...MANAGERS AND MANAGING What is Management? "Management is the organizational process that includes strategic planning, setting objectives, managing resources, deploying the human and financial assets needed to achieve objectives, and measuring results. Management also includes recording and storing facts and information for later use or for others within the organization. Management functions are not limited to managers and supervisors. Every member of the organization has some management and reporting functions as part of their job." (Knowledge Management Terms, 2009) Essential Managerial Tasks A manager's job uniquely describes the functions of management, which are most commonly cited as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, although some managers' jobs identify additional functions. The process of management is defined by the functions of management, which are distinct from accounting, finance, marketing, and other business functions. " These functions provide a useful way of classifying information about management, and most basic management texts since the 1950s have been organized around a functional framework." (Cengage, 2006) Levels and Skills of Managers Most organizations have three levels of management. First-line, middle, and top managers. While first-line managers are responsible for the day-to-day supervision of non-managerial employees, middle managers are responsible for developing and utilizing organizational resources efficiently...
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...AND THERE IS DEPENDENCY BETWEEN THEM WE FACE PROBLEMS LIKE COMMUNICATION PROBLEM, WORK COORDINATION, ETC. RESEARCH ARGUES THAT DISTRIBUTED TEAMS DO BETTER WHEN THEIR WORK IS ALMOST INDEPENDENT FROM EACH OTHER. IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, MODULARIZATION IS THE TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUE. THE MODULAR DESIGN ARGUMENT SUGGESTS THAT BY REDUCING THE TECHNICAL DEPENDENCIES, THE WORK DEPENDENCIES BETWEEN TEAMS DEVELOPING INTERDEPENDENT MODULES ARE ALSO REDUCED. THIS DISSERTATION ARGUES THAT MODULARIZATION IS NOT A SUFFICIENT REPRESENTATION OF WORK DEPENDENCIES IN THE CONTEXT OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND IT PROPOSES A METHOD FOR MEASURING SOCIO-TECHNICAL CONGRUENCE, DEFINED AS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF WORK DEPENDENCIES AND THE COORDINATION PATTERNS OF THE ORGANIZATION DOING THE TECHNICAL WORK [1]. Specifically, I address the following general research questions: RQ 1: How relevant task dependencies can be identified from technical dependencies? RQ 2: What is the impact of those task dependencies on traditional outcome variables such as productivity and quality? THE ACTUAL PROBLEM FOR A LARGE-SCALE SOFTWARE...
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...BUSINESS POLICY EVOLUTION OF BUSINESS POLICY Evolution of Business Policy Course by SREE RAMA RAO on NOVEMBER 2, 2010 Business policy as a distinct field of study was introduced at Harvard Business School way back in 1911. The course aimed at improving the general management capabilities of students. It was intended to tie together and give proper focus to the first year courses by showing how the functions of business both internally and as between businesses, were closely interrelated in practice and how a chief executive had to recognize and deal with those relationships. The course, however received widespread acceptance only after the publication of two reports in 1959. The Gordon and Howell report, sponsored by the Ford Foundation predicted that a course on business policy would give students an opportunity to put together what they have learned in the separate business fields and utilize this knowledge in the analysis of complex business problems! The Pierson report, sponsored by the Carnegie Foundation also recommended the introduction of the course strongly. Following these reports the business policy course was made mandatory in all business schools in the US for the purpose of recognition. In the course of time the course gained popularity in business schools in other parts of the world as well. It is being increasingly viewed as an integrative course offered to students after completing as set of functional area courses in Finance, Marketing, and Accounting...
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...1 The History of Marketing Thought This reading assignment is from Dr. Chuck Hermans‟ PhD work. He is a professor at Missouri State University and granted permission to use it for this course on health marketing. A key observation to notice throughout this reading assignment is that in the history of business (or commercial) marketing there has been no reference to health, prevention, wellness or medicine as products or services to motivate people to buy or to sell or market to people. An important concept to note however, from the article is that marketers evolved to applying theories of behavior, the same as health educator‟s use. Among these are concepts borrowed from established disciplines, such as psychology and sociology and suggesting that marketing is a social science. Please note that the bold text are from the original text from Dr. Hermans. The article begins now. Bartels, Robert (1976) “The History of Marketing Thought,” 2nd edition, Highlights selected by Dr. Hermans are from chapters 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,12,13,and 14. Accessed on Sep 18, 2009. Available at http://www.faculty.missouristate.edu/c/ChuckHermans/Bartels.htm Chapter 1: The Meaning of Marketing The establishment of a market economy wrought marked changes in the social and economic structure. A new attitude toward business revolutionized the economy of the country and that revolutionary element was identified by the term „marketing.‟ Historical accounts of trade lead one to conclude that marketing...
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...Bartels, Robert (1976) “The History of Marketing Thought,” 2 ed., pp.1-33, 123-243, Chapters 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,12,13,14. Chapter 1: The Meaning of Marketing The establishment of a market economy wrought marked changes in the social and economic structure. A new attitude toward business revolutionized the economy of the country and that revolutionary element was identified by the term ‘marketing.’ Historical accounts of trade lead one to conclude that marketing has always existed. Was the original use of the term marketing merely an application of a new name to an old practice? One theory is that language is an invention of man, an adornment. The other explanation of the origin of language is that it is inseparable from reason. Accordingly, man’s language has developed as his thoughts have developed. By marketing was first meant “that combination of factors which had to be taken into consideration prior to the undertaking of cer6tain selling or promotional activities.” The essence of marketing was the combination of factors. Blindness to and ignorance of that combination of factors is the reason for the absence of terms equivalent to marketing in other languages. Marketing must be regarded not merely as a business practice, but as a social institution. Marketing is essentially a means of meeting and satisfying certain needs of people. It is a highly developed and refined system of thought and practice characteristic of a period in the development of...
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...it to be proven reliable. Similarly, new data or facts are worthless until they are proven reliable by a new way of thinking. Hence, the discovering new ways of thinking about what is already known and discovering new data or facts are both equally important. The reliability of a data which was given no thought and left unanalysed and the possibility to prove an innovative thought without supporting it with facts and data are the issues which will be explored in the essay. I will look into the objectivity of the issue in the areas of business and science – the two topics where data and innovation are omnipresent. To discover new ways of thinking about what is already known brings innovation and might seem more important that discovering new data or facts. However, the innovative theory needs to be supported by data and facts in order to be proven and accepted. This can be best understood by a popular scientific discovery of the past – “Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.” During Darwin’s time, scientists explained physical growth (the variations a person undergoes as he matures) by the term evolution. Before Darwin, the scale of nature – considered to be the most important pattern of biodiversity - unanimously described the similarities and differences of various species; however it did not help solve the problem of genetics. The...
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...Methods 3 1.2 Thematic Analysis 3 2. Findings and Analysis 6 References 8 Appendix 1 9 Appendix 2 13 Introduction This report has been commissioned by the University of the West of Scotland (Paisley campus) for the Business Research Skills course. All the information contained within the report has been collected through various sources, such as; text books, internet sites, case studies and relevant Journals. The aim of this report was to analyse the interview transcript from UWS Business School. The purpose was to evaluate the current trends and future thinking’s of an area of business and operational management. The report contains an analysis and explanation of research design and qualitative research methods. This includes the qualitative research method, Thematic research. It outlines the six phases of the Thematic Analysis process. Following on from this, included is a detailed Thematic analysis of the interview transcript provided by UWS Business School. 1. Research Design The term research design refers to the comprehensive strategy chosen to include different parts of study in a logical manner. This ensures the research problem is efficiently addressed. Research design represents the framework of the collection, measurement and analysis of data. According to Green and Tull (2013) a research “is the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring the information needed. It is the overall operational pattern or framework of the project...
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...Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India Syllabus of Master of Urban Planning [MUP] Programme |FIRST SEMESTER | |NO. |SUBJECT |L. |T. |S. |Units | |MUP1101 |History of Human Settlement & Planning Principles |3 |0 |0 |1.0 | |MUP1103 |Housing & Community Planning |3 |0 |0 |1.0 | |MUP1105 |Planning Theory and Techniques |3 |0 |0 |1.0 | |TRS1017 |GIS with introduction to Remote Sensing |3 |0 |0 |1.0 | | Sessional / Laboratory subjects | |MUP1102 |Planning Studio / Workshop I (With Field study) |0 |0 |12 |1.5 | |MUP 1104 |Urban Design |0 |0 |4 ...
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...Business Process Management Methodology 1 Introduction From Wikipedia, we copy: «A business process is a set of linked activities that create value by transforming an input into a more valuable output. Both input and output can be artifacts and/or information and the transformation can be performed by human actors, machines, or both. There are three types of business processes: 1. Management processes - the processes that govern the operation. Typical management processes include "Corporate Governance" and "Strategic Management". 2. Operational processes - these processes create the primary value stream, they are part of the core business. Typical operational processes are Purchasing, Manufacturing, Marketing, and Sales. 3. Supporting processes - these support the core processes. Examples include Accounting, Recruitment, IT-support. A business process can be decomposed into several sub-processes, which have their own attributes, but also contribute to achieving the goal of the super-process. The analysis of business processes typically includes the mapping of processes and sub-processes down to activity level. Activities are parts of the business process that do not include any decision making and thus are not worth decomposing (although decomposition would be possible), such as "Answer the phone", "produce an invoice".» A business process is a systematic approach of the enterprise, where its activities are examined as revenue generating and value adding transformations of...
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...1 KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION SYLLABUS FOR PROVINCIAL MANAGEMENT SERVICE COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION The Syllabus and standard for the Competitive Examination for the Provincial Management Service shall be as under : 1. The Examination shall include compulsory and optional subjects, and every candidate shall take all the compulsory subjects and opt for three of the optional subjects carrying 600 marks in all but not more than 200 marks from a single group. 2. A candidate shall answer the language papers in the language concerned. The question paper in Islamiat is to be answered in Urdu or English. All other papers must be answered in English. Violation of this instruction shall incur cancellation of the concerned paper(s) and consequently award of Zero. 3. The compulsory and optional subjects and maximum marks fixed for each subject shall be as below: Sr. No. 1 2 3 COMPULSORY SUBJECTS Subjects English (Précis & Composition) English Essay General Knowledge (a) Current Affairs 100 (b) Every Day Science 100 (c) Pakistan Affairs 100 Islamiat Viva Voce Total Maximum Marks 100 100 300 100 300 900 600 120 4 5 Qualifying marks in the aggregate of written papers: Qualifying marks in the Viva Voce: The non-Muslim candidates will have the option to take Islamiat as a compulsory subject or otherwise Pakistan Affairs (General Knowledge PaperIII) will be treated of 200 marks and counted in lieu of Islamiat. A candidate who fails to appear in any of the compulsory...
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...confidences and trust • OD approach needs various skills The Appreciative Inquiry - This approach seeks to identify the recent working condition or scenario and knowledge which would help in developing and designing of the correct future for the organization by the way of discovery of new practices, building of new dreams for the organization and designing or construction of prospective ideas and implementation of those prospective ideas in future. The appreciative approach would help in conduction of effective supervision and any kind of dispute between the management and the employee. In the case of DuPont this is done when Mr. Gib Akin (the professor from university of Virginia) interviewed each person within the organization. Management did not want to change the organization they just wanted to improve their productivity. Mr. Gib walked around the plant and looked at what could be improved and what he thought was the proper action he could take with the organization. His tasks were to: • Discovering or appreciating the best of what is...
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...October 21, 2011 OVERVIEW SOFTWARE PROCESSES SOFTWARE PROCESS MODELS PROCESS ACTIVITIES COPING WITH CHANGE THE RATIONAL UNIFIED PROCESS AGILE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AGILE METHODS PLAN-DRIVEN AND AGILE DEVELOPMENT EXTREME PROGRAMMING AGILE PROJECT MANAGEMENT SCALING AGILE METHODS REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING FUNCTIONAL AND NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS THE SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENT REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING PROCESSES REQUIREMENTS ELICITATION AND ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS VALIDATION REQUIREMENTS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODELING CONTEXT MODELS INTERACTION MODELS STRUCTURAL MODELS BEHAVIORAL MODELS MODEL-DRIVEN ENGINEERING ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN DECISIONS ARCHITECTURAL VIEWS ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS APPLICATION ARCHITECTURES DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OBJECT-ORIENTED DESIGN USING THE UML DESIGN PATTERNS IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES OPEN SOURCE DEVELOPMENT SOFTWARE TESTING DEVELOPMENT TESTING TEST-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT RELEASE TESTING download.benjaminsommer.com | 1 3 5 5 7 10 13 16 16 17 17 19 20 21 21 23 24 25 26 29 30 31 32 32 33 34 35 37 38 39 39 42 44 45 47 48 50 51 52 56 57 October 21, 2011 USER TESTING SOFTWARE EVOLUTION EVOLUTION PROCESSES PROGRAM EVOLUTION DYNAMICS SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE LEGACY SYSTEM MANAGEMENT DEPENDABILITY AND SECURITY [SOFTWARE ENGINEERING LECTURE NOTES] 58 59 60 61 62 65 67 67 68 70 71 72 73 74 74 75 76 77 77 77 78 80 81 82 83 83 SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEM COMPLEX SYSTEMS SYSTEMS ENGINEERING SYSTEM...
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...Case Analysis: Google’s “Three-Thirds” HR Team Debbie Martin Empire State College Organizational Behavior May 2014 What is a team? A team is defined as a group of people with a full set of complementary skills required to complete a task, job, or project. Team members (1) operate with a high degree of interdependence, (2) share authority and responsibility for self-management, (3) are accountable for the collective performance, and (4) work toward a common goal and shared rewards(s). A team becomes more than just a collection of people when a strong sense of mutual commitment creates synergy, thus generating performance greater than the sum of the performance of its individual members. (Business Dictionary.com, 2014) Google’s HR team has the potential to be a very effective and strong team. Each section has their expertise that would benefit the other groups. With the current model, the groups are only encouraged to have regular interaction. The lack a defined, common goal and expectation of the HR group as a whole. Google Upper Management is trying to capitalize on their HR team to assist with a sluggish economy and cost cutting efforts. In HR’s case, this involves making sure that Google is hiring the best possible candidates they can. The most costly component of any business is training of new employees. By utilizing the various HR groups it has established, Google is trying to minimize turn over, ensure longevity as well as compatibility. In order...
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...Assignment On- “The Evolution of Management Thought and The Patterns of Management Analysis” Submitted To: Professor Dr. Abu Hossain Siddique Department of International Business University of Dhak 9th Batch, EMBA Date of Submission: 4th July,2012 INTRODUCTION Although modern management theory dates primarily from the early twentieth century, there was serious thinking and theorizing about managing many years before. Two events are especially significant to management history. First, in 1776, Adams Smith published The Wealth of Nations, in which he argued the economic advantages that organizations and society would gain from the division of labor (or job specialization). The second important event is the industrial revolution. Starting in the late eighteenth century when machine power was substituted for human power, it became more economical to manufacture goods in factories than at home. These large, efficient factories needed someone to forecast demand, ensure that enough material was on hand to make products, assign task to people, direct daily activities, and so fort. That “someone” was managers, and these managers would need formal theories to guide them in running these large organizations. It wasn’t until the early 1900s, however, that the first steps were taken toward developing such theories. The evolution of modern management thinking begins in the nineteenth century...
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...1 Evolution of Human REsouRcE managEmEnt and Human REsouRcE infoRmation systEms The Role of InfoRmaTIon Technology Mohan ThiTe, Michael J. Kavanagh, and RichaRd d. Johnson EDITORS’ NOTE The purpose of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the fields of human resource management (HRM) and information technology (IT) and to the combination of these two fields into human resource information systems (HRIS). The history of the field of HRM and the impact of computer technology on HRM will be covered, as well as the advent of using a human resource information system and the subsequent effects on both HR and IT professionals. The different types of HR activities will be discussed as well as the different types of information systems used in HRIS. A central focus of this chapter is the use in managerial decision making of results and reports from an HRIS. The development of the HRIS field has been seen to have a significant impact on the emergence of strategic human resource management (Strategic HRM), as is discussed in this chapter. This first chapter will lay the groundwork for the remainder of this book, and, consequently, it is important to understand thoroughly the concepts and ideas it presents. This chapter contains definitions for a number of terms in common use in the HRM, IT, and HRIS fields. (Note that a glossary defining these terms is also provided at the back of this book.) The central themes 2 Chapter 1 Evolution of Human Resource Management and...
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