...Prior to the industrial revolution United States mainly struggled maintaining stable flow in its economics and politics. Despite all U.S. had gone through, this part of world was always attractive to Europeans and Europe encouraged Americans to absorb the rules of new era that required industrial revolution. Although industrialization started in United States by early 19th century, but total industrial revolution took place since Civil War ended; and it started booming by the beginning of 20th century. Three major aspects of industrialization during 1865 and 1920 that influenced U.S. society, economy, and politics. Consider issues such as geography, entrepreneurship, legislative representation, etc. In terms of its aspects, many aspects of industrialization can be identified. Among those, innovations & technology, capitalism and labor unions were the most important and obvious aspects of this revolutionized era. * Innovations & technology Well educated people who had observed an industrial change in Western Europe were so enthusiastic about applying the same in the States. These people were mainly from north eastern part of the country, because universities were established in this part of the country earlier than any other part. Incandescent light bulb was revolutionary innovation which had a direct impact on all areas of industry. Thomas Edison was the genius behind this innovation, whose idea made it possible to work for longer hours, even after sunset in...
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...A Research Paper On Why Capitalism Succeeded In Generating An Industrial Revolution In Other Countries But Failed In The Philippines Submitted by Manuel Ortega Abis Student No. 11-71-003, BPA Special Program Batch 8-A CAPA, Universidad de Manila Professor Ronaldo J. Navata PREFACE The research materials and references used in this research paper were managed to be gathered through unlimited internet hours and limited library hours, but the pages on the web and the pages of the book offered equal enlightenment and enjoyment. The premises and conclusions built and reached in this paper are products of the researcher’s serious analysis of the Philippine economic situation. The researcher, however, is praying that his objectivity and the sincerity of his language shall not fail him in his own humble attempt to bring this mini-thesis to its just and proper course and closure. The twin causes formulated in this paper are generally subdivided into two: the concept of economic will (policy system of governance) and the concept of economic ownership (property system of the governed). Further reading is advised on critical and related topics of this paper. For the economy, these words: there is no such thing as the co-existence of freedom and equality. God bless the Philippines! ______________________________________________________________________________ ...
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...This article was downloaded by: [University of Sussex Library] On: 31 August 2011, At: 03:33 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Economy and Society Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/reso20 Trotsky, Gerschenkron and the political economy of late capitalist development Ben Selwyn Available online: 25 Jul 2011 To cite this article: Ben Selwyn (2011): Trotsky, Gerschenkron and the political economy of late capitalist development, Economy and Society, 40:3, 421-450 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2011.574425 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand...
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...Historical Studies 333 The Age of Totalitarianism Instructor: Mikkel Dack ASSIGNMENT #1: DOCUMENT ANALYSIS Joseph Stalin: Industrialization of the country, 1928 Prepared by: Yulia Kirillova ID: 10095380 The Soviet Union was founded in 1922, when the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia. After the death of its first leader, Vladimir Lenin, there was a power struggle from which Joseph Stalin emerged as winner for the control of the Communist party. By the day of Lenin’s death there were five candidates with the potential to emerge as the new leader of the U.S.S.R: Stalin, Trotsky, Bukharin, Zinoviev, and Kamenev; Bukharin belonged to the “Rightists” and wished to continue Lenin’s economic policy, which gave more economic freedom for the peasants and promoted agriculture, Zinoviev and Kamenev wanted state control of economic life, Trotsky believed in the importance of a worldwide communist revolution, and Stalin filled the room for interpretation in Marxist though with the concept that he called “socialism in one country”. That was a significant shift from the previously held Marxist position that socialism must be established globally, and was in sharp opposition to Leon Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution. In contrast to what Trotsky thought and envisioned for Russia, Stalin believed that the success of Marxism in Russia was dependent on the construction of a successful soviet union, rather than a multitude of communist revolutions throughout the world. ...
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...The Progressive Era, beginning in 1890 and ending in 1920, is a term used to describe society’s reactions to the rapid change occurring from industrialization in the United States. After the Civil War, the American standard of living grew and new industrial life came about. This meant that landowning and farming life lessened and more people began to work in factories. Work became more impersonal and Americans had no way to get out of the wage system. This unfamiliar system that developed became known as capitalism. Socially, capitalism focuses on the rights of individuals and rather than shadowing a specific structure within a society, people are expected to look out for themselves: self-interest. People are required to work for money; therefore, there is a large distinction between the rich and the poor. Economically, capitalism can be defined as “laissez faire” or free trade and focuses on the big companies owned by individuals and includes private sectors operating in a market. Politically, capitalism means no government intervention and denotes everyman for himself. A democracy is defined as a public sector and is a form of government in which people make choices. The idea of democracy associates with the principle of equality within a society and is an objective America attempts to maintain. During this progressive era of difficulty, America’s “democracy,” was not exercising its egalitarian ideals to its fullest capabilities, which was a direct result of the unfamiliar capitalist...
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...Conference depended on a meeting which was formed by Friedrich von Hayek in 1947 at Mont Pèlerin in Switzerland. He invited 36 people who followed in a strict sense of liberalism, particularly the economic liberalism. Under these people were above all, economist, but, e.g., also philosophers, historians and politicians. Under it were also some Nobel Prize Laureates in economics and peace. Most of the people were Europeans, only two reluctant Americans took part on this meeting. Surprisingly this meeting was most supported from the american free market and libertarian groups. The goal of this conference was to discuss the view and the roll of the liberalism after the Second World War. The scholars gave on the meeting to level-economic and state interventionist's broads attempts a refusal and looked at a restoration of political freedom and free market economy as an inalienable condition of a lasting future protection after the Second World War. Thus the uppermost aim of the Mont Pèlerin Conference was the creation of a free market economy, above all to free trade and and the world peace originating from it. They thought that the economist were the clue to world peace. One element of their six principles was „creation of an international order conducive to the safeguarding of peace and liberty and permitting the establishment of harmonious international economic relations“ (Mont Pelerin Society, „Statement of Aims“, April 6, 1947). That means an international unity and a world governance...
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...working conditions were terrible for workers because owners only wanted money. Industrialization caused...
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...Future of Modernization Shannon Mahone SOC/120 August 7, 2011 Future of Modernization Modernization is the process of social change begun by industrialization. Modernization refers to the changes of social patterns since the time of the Industrial Revolution (Macionis, 2006). The Industrial revolution introduces one invention after another, intending for the inventions to become better and better, but some do not always turn out as intended. Different sociologists have tried to explain modernization each through their own theories. Some known sociologists who have tried to explain modernization are Ferdinand Tonnies, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Peter Berger, and Karl Marx. Questions have arisen as to where or not modernization will continue in the United States, and to what theory best reflects my personal perception of modernization. Modernity is simply looked at as a way to better a person’s life. People tend to use things that benefit them. For example, in the earlier years, horse and carriage was society’s only way of transportation. As times changed, automobiles were introduced and horse and carriages were phased out (Chris, 2004). One sociologist Peter Berger identified four major characteristics of modernization. One was the decline of small, traditional communities. Berger believed modernization gave capitalism the upper hand in the world of economy while exploiting the working class society. This brings about the decline of small traditional communities which...
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...Sansbury (2009). Capitalism Capitalism according to Sansbury (Pg 128, 2009) didn’t emerge until the renaissance in Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Capitalism can be defined ideally as an economic system in which the major portion of production and distribution is in private hands, operating under what is termed a profit or market system (Barry, V,. Sansbury, G,. and Shaw, W.H. (2009) Moral Issues in Business, 1st ed. Cengage Australia, Melbourne). Most businesses in Australia, New Zealand and the United States are privately owned. The State doesn’t control these private businesses nor does it tell the owners how much to produce or caps their earnings. These Countries are examples of Capitalism at work amongst the many businesses. Capitalism didn’t wholly arrive until the renaissance in Europe till the 15th and 16th centuries. Capitalism that emerged around that time was called ‘Mercantile capitalism’, as Industrialization increased so did the size and power of business. As competition intensified an industry’s survival came to depend on its financial strength to reduce prices and either eliminate competition or absorb them. To shore up their assets, industries engaged in ‘financial capitalism’, characterized by pools, trusts, holding companies and an interpenetration of banking, insurance and industrial interests. The trend continued towards larger corporations controlling more and more of the country’s economic capacity. Capitalism increasingly...
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...Can the concept of ‘early’ and ‘late’ industrialization explain the key institutional and organizational characteristics of national business systems, and do they have any bearing on long-term national competitiveness? Introduction The concept of industrialization has been used among different nations and regions, while many countries have carried out their own industrialization progress during the past several decades, which stimulates the development of organizations and better corporate performance. There are different kinds of national business systems with their distinctive characteristics varying among countries. Then ‘early’ and ‘late’ industrialization is applied to describe two main types of national businesses that existing in developed and developing countries, which explains the key institutional and organizational differences among countries in particular to some extend. Each country has fallowed different pathway and carried out their industrialization in different period. It is known that the UK is the first country that achieved early industrialization revolution, which was followed by the US. And then in the late twentieth century, Germany, Japan and China implemented their industrialization process with dramatic change on their economic performance. The purpose of this essay is to use the conception of ‘early’ and ‘late’ industrialization to explain the key institutional and organizational characteristics of national business systems by comparative perspective...
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...fundamental role in the escalation of moneymaking capitalism in the colonies (Harms p.1). The plantations from West Indies formed the largest market for American fish, oat, corn, flour, lumber peas, beans, and horses. New Englanders did not drag behind as they distilled molasses produced by slaves in the French and Dutch West Indies into rum. Most Africans were captured and sold to America to work as slaves. The trans-Saharan trade provided enslaved African labor work on sugar plantations in the Mediterranean (Pattison p.1). These slaves were very competent in their work, and this led to Brazil dominating in the production of sugarcane in 16th and 17th centuries. This led to the establishment of the earliest large-scale manufacturing industries to enhance conversion of sugarcane juice into sugar, molasses, rum as well as alcoholic beverages for the triangular trade. Slavery led to the success of many economic activities in the United States. For instance, the cotton plantation was part of the regional economy of the American South. In 1830, cotton was the most produced crop in the United States. U.S was competing for economic...
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...Dustin Jones There were many social theorists from the period of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This period of time is regarded as the period of the Enlightenment. A few of the major figures of this particular “movement” were Rene Descartes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant. They altered the way in which the social world was viewed and helped pave the way for other classical social theorists to explain the individual’s role in society. Karl Marx, Alexis de Tocqueville, Henri De Saint-Simon, and Emile Durkheim are only the names of a few classical social theorists who set out to explore the role of an individual within society. These men believed that Reason, along with the application of a scientific approach, would be able to positively change the world and break through to a new form of power and authority. Although the ideas and theories of these men give rise to far greater advancement in sociological theory, there is a failure in intuition, and thus, a failure of the classical sociological element. The first section of this paper includes an explanation of classical sociology along with an overview of the theories associated with some of the greatest sociologists of this time. The next section of this paper explores reasons and explanations for the failure of classical social theory and interpretations to why before-mentioned theories were compromised. The final section of this paper summarizes some of the conclusions drawn about the...
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...OUTSOURCING: THE EXPLOITATION OF CAPITALISM AND ITS’ IMPACT ON THE UNITED STATES ECONOMY The United States is a nation that was built upon and flourished due to industry. The Industrialization of the United States made it one if not the most powerful and prosperous nation of the 20th century. However, over the past 30 years the U.S. industrial market has been in a consistent decline. World events and technological advancements have combined to drastically change the course of how business is done in the US; thus affecting the global economy for better or worse depending on one’s perspective. Over this time period, it is estimated that the U.S. has lost over 3.3 million jobs due to the advent of Global Outsourcing (Kletzer, 2005). This trend has changed the way companies address human capital needs and compensate staff members permanently and the affects have been revealing themselves in many ways throughout the US economy and world as a whole. Outsourcing in its’ purest form refers to the practice of turning over noncritical/unskilled labor or automated tasks of a business to companies who either specialize in that activity or are adequately able to perform the activity for far less than the current costs. It has now grown into a billion dollar industry in and of itself. Outsourcing has grown to include any and every action, function, or responsibility associated with business, intellectual or otherwise. The act of outsourcing however is not a new concept. Capitalists...
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...painted as the great other, the opposite side of the coin. The United States prides itself on being a society build on the ingenuity and progress of modern man and for generations the country has seen communism, and in turn Marxism, as its sworn enemy. In actuality Marxism and Capitalism were both born out the the same need, the same ideals. Though they require the participant to go about things in different ways, both are a call to duty working to create a better society. One came out of the movement away from the traditional Feudal System that had been prevalent for hundreds of years. The other came from the divides that Capitalism created between the working classes and the leaders of industry. Both ideals...
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...century cautious and apprehensive. Uncertain of an immediate solution, the American population was frightened by the immediate consequences of industrialization. As political discourse shifted from expansionism and imperialism to more domestic issues, such as social and industry reform, the American people became less and less certain of their identity. Internationally, the United States boasted unrivaled opulence and flourishing urban environments. Additionally, the United States had an established global influence, and justified most of their expansionist policy and intervention by citing the immense success seen at home. Yet, the issues that plagued the domestic sphere were rarely...
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