations and claims about how...
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...Ann Arbor, Mich. Keith A. Sverdrup University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis. Mary M. Riestenberg College of Mount Saint Joseph, Cincinnati, Ohio Virginia L. Peterson Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Mich. Wendi J.W. Williams University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Ark. Sandra Rutherford Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Mich. Larissa Grawe DeSantis University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. Aida Awad Des Plaines, Ill. Stephen R. Mattox Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Mich. Steve Boyer Tacoma, Wash. Jo Laird University of New Hampshire, Durham, N.H. Cover image: A basalt dike cuts through rocks of Permain age on Wasp Head, NSW Australia. Photo by Gary B. Lewis. Table of Contents What is Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Fact: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Hypothesis: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...transcendent reality called God. The verification principle claims that language is only meaningful if it can be verified by sense observation, empirical evidence or it is a tautology as these are non-cognitive. This was devised by logical positivists who said the evidence that we obtain from our senses is the highest form of evidence and with logic, it is the only real knowledge. They believed that philosophers had no business to say anything about the world and any questions should be answered by science. The movement of verificationism was influenced largely by science, and stressed the importance of confirming any statement with evidence, especially that from the senses. One of logical positivisms presuppositions is that ‘language mirrors the world’, if a statement could not be observed to be true with empirical sense evidence then it is factually meaningless. Verificationists and logical positivists do not have a particularly high opinion of religious claims of God, worldly knowledge or anything beyond our experience. For a verificationist or those such as Moritz and Schlick, language tells us something about the way the world is, and the way a statement becomes meaningful is shown in the method of its verification, therefore language that talks about God is utterly meaningless, it has no meaning in a factual sense since it cannot be backed up by sense evidence and it is not a tautology. All “knowledge” that cannot be verified using the verification principle such as metaphysical...
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...called primary needs. * Learning can be due to associations being made between different stimulus (classical conditioning) or behaviour can be altered by patters of reinforcement (reward) and punishment (operant conditioning). CLASSICAL CONDITIONING 2 * Learning through association in called classical conditioning. * Because the mother often provides the food, she becomes associated with the satisfaction of primary drive. * Baby learns to enjoy the behaviours associated with the mother during feeding such as physical contact and comfort. * Once baby made association between mother and food, it will then engage behaviours which encourage the presence of the mother. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING 2 * Learning through association in called classical conditioning. * Because the mother often provides the food, she becomes associated with the satisfaction of primary drive. * Baby learns to enjoy the behaviours associated with the mother during feeding such as physical contact and comfort. * Once baby made association between mother and food, it will then engage behaviours which encourage the presence of the mother. OPERANT CONDITIONING 4 * Learning through reward is called operant conditioning. * Babies now have to protect their food source....
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...transactions will be ultimately settled through the cash accounts * Cash can be either and asset or a liability * The audit of cash accounts assists in the verification of other asset and liability accounts as well as revenue and expenses * Cash is the highly liquid asset in a company and it is an area of high inherent risk since there is a relatively high risk of misappropriation. * Investors rely on the accuracy of cash in evaluating the company’s financial well being The audit steps for cash are a routine part of an audit, therefore this part is usually assigned to new staff members or interns. However, professional skepticism should be present when reviewing cash or any other part of an audit, whether routine or not. (Hinton, Lecture Notes) 2. It is very important when an auditor develops an audit program to include thorough procedures for auditing cash balances, as it has a direct effect on an organization's profits. The auditor must perform audit procedures of the internal controls of the company to detect any shortcomings. In addition, the auditor will perform substantive tests of details, tests to detect lapping, and analytical procedures in order to verify that there is no material misstatement and to provide evidence to support the assertion that the financial records of an entity are complete, valid, and accurate. (Aldridge) For this case, the auditor has concluded things are operating effectively through the test of controls of transactions...
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...ASSIGNMENT 2 BRIEF |Qualification |BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Business | |Unit number and title |: Working with and Leading People | |Assignment issued | |Assignment submission | | |Assessor name | | |Assignment title |Leadership Observation and Reflection | | |Scenario: | | |Leaders are made, they are not born. We can learn much from observing their behaviors as well as reflecting from | | |our own experiences. In this assignment, you can choose from following options: | | |Option 1: Reflecting on your own leadership experience. It can be your team work at school or any other activities | | |in which you have led others to fulfill a particular task(s) or objective(s)...
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...5 Practical Methods Direct Observations and Windshield Surveys 50 Practical Methods D irect observations allow one to better understand the environment in which people interact and to see the things some residents may not be aware of, or to better understand a phenomenon. Direct observation may help distill useful information that may not be apparent from your other data collection methods. This type of data collection allows you, the observer, to choose a location, event, or phenomenon and then to directly observe human activities over a period of time. Getting Started Begin by vividly describing the location you are observing. Include details, but try not to get bogged down with clutter. These details may seem superfluous at the time, but future analysis may prove otherwise. You should also describe the people you see and what they are doing. Things to Consider Continually return to the main focus of the observation. Developing an observation form may help. A sample observation form can be found on pages 53–55. The form will help guide your observation and help you focus on specific items. You will need to determine the most appropriate sites and gear the timing of your observation toward the phenomena in question. For example, if you observe a site too early in the morning, you may miss social interactions later in the evening that shed light on your community. You may want to observe different sites at various times to make the best...
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...Competency/Performance Criteria 1. Gather and document information about children Changes Gaps to address in transition 1.1 Undertake observations and gather detailed information about children’s learning, using a wide range of approaches Changed wording 1.2 Ensure the assessment methods and tools used to gather information consider assessment principles New criteria 1.3 Gather information and observations over time and in a variety of spaces 1.4 Include the voices of educators, children, peers, families and other professionals where appropriate 2. Monitor children’s learning & development Changed wording New criteria 2.1 Use information and observations to analyse and monitor children’s strengths, interests, relationships and learning in conjunction with the approved framework’s learning outcomes New criteria 2.2 Identify children who may need additional support in order to achieve particular learning outcomes New criteria 2.3 Use summative assessment to reflect on children’s learning over a period of time New criteria 2.4 Collaborate with families and colleagues to support children’s learning New criteria 1 Delivery Notes Unit of competency: CHCECE023 Analyse information to inform learning SupersedesCHCPR509A - Gather, interpret and use information about children 3. Use evidence to inform practice...
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...Evidence Based Practice Task 1 Western Governors University Evidence Based Practice and Applied Nursing Research The nursing topic of interest is bedside handover, which is the concept of conducting shift handover at the patient’s bed instead of doing it at the front desk. Part A The article being analysed is: Tobiano, G., Chaboyer, W. & Murray, A. (2012). Family Members’ Perceptions of the Nursing Bedside Handover. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22, 192-200. The analysis of the primary research report is done in the form of a graph (figure 1). Each of the four analysis areas is rated within a scale of 1-10; 1 denotes extremely weak while 10 denotes very strong. Table 1 then gives justifications for the rating by explaining why each area of analysis was rated that way in the analysis chart. [pic] Figure 1 Table 1 |A1 Article: Tobiano, G., Chaboyer, W. & Murray, A. (2012). Family Members’ Perceptions of the Nursing Bedside Handover. Journal | |of Clinical Nursing, 22, 192-200. | |A2 Background or introduction |The researchers provided an in depth introduction of the research topic outlining | | |important issues, previous research on the topic and their findings. The introduction | | ...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS FOOTWEAR AND LEATHERGOODS SECTOR FOOTWEAR MAKING NC II | |Page No. | | | | |PREFACE | | |FOREWORD | | | | | |SECTION 1 FOOTWEAR MAKING NC II QUALIFICATION |1 - 2 | | | | | | | |SECTION 2 COMPETENCY STANDARDS |3 - 103 | | | | |Basic Competencies ...
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...Brownell: C.R. Purves, B.L. Hickford, J. Mills Brief Summary of Trail This trail took place in Courtroom 20 in the B.C. Supreme Court where every visitor was required to pass through a security check. The case involves three homicides done 5 years ago by five members of an alleged Vernon, B.C. drug gang dubbed The Greeks (Organized crime group). The alleged gangsters are being represented by 15 lawyers, 5 more than the Crown prosecution team. Among the 5 accused, Dale Sipes, Les Podolski and Sheldon O'Donnell have been charged with the first-degree murder of Dave Marnuik and none of them have pleaded guilty. Due to the seriousness of the case and lengthy court proceedings, the trail is expected to last until July of 2012. From our observation, the lawyer represented Crown (plaintiff) began direct examination of a girl(witness) who claimed to have seen the defendants return to the apartment that she was living in. Crown’s lawyer asked her if she did truthfully report to the police officer what she saw and accurately draw the diagram of the location. We did not see any of the defendants giving opening statement and been examined. After the direct examination by Crown’s lawyer, the defendants’ lawyer stated the evidence that the witness is not capable of describing the truth since she told...
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...perceive about a person depends in part on their mannerisms and gestures. TRUE 4. Good observation skills come naturally to investigators. They do not need to be trained. FALSE 5. The first task of forensic scientists is to find, examine, and evaluate evidence from a crime scene. TRUE 6. The Innocence Project is an organization that seeks to get convicted killers out of prison. SKIP 7. Our emotional state influences our ability to see and hear what is happening around us. TRUE 8. If we remember seeing something happen, we can trust that is happened just as we think it did. FALSE 9. Through our senses of sight, taste, hearing, smell, and touch, we gather every single moment about what is around us. TRUE 10. Most wrongful convictions seem to be the result of faulty eye-witness testimony. TRUE MULTIPLE CHOICE Directions: Answer the following questions with the choice that best answers the question 1. One of the important tools of the forensic investigator is the ability to: (a) a. Observe, interpret and report observation clearly b. Observer assumptions clearly. c. Report assumptions clearly. d. None of the choices 2. Perception: (d) e. Is faulty. f. Is not always accurate. g. Does not always reflect reality. h. All of these choices 3. Criminal depends on the observation skills of all involved. Those involved include: (d) i. Police investigators. ...
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