...grown to an everyday necessity. We rely on the Internet to communicate within the scope of our employment and social lives, to conduct our banking and bill paying, we even use it to track our personal property. There is hardly one area of our lives that we can not conduct over the Internet. While the Internet is a convenience that has made our lives easier, it has also opened the door in our lives to a vulnerability that is rapidly being exploited by cyber criminals. Cyber crimes are growing at an exponential rate in the United States and we, the consumers/end users are unaware of the liabilities a simple click on the wrong button can cause. This paper will address the current cybersecurity policy issues for the protection of the Internet infrastructure and recommend new policies that will address the liability for malicious traffic traversing the Internet from the End Users. INTRODUCTION From the year 2000 to 2010, the users’ on the Internet has escalated to approximately five times its original users. The Internet provides a variety of services in which its users transmits large amounts of proprietary and personal data. The increase in Internet users and the vital data transmitted has enticed criminals to use the internet to obtain vital information. This is done through the use of malicious traffic. Malicious traffic can be defined as Internet traffic used to compromise a system and/or to conceivably impair the privacy of consumers data stored on the system...
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...Walt Disney’s Celebration: A Success Story of Internalizing Externalities Introduction Externalities are costs or benefits that are incurred by parties outside of the transaction for a good or service (Caplan, 2008.) In regards to land use planning, externalities arise from the development of land, and these externalities can be positive or negative. For example of a positive externality is when the use of land in a particular property increases the value of the surrounding properties, or a negative externality arises when the particular property is developed resulting in negative change in value to surrounding properties. There are several ways to internalize externalities: The first is the imposition of Pigovian taxes or subsidies equal in value to the externalities; second, the Coasian solution is to clearly define property rights which results in bargaining bringing about the optimal outcome; and third, which is the focus of this paper, the use of land regulation, namely zoning, to plan land development (Caplan, 2008). With respect to Pigovian taxes, given that land supply is relatively inelastic, these will have little effect on the mitigation of negative externalities of, for example, urban sprawl (Caplan, 2012). Further, the Coasian solution to deal with land use externalities involves deal-making between parties which, if there are no transaction costs result in the internalization of externalities. In practice, the Coasian solution is at work in tandem with...
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...Energy Policy 31 (2003) 721–734 Electricity and externalities in South Africa Randall Spalding-Fechera,*, David Khorommbi Matibeb b a Energy and Development Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa Gauteng Department of Agricultural Conservation and Environment, PO Box 8769, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa Abstract As the electricity supply sector in developing countries undergoes increasingly rapid restructuring, and technology and fuel choices widen, understanding the environmental implications of investment choices becomes ever more important. The objective of this paper is to expand previous analysis of the external costs of electric power generation in South Africa. We present a quantitative analysis of air pollution impacts on human health, damages from greenhouse gas emissions, and the avoided health costs from electrification, as well as discussing other impacts qualitatively. The central estimate of total external costs is R7.3 billion, or 4.4 cents per unit of coal-fired power generated. Relative to current electricity prices, the external costs are approximately 40 and 20 per cent of industrial and residential tariffs, respectively. We then discuss policy options for addressing these costs, including taxation, tradable permit systems, and integrated resource planning, as well as expanded regional energy trade and the possibility of accessing climate change-related funding for cleaner electricity production. r 2002 Elsevier...
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...net return varies according to the sector, in most cases these fears are unwarranted. Sustainable business practices should be evaluated based on a cost/benefit analysis. The benefits for things like brand reputation and employee loyalty, must be weighed against the costs and risks. When considering the value of sustainable practices businesses need to be notified of a wide range of benefits. Human resources are a good example of a department that benefits from greener practices. According to The Harvard Business Review’s summary of a number of green building studies, green facilities have been shown to increase the productivity of employees. Research further reveals that retailers who installed skylights saved energy and boosted sales by as much as 40 percent. Other research has indicated that loyalty and morale are positively impacted by a green workplace. Greening a physical environment contributes to health and reduces sick days. MonsterTRACK.com study revealed that people want to work for a company that is green. These factors enable green companies to attract and retain the best people, while saving human resources time and money. Green initiatives can save money, strengthen employee loyalty, enhance a company’s reputation and increase productivity. (Richard Matthews) Businesses that invest in green initiatives improve their bottom line while businesses that ignore climate change are doomed to incur much greater costs down the road. A cost benefit assessment of many...
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...Is Microsoft a Monopoly? Preliminary version April 4, 2000 Steven Cuellar Department of Economics San Jose State University San Jose, CA. 95129 Phone: (408) 924-5408 E-mail: SCuellar@email.sjsu.edu Presented at the Department of Economics Seminar San Jose State University San Jose CA. 95129 April 7 th 2000 Is Microsoft a Monopoly? 1 This would occur in the case natural monopoly in which economies of scale result in a single firm producing at a lower cost than a large number of smaller competitive firms. 1 Since the beginning of the antitrust trial against Microsoft there has been a great deal of commentary and analysis concerning the market position, pricing and strategic behavior of Microsoft. The courts Finding of Fact and the recent Conclusions of Law have intensified the interest in the case and resulted in even more analysis and questioning of the courts findings. This paper adds to the current list of Monday morning quarterbacks questioning among other issues: Whether or not Microsoft is a monopoly? Did they violate the antitrust laws? Have they harmed consumers? If the answer to previous questions is in the affirmative, then what remedies should be enacted? The purpose of this paper is to address the first and perhaps the most contentious question of whether or not Microsoft is a monopoly. Although most people have a general understanding of what a monopoly is, to eliminate any ambiguity it is helpful to establish a precise definition of monopoly...
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...short, the household must allocate its scarce resources among its various members, taking into account each member’s abilities, efforts, and desires. Like a household, a society faces many decisions. A society must decide what jobs will be done and who will do them. It needs some people to grow food, other people to make clothing, and still others to design computer software. Once society has allocated people (as well as land, buildings, and machines) to various jobs, 3 Consider why trade among people or nations can be good for everyone Discuss why markets are a good, but not per fect, way to allocate resources Learn what determines some trends in the overall economy 1 TLFeBOOK 2 4 Ten Principles of Economics PA R T O N E INTRODUCTION scarcity the limited nature of society’s resources economics the study of how society manages its scarce resources it must also allocate the output of goods and services that they produce. It must decide who will eat caviar and who will eat potatoes. It must decide who will drive a Porsche and who will take the bus. The management of...
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...2007 Forum: China’s Rapid Economic Growth and Resultant Negative Externalities 867 CHINA’S RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH AND RESULTANT NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES PATRICIA BLAZEY* I INTRODUCTION China’s economic growth over the past fifteen years has turned it into the world’s major manufacturing base, making it one of the world’s four largest economies.1 During this period, China’s average annual real Gross Domestic Product (‘GDP’) grew by 9.7 per cent peaking at 11.9 per cent up to the second quarter in 2007, the highest growth rate over that period of time.2 At the same time the negative environmental externalities of economic growth have escalated and are causing concern not only within China itself but also globally. China has suffered severe ecological destruction and serious environmental problems which threaten both its economy and the health of its people. Apart from air and water pollution, unprecedented growth in household and industrial waste, loss of biodiversity, felling of rain rainforests and overfishing has occurred. On a global level, China’s air pollution levels have contributed substantially to the negative effects of climate change. China’s rapid growth has been accelerated through its membership of the World Trade Organization (‘WTO’)3 and policies of trade liberalisation. Foreign investment has escalated due to preferential tax treatment and the relaxation of bureaucratic obstacles which in the past had slowed down the process of getting projects...
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...Green Banking Initiative: Opportunities for Bangladesh Dr. S M Ahsan Habib Professor and Director (Training & Research), BIBM The paper was presented at a seminar on Green Banking at BIBM on October 14, 2010 Green Banking Initiative: Opportunities for Bangladesh I. Introduction Banks that were once seen only as profit motive institutions have been adjusting to a more demanding market and to a more conscious society over last two decades. An increasing number of banks around the world are going green by providing innovative green products that cover financial services to support the activities that are not hazardous to environment and help conserve environment. A green bank is also called an ethical bank, a socially responsible bank, or a sustainable bank. The exact meaning of all these titles may not be same however they cover a lot of common activities and perceptions. At least, all these banks- in various ways and at different times- have engaged themselves in making a better future (Merzio 2007). The approach to green banking (GB) varies from bank to bank, however, broad objectives of green banks are to use their resources with responsibility avoiding waste and giving priority to environment and society. The public concern of the state of environment has been growing significantly in the last few years, mostly due to apparently unusual weather patterns, rising greenhouse gases, declining...
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...Shared Value Creation; Revolution or Rhetoric? Abstract The concept of Creating Shared Value(CSV), was made popular in a Harvard Business Review(2011)by M. Porter and R Kramer defines as, policies and operational practices that enhance the competitiveness of the company while transforming social problems which is related to the corporation into business opportunities and simultaneously yield greater profitability(Porter, Kramer,2011). As it sounds, it is a seductive promiseand has so far received obscene attention in the business markets and among business educators. Both authors seeks to regain trust in “business and society who has pitted against each other so long” …”Learning how to create shared value is our best chance to legitimize business”(Porter, Kramer, 2011) is how companies were viewed as prospering at the expense of the community. With both aims of evaluating and analysing the concept of creating shared value, in this paper, we suggest how CSV can help businesses harness its full potential by simply creating economic value while simultaneously creating value for society. Focusing on making the right kind profits, companies should look beyond just merely maximum profits but also integrates social benefits at the same time; starting a positive cycle which reconnects business with society. In CSV, it represents a new approach for businesses moving beyond CSR approaches in the past. However promising this bold new approach is, it has also created polarized...
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...The Sustainability Business Case for General Motors April 22, 2014 Master’s Project for the University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment Team Rose Buss Heather Croteau Steven Davidson Carole Kerrey Janet Van De Winkle Faculty Advisor Professor Thomas Gladwin Abstract The purpose of this report is to evaluate and articulate the business case for sustainability for General Motors Company (GM). After assessing the company’s exposure to risk and opportunities, the team recommends that GM should implement an internal price on carbon and a sustainable supply chain strategy. These recommendations will provide GM with tangible and substantial financial benefit in addition to improved risk mitigation and brand value. Additionally, the team found that these recommendations are viable within GM’s corporate structure and can generate systemic benefits throughout the company. Thank you to our client, David Tulauskas, and our advisor, Professor Thomas Gladwin. Executive Summary 4 Introduction 6 Client GM Corporate Overview 7 Sustainability & General Motors Sustinability & the Auto Industry Green Ranking Systems 14 Competitor Trends 17 About the Project Proposal & Opportunities Scoping 26 22 Contents 11 Research GM Interviews 28 Conferences 31 Corporate Trends & Innovations Regulations & Legislative Activity Recommendations Recommendation Development Carbon Monetization 39 Sustainable Supply Chain Strategy 32 35 36 42 Supporting Statements Support...
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...a surplus to sectors that have a shortage of funds. Financial infrastructure: the set of institutions that enables effective operation of financial intermediaries and financial markets, including such elements as payment systems, credit information bureaus and collateral registries. * Direct finance: occurs if a sector in need of funds borrows from another sector via a financial market. Financial market: is a market where participants issue and trade securities. * Indirect finance: a financial intermediary obtains funds from savers and uses these savings to make loans to a sector in need of finance. financial intermediaries: coalitions of agents that combine to provide financial services, such as banks, insurance companies, finance companies, mutual funds, pension funds etc. Bank-based system: indirect finance is then the main route for moving funds from lenders to borrowers in (most) countries. Market-based system: countries that rely on financial markets (direct finance). A well-functioning financial system in place that directs funds to their most productive uses is a crucial prerequisite for economic development. At times, major disruptions occur in the financial system which are characterized by sharp declines in asset prices and...
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...approach towards sustainable packaging with a focus on primary packaging of food and drinks Lucerne, May 2010 CLAUDIO BECKER | BA DESIGN MANAGEMENT, INTERNATIONAL Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts School of Art & Design BA Design Management, International BACHELOR THESIS SUSTAINABLE PACKAGING DESIGN MANAGEMENT ENABLES COMPANIES TO DEVELOP NEW BUSINESS DIMENSIONS THAT DRIVE A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE PACKAGING Lucerne, May 2010 Tutor EMETM Daniel Aeschbacher, Tutor and Faculty Member, Design Management, International Claudio Becker Baselstrasse 47, CH - 6003 Luzern Cell-phone: 0041 78 659 59 36 E-mail: info@claudio-becker.ch CLAUDIO BECKER | BA DESIGN MANAGEMENT, INTERNATIONAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Reference to design management 3. State of the Art 3.1 The context 3.2 Introduction to packaging 3.2.1 The fundamentals of packaging 3.2.2 The packaging design process 3.3 Sustainable packaging 3.3.1 What is sustainability? 3.3.2 What is sustainable packaging? 3.3.3 Materials 3.3.4 Barriers & drivers 3.4 Practise examples 3.4.1 Company overview 3.4.2 Comparison 4. Analysis / Synthesis 4.1 Insights 4.2 Sustainable packaging criteria 4.3 Recommendations 4.4 Conclusion Bibliography Books Reports Webography Monography Acknowledgements Declaration of Authorship Appendices PAG E III p. V p. 1 p. 2 p. 4 p. 4 p. 6 p. 6 p. 8 p. 10 p. 10 p. 14 p. 22 p. 25 p. 28 p. 28 p. 29 p. 32 p....
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...THE ECONOMICS OF PROPERTY AND CONSTRUCTION Customer Inserts His/Her Name Customer Inserts Grade Course Customer Inserts Tutor’s Name (24, March, 2012) THE ECONOMICS OF PROPERTY AND CONSTRUCTION Real estate development has been the center of attraction for new investors. In the late 20th century, businesses have been expanding rapidly. This led to an increased demand of office space and property for business development and expansion. The expansion of the business sector was driven by the dire demand of goods and services by increasing world population. With increased population, firms were forced to invest more on their producing plants. This was meant to cater the increasing level of demand. Subsequently, in addressing the market demand, firms were called to employ more personnel to aid in its production. This led to the demand of the tertiary employees who were to inject their expertise in production to ensure quality and quantity products were developed. Employing additional staff meant increased demand of office space. Property developers were therefore called in to address the emerging demand for new office spaces. In addition, the demand for additional office space was also necessitated by the 20th century market liberalization and subsequent globalization. Globalization encouraged the movement of firms from their traditional locations i.e. mother countries to other nations. These relocations came with an increase in demand for both manpower and office...
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...index. ISBN 0-87584-863-X (alk. paper) 1. Information technology—Economic aspects. 2. Information society. I. Varian, Hal R. II. Title. HC79.I55S53 1998 658.4'038—dc21 98-24923 GIF The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.49-1984. To Dawn, Eva, and Ben To Carol and Chris Contents Preface ix l The Information Economy 2 Pricing Information 19 3 Versioning Information 53 4 Rights Management 83 5 Recognizing Lock-In 103 6 Managing Lock-In 135 7 173 Networks and Positive Feedback 8 Cooperation and Compatibility 9 Waging a Standards War 10 Information Policy 227 261 297 viii I Contents Further Reading 319 Notes 327 Bibliography 329 Index 335 About the Authors 351 Preface Luck led us to write this book. Each of us became economists because we wanted to apply our analytical training to better understand how society functions. By our good fortune, the economics of information, technological change, game theory, and competitive strategy were emerging fields of inquiry when we started our professional careers. We jumped in and offered our own contributions in these areas. Never did we imagine that, twenty years later, we would find ourselves in the...
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...ISBN 0-87584-863-X (alk. paper) 1. Information technology—Economic aspects. 2. Information society. I. Varian, Hal R. II. Title. HC79.I55S53 1998 658.4'038—dc21 98-24923 GIF The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.49-1984. To Dawn, Eva, and Ben To Carol and Chris Contents Preface ix l The Information Economy 2 Pricing Information 19 3 Versioning Information 53 4 Rights Management 83 5 Recognizing Lock-In 103 6 Managing Lock-In 135 7 Networks and Positive Feedback 173 8 Cooperation and Compatibility 227 9 Waging a Standards War 261 297 10 Information Policy viii I Contents Further Reading 319 Notes 327 Bibliography 329 Index 335 About the Authors 351 Preface Luck led us to write this book. Each of us became economists because we wanted to apply our analytical training to better understand how society functions. By our good fortune, the economics of information, technological change, game theory, and competitive strategy were emerging fields of inquiry when we started our professional careers. We jumped in and offered our own contributions in these areas. Never did we imagine that, twenty years later, we would find ourselves in the middle of an information revolution. What...
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