...explained in his book Experiential Learning. The model outlines two related approaches toward grasping experience: Concrete Experience and Abstract Conceptualization, as well as two related approaches toward transforming experience: Reflective Observation and Active Experimentation. The first learning style is the diverging that is a combination of concerts experimentation and reflective observation. On individual, that is really dominant with the divergence and has a strong concrete experimentation and reflective observation skills. This type of person is innovative and imaginative and is going to love to work in groups. They are people-oriented, feeling-oriented and group-oriented. They do care about the diversity of culture around the group. These people are able to look at things from different perspectives. They are sensitive. They prefer to watch rather than do, tending to gather information and use imagination to solve problems. They are best at viewing concrete situations several different viewpoints. Kolb called this style 'Diverging' because these people perform better in situations that require ideas-generation, for example, brainstorming. People with a Diverging learning style have broad cultural interests and like to gather information. They are interested in people, tend to be imaginative and emotional, and tend to be strong in the arts. They prefer to work in groups, to listen with an open mind and to receive personal feedback. The second one is seemed as the assimilating...
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...Intercultural Conflict Management How should we define an intercultural conflict? Is there any difference between a conflict and an intercultural one? The following chapter, which is a summary of the chapter “Constructive Intercultural Conflict Management” (Stella Ting-Toomey, Communicating Across Cultures, 1999, pages 194-197), attempts to answer these two questions. At the end of the chapter, we also include an extract of the “Intercultural Conflict Style Inventory” (Mitchell Hammer, 2002) 1. Definition of intercultural conflicts “Intercultural conflict is defined as the perceived or actual incompatibility of values, norms, processes, or goals between a minimum of two cultural parties over content, identity, relational, and procedural issues. Intercultural conflict often starts off with different expectations concerning appropriate or inappropriate behavior in an interaction episode.” (Ting-Toomey, 1999, p.194). Another author holds a similar view: “Conflicts are always cultural, since we are all cultural beings. Yet the very definition of conflict is challenging because of our cultural ways of seeing”. (Michelle Le Baron and Venashri Pillay, Conflict across Cultures, 2006, page 13). According to Le Baron, conflict occurs at ← the material level, or the “what” of the conflict; ← the symbolic level, the meaning of issues to the people involved, especially those meanings that resonate with peoples' identities, values, and worldviews; ← and the...
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...Motivation From Chapter 5 Motivation, I realized that money is not the only motivator. I thought that all employees are working for money but I know it’s not true. In terms of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, I can know that different people have different needs from low to high. For example, vagrants or homeless people just want enough food and a warm place to live; however, wealthy people desire respect, higher status, and so on. For my own example, I would like to have a part-time job during studying in Canada, but there are not many employers of high salary jobs thinking about hiring me because I don’t have much work experience. Nevertheless, my parents told me that I don’t need to focus on the salary while I’m a finding job because I need work experience rather than money. In addition, this chapter also reminds me of why there is many Chinese would like to be civil servants, no matter the low enrollment rate and they have capability to do other high-income jobs. The majority of servants are doing the same duties all along and they do not care about getting a promotion or increasing the salary. I think this is because the great welfare of being a civil servant and low jobless rate are the motivators to these people. Behaviour&Personality From the BIG FIVE personality constructs, I know that those personalities could be classified. I volunteered to be the president in a company of BUSI1800, and then I allocated jobs to my group members, scheduled meeting time, tried my...
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...1 Teamwork: Developing High Impact Teams1 Tony Lingham, Ph.D. Bonnie A. Richley, Ph.D. December 2013 Organizations are increasingly done through projects involving teams across all levels as they offer greater flexibility, better outcomes and better innovation than individuals. As such, teams permeate all levels in local, national and global organizations. Such a design means that people often have membership in multiple teams resulting in outcomes that are frequently suboptimal and fraught with frustration and inefficiencies. The demand for increased teamwork has created a need for a way to help teams succeed yet most training programs do not take into account the full experience of team life in development efforts. In this entry the authors propose a conceptual framework to develop High Impact Teams. A High Impact Team is one that is: 1. Aware and has the ability to align actual and desired interaction (quality of team interaction); and 2. Has the knowledge and ability to harness the innovative and executional capacities of their team within its embedded organizational or educational contexts. This entry posits that meaningful team development programs must incorporate assessments of both the quality of a team’s interaction (function) and its capacity to innovate and execute (performance). The authors provide a structured methodology involving measures of interaction and capacities together with engaging in well-developed team coaching process so that teams will be able to develop...
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...symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next. A key factor is the extent to which you draw upon cultural versus personal knowledge when making purchasing decisions. With shared set of ideas, we also have personal knowledge that can conflict with accepted, culturally derived practices. For example, a boy growing up in China may generally accept the importance of his relationships with others, and therefore seek to keep harmony with family members. But more personal knowledge — such as being exposed to pictures of American cultural icons like Green Day or Madonna — may lead him to sometimes wear clothes that his parents don't like. In other words, when pressured to form a quick judgment, we generally rely on cultural norms as a "default." But when making a thoughtful deliberation, we're more likely to engage in an internal debate, and waver. CULTURE DOES MATTER According to Marieke de Mooij, in a globalized world where everything has become standardized, culture is the driving force behind the requirement of market research and defines why some brands exist in a country whereas others go unrecognized. Culture is the by-product of hardened beliefs of a set of people who define themselves separately from others. Behaviour plays a minor functional role as a part of culture. For example in Japan, the culture is more towards individualistic nature and therefore the behaviour...
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...provide a positive workplace. This paper will discuss examples of behaviors in the workplace that create conflict, the three channels of communication that influence employee relations and some best practices of conflict management. Behaviors that Indicate the Existence of Conflict among Employees Conflict exists when there is competition between two or more employees or a group of individuals. The first type of behavior to discuss is the interdependent parties. The interdependent behavior exists when one individual can provide a need that the other party wants, for example when one co-worker depends on another co-worker that provides payroll data to complete the monthly report and the other co-worker relies on the data to complete the task by deadline. If all goes well, then no conflict exists. But if one co-worker is late providing the data then conflict will arise. The second behavior style that can cause conflict is Incompatible interest. If two individuals can not agree on something based on different wants, needs, goals, or values this will cause a conflict between the two parties. “A conflict of interest arises in the workplace when an employee has competing interests or loyalties that either are, or potentially can be, at odds with each other. A conflict of interest causes an employee to experience a struggle between diverging interests, points of view, or allegiances” (Goodwin & Griffith, 2007). One example of a...
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...interpretations. Jay Gatsby is a prime example of a character that is subject to diverging interpretations. Gatsby’s significance in the text makes a reader’s analysis of him incredibly important to understanding the text. A central theme is observed in his character: “Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone...remember that all the people in this world haven’t...
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...personal computer or automobile. Marketers of low-involvement products as soft drinks and paper towels don't have to put a high amount of emphasis on what is the advertising and placement of the products on the contrary high-involvement products do have to be very well advertised with a desired target market, this is because they are basic needs and companies do not desire to give that much of focus on advertising and promotions, they do focus on doing publicity in order to catch more of the attention as possible from consumers and maybe make consumers react to this publicities and be able to interact directly with the customer, which is called Direct Marketing. Also low-involvement products marketers have to focus on personal selling, for example in departments stores sellers from companies are sent in order to make one-to-one interaction with customers, where the product can be shown, explained, used, makes tests, even explanations that why you should choose this product before others. This makes the consumer to feel related to the product, with the possibility of personal interaction they will feel attracted. In high-involvement products you do have to enhance advertising and promotion, companies should be able to compete with competitors. Using mass media promotions such as TV, Radio, Magazines and Newspaper, companies can ensure a percentage in the market share. Low-involvement products are bought without previous analysis and thought, therefore marketers may consider that...
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...Critical Theory concerns conflicting logics- a social concern versus a language one. In the pathways of developments in theory, there are two diverging points- one, the obsession with language, communication systems and, two the focus on social construction. On one hand, Critical Theory of society emerged to deal with those aspects of social reality which Marx and his followers downplayed and neglected. It takes a specialized sense, describing the work of the Frankfurt School. On the other hand, it is concerned with the dominance of language to explain all phenomena. The term ‘Critical Theory’ was coined in 1930s. The concept of language and culture being linked has been discussed for a long period. However, in the twentieth century, Critical theory marks a linguistic turn; a whole new approach to language, literature and interpretation. During this period one witnessed the rise of an astonishing number of theories that used language as a basis for thinking about every kind of human experience. There were ‘new’ ways of looking at psychology, sexuality, philosophy, politics, technology— and, of course, literature. The major theories that spawned in critical theory ranged from formalism, structuralism, semiotics, psychoanalysis, and deconstruction, to the responses and critiques posed by race and gender theory, cultural studies, post colonialism, and new media. At the very crux of literary theory is language. Books are made of language; the question 20th century critical theory...
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...Understanding the Learning Process Contents 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………03 2. Understanding Different Theories of Learning……………………………………..03-08 3.1 Application of learning domains to learning in health and social care…………03-06 3.2 Different ways of learning in Health and social care workplaces…………….06-07 3.3 Analysis on the relation of learning theories to the development of understanding and skills of health care…………………………………………………………….07-08 3. Understand the impact of learning styles on learning by individuals……………..08-11 4.4 Factors influencing the effectiveness of learning……………………………08-09 4.5 Concepts of learning Style…………………………………………………..09-11 4.6.1 David Kolb’s Model………………………………………………..09-10 4.6.2 Peter Honey and Alan Mumford’s Model…………………………10 4.6 Assessing preferred learning style………………………………………..10 4.7 Influence of Learning Theory on own learning…………………………10-11 4. Ability to suggest strategy for delivering and assessing learning in a health and Social care workplace……………………………………………………………………12-13 4.1 Factors considered in planning a workplace learning program:……………..12 4.2 Relevant teaching strategies for learning health and social care workplaces:….12. 4.3 A strategy for delivering and assessing learning in health and Social care workplace:……………………………………………………………………………….13. 5. Understanding ways to support the individual...
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...Lawrence O.W. Lingad OSCA No.: 4635 M5.31 Managing Own Continuing Professional Development __________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Be able to review personal and work-related development experiences, aims, objectives and priorities. 2.1 Evaluate prior learning and work-related experience to identify personal strength and weaknesses in self-development. Humans by nature never stop learning; we undertake learning at different stages of our lives and acquire skills and competences in variety of areas. These learning may have been certified (by an academic or educational body) whilst others are not certified learning through work, social and leisure time activities. Recognising Prior Learning (RPL) is the process at which it recognises previous learning that has taken place in a formal or non-formal setting. Prior learning and work related experiences helps in identifying an individual’s strengths and weaknesses in self-development. Self development entails activities that improve awareness and identity, develop potentials and talents, build human capital that facilitate employability, enhancing quality of life to contribute in the realisation of goals and aspirations. As a student of Leadership and Management Level 5, I am gaining new knowledge that I will apply in my workplace. The advantage of prior learning is it validates the value of my learning and this will enable me to progress unto my profession or further my...
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...ARTICLE IN PRESS International Journal of Intercultural Relations 28 (2004) 577–594 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijintrel Learning styles and their impact on cross-cultural training: An international comparison in France, Germany and Quebec Christoph I. Barmeyerà ´ IECS—Ecole de Management de Strasbourg/Universite R. Schuman, CESAG (Centre d 0 Etude des Sciences ´es ` ˆt Applique a la Gestion), 61, Ave de la Fore Noire, F 67085 Strasbourg, France Abstract Every person has his or her own individual way to learn and to solve problems in day-to-day situations. These personal cognitive strategies, acquired in a long socialization process are called ‘‘learning styles’’ and may differ depending on gender, age or culture. In this study, the learning styles of over 300 students in business administration in France, Germany and Quebec are examined with the Learning Style Inventory (LSI). Representative and signiï¬cant learning differences where found. This is why the LSI can be used in a ï¬rst step for the illustration and comparison of typical patterns of learning. In a second step the results may be of use to international trainers in making decisions about course design and methods of cross-cultural training in relation to the learning proï¬les of the participants. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Learning styles; LSI; Culture; Cross-cultural management; Socialization; Intercultural training; Cultural differences; Training methods ÃFax:+33 3 90...
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...meeting them, and immediately place them in their mind where they ‘belong’ in society. This is referred to as social categorization. In this way, social categorization depersonalizes our perception of people—they are not viewed as unique individuals but as embodiments of the attributes of their group (Hogg and Reid, 2006). People want to be categorized in an acceptable light, so they will follow group norms to achieve this goal. Review of Current Literature Article Number One Elshinnawy and Vinze conducted an experiment in the fall of 2006 on the effects of group polarization on satisfaction with the process and outcome of decision-making in a group setting. More specifically, they wanted to determine if tasks and the mediums of communication utilized were a determining factor in the degree of satisfaction and the outcome of polarization. To do so, they built their study around the theories most widely thought to be the causes of group polarization, social comparison theory and persuasive argument theory. “Social comparison...
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...Leadership behaviors among all members. For example; o We discuss, decide and contribute appropriately within the team meeting process. During the wall climbing activity at OLE weekend, the belaying process illustrated the benefits in accepting shared leadership roles within a team. 2. Collective work-products Each member has strengths in specific skills and we utilized them to make the team process successful. For Example; o We each took a component of the model and analyzed it thoroughly, however as a team we collaborated and integrated on the final product. 3. Encourages open-ended discussions and active problem-solving meetings Each member was always encouraged to contribute his or her ideas and suggestions. We would also solve problems as a team and not individually. For Example; o During meetings we would never come to an agreement unless we were all in consensus, i.e. during our deliverable meeting, one member wanted to suggest an idea and we were beginning to move on without first hearing the suggestion, however, the team stopped and listened to the idea before progressing further. o During another meeting, none of the members were on track, and we were all confused, nonetheless, before increasing the confusion by continuing, we all stated we needed to stop and clarify things. 4. Measures Performance Our team has done several performance assessments in and out of class. For Example; o One member conducted an overall...
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...Cultural Studies is a discipline that studies society within a sociological interpretation. In sociology, society is not seen as individuals but as a system of principles, activities and exchanges accepted by human beings. This means that social organizations such as family or community are not people, they are organizations, or patterns, of views and actions by people, which are approved by people. (Long 2007) There are three classical sociological perspectives, one very different from the other in order to understand society: Conflict perspective: Analyses the differences between the oligarchy and the working class, stating that society’s changes and interactions are related to numerous conflicts. (Stephen 2007) Functionalist perspective: Looks at behaviours and find their reasons on exterior factors and not on the individual itself, and argues that several features of social conduct add to the living and expanding of society and its organizations. Symbolic Interaction perspective: Positions that to understand society its necessary to understand the connotation of people’s actions and beliefs. At the moment of discussing society and its organizations, despite the sociological perspective used there are interconnected factors to be considered: Technology, politics, economy, values and beliefs. (Ray 2007) In the critical essay The Crisis of Public Values in the Age of the New Media, Henry A. Giroux’s discourse on the control of large corporations over the economy and...
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