...To Determine the Effect of an Exercise Regime on Heart Rate and Recovery Time Introduction The events of the cardiac cycle are initiated and controlled by electrical signals generated by two nodes in the heart (Boyle and Senior, 2008). Nodes are specialised tissues strategically placed in the heart that act as nervous and muscle tissue. When nodal tissue contracts, it generates nerve impulses that travel throughout the heart wall (About.com, n.d.). Figure 1 – Cardiac Conduction Yellow Arrows/Aspects = journey of signals Area of Bundle of His/Purkinje Fibres Ventricular Septum Aorta – to the body Pulmonary Artery – to the lungs The location of the cardiac nodes is shown in figure 1. A single heartbeat begins with an electrical signal generated by the sino-atrial node, on the wall of the right atrium. This node is often referred to as the ‘pacemaker’ of the heart (it regulates the heartbeat). This signal spreads over the walls of both atria, causing them to contract and fill the ventricles. Once the ventricle walls have filled, the atrio-ventricular node picks up the signal and directs it down the ventricular septum and onto the bundle of His. From here, the signal spreads throughout the Purkinje fibres in the ventricle walls causing them to contract, pushing the blood out of the pulmonary artery and aorta. (Drugline.ord, n.d.) Heart rate is controlled by the two branches of the autonomic nervous system - the sympathetic and parasympathetic. The sympathetic...
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...This is the speed at which chemical reactions take place in the body. As a result of this, there is a much greater demand for oxygen because there is an increase of blood supply through the capillary dilation. Once you start to exercise your muscle begin to demand for more oxygen there is also a higher demand of other nutrient like carbohydrates and fats which are need to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Your body uses red blood cells to transport oxygen around your body; your blood vessels expand to allow more blood into your muscles more efficiently and quicker. When there is an increase in blood supply blood is being pumped to the working muscle therefore less oxygen is delivered to the organs that do not require it as much. Heat is produced when doing exercise this comes from friction from muscles contractions, when this happens your body carries the heat in the blood to the surface of your skin which is then removed through sweat. The reason why this occurs is because when your body start to heat up enzymes stop working and cells start to cook this can have a massive affecting the body, so heat is then removed using vasodilation. Another musculoskeletal response is an increase in muscle pliability this means your muscles adjusts and are more flexible. The reason why your muscle adjust whilst doing exercise is because your muscles contain lactic acid and by doing this the lactic acid present in your muscle clears up due to your muscle adjusting you become more pliable to...
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...What is Angina? Angina is a heart condition a chest pain that occurs if there’s an area of your heart muscle that does not get enough oxygen-rich blood. Angina is a symptom of heart problem, usually a symptom of coronary heart disease this only happens to adults, how it works is a substance called plaque builds up on the inner walls of coronary arteries, these are the arteries that carry rich oxygen blood to your heart. Angina pain is similar to the asthma pain, but in this case the pain can also occur in your shoulders, arms, jaw, neck and even back. What system does it affect & what causes it? Angina is affected by the cardiovascular system. Angina is caused by the result of underlying coronary artery disease the arteries that supply the heart with blood rich blood, when the cholesterol aggregates on the artery wall and the hard plaque form the artery narrows. It is very difficult for the oxygen rich blood to reach the heart muscle as these arteries will then become more narrower, in addition the damage to the arteries from such as smoking and high levels fat or sugar in the blood can cause plaque to build up where the arteries are damaged, these narrow the arteries or may break off and form blood clots that block the arteries. Types of Angina? * Stable Angina occurs when the heart is working harder and faster than usual. Angina is a painful condition but if a person takes angina medication or rest’s for a bit then the pain will go. The stable...
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...internal environment during exercise. D2: Explain the importance of homeostasis in maintaining the healthy functioning of the body. Homeostasis is highly important as many processes going on in our body are based on this phenomenon. Homeostasis processes every day in our body are diffusion, osmosis, active transport etc. Diffusion means movement of solute molecules from a section of its high concentration to the low concentration region. Osmosis is movement of water from a mixed solution to a concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane. Homeostasis is the balance or equilibrium. How your body works to maintain equilibrium is reflected in how your vital signs vary with activity. Heart rate, blood pressure and respiration are lowest during periods of rest and sleep. During exercise, blood pressure, pulse and respiration increase to meet the increased demand for oxygen and nutrients by your musculoskeletal system. The adjustment of vital signs to match your body's level of physical activity is an example of homeostasis in action. Homeostasis is the regulation and maintaining of the body's internal environment. These levels need to be controlled so that the body can function properly, for example enzymes work at optimum temperatures/ pH levels around the body, so in order to function the internal environments must be controlled. Levels which are controlled tend to oscillate between high and low about the normal/ set point. The amount of blood in the human body also...
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...know that cardiovascular disease is not a disease affecting only men? Cardiovascular disease has been found to be the number one killer of women. According to Agency for Health Research and Quality (AHRQ) experts women die from cardiovascular disease one in two; compared with one in twenty-five die from breast cancer.1 According to research women may not be as aggressively treated as men; and another known fact is related to symptoms which may vary differently from men who are having a heart attack compared to women. Within 1 year of a man having a heart attack statistics show that 24 percent of those men die, in comparison to women it is a significant increase to 42 percent. The differences for the reason women die more than men are still not understood. We do know that women are likely to get cardiovascular disease about 10 years later in life than men, and also have coexisting chronic conditions. In 2007, cardiovascular disease was the cause of death in 306,246 females.2 Often times in cardiovascular disease related to women is considered an “older women’s disease” and it is the leading cause of death in women over the age of 65. In women age 25-44 cardiovascular disease is the third leading cause and following in the second leading cause in women age 45-64. What is cardiovascular disease? Cardiovascular disease occurs when a substance called plaque builds up in the arteries that supply blood to the heart (called coronary arteries). Plaque is made up of...
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...9 Science Learner’s Material Module 1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Working with Other Organ Systems This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@deped.gov.ph. We valueDepartment of Education your feedback and recommendations. Republic of the Philippines Science – Grade 9 Learner’s Material First Edition, 2014 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC Undersecretary: Dina S. Ocampo, Ph.D. Department of Education-Instructional Materials Council...
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...Involved in Blood Circulation A. Blood Flow - the actual VOLUME of blood moving through a particular site (vessel or organ) over a certain TIME period (liter/hour, ml/min) B. Blood Pressure - the FORCE exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood contained within (millimeters of Mercury; mm Hg) blood pressure = the systemic arterial pressure of large vessels of the body (mm Hg) C. Resistance to Flow (Peripheral Resistance) - the FORCE resisting the flow of blood through a vessel (usually from friction) 1. viscosity - a measure of the "thickness" or "stickiness" of a fluid flowing through a pipe a. V water < V blood < V toothpaste b. water flows easier than blood 2. tube length - the longer the vessel, the greater the drop in pressure due to friction 3. tube diameter - smaller diameter = greater friction D. Relation Between Blood Flow, Pressure, Resistance difference in blood pressure ( P) Blood Flow (F) = peripheral resistance (R) a. increased P -> increased flow b. decreased P -> decreased flow c. increased R (vasoconstriction) -> DECREASED flow d. decreased R (vasodilation) -> INCREASED flow II. Systemic Blood Pressure A. Blood Pressure Near the Heart 1. HEART produces...
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...the arena of health affecting thousands, even millions of those that matter most, the children. This battle is childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is a growing concern in today’s society. Rising at extreme rates, one may call it an epidemic. The percentage of children and adolescents who are defined as overweight has more than doubled since the early 1970s (Marcus, 2003). With the vast amount of fast food restaurants and unhealthy foods along with the lack of exercise, obesity is hard to avoid. Usually the most delicious and easiest foods to prepare are the ones that are not so good for our well-being. Childhood obesity is formally defined as weighing at least 20% above the weight corresponding to the ideal weight for children of a specific height, gender, and age. 20%-40% over the ideal weight is considered mildly obese, 40%-100% over is considered moderately obese, and 100% over is considered severely obese. Some scientists classify children as overweight if their body fat is at least 25% for males and 30% for females (“So What Is Childhood Obesity?” 2010). Simply put, childhood obesity is consuming unhealthy foods and drinks without exercise to burn it off. None the less, it is extremely detrimental to today’s youth. Childhood obesity can have both physical and psychological effects. The physical effects are similar to those seen in obese adults. Some of the physical effects of childhood obesity include type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and sleep apnea. ...
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...Links between Heart and Kidney Disease There is a very possible connection between the diseases affecting both the heart and kidney. Kidney disease can be a cause of heart disease. Having a kidney disease can amplify the risk of death from heart disease. Someone who is suffering from a kidney disease might not think to also have their heart looked at and examined. Even if there are or are not other risk factors for heart disease present, it is more likely that people who have kidney disease also have heart disease than those people who do not have a kidney disease and vice versa. The number one killer of all Americans is heart disease. It is more common in people who have even mild to moderate kidney disease. The cause of death in people who have a kidney disease is most often linked to heart disease. On the other hand, kidney disease is also common among people with heart disease. Abnormal kidney function in people appears to increase their risk of developing a heart disease. During the beginning stages of kidney diseases heart disease may also be present; even those that suffer from the smallest diminishment in kidney function should be encouraged to protect their heart. The heart and kidneys are viewed as one interlinked system inside the body by Doctors, instead of two separate organs. Is there a link between the two? Why does one organ affect the other when diagnosed with either disease? As you read on you will read about both organs and their functions, risk factors...
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...examined the data will prove the argument presented at hand. The main contributors to obesity among adults but especially among youth are, environmental factors, lack of choosing nutritious meals, portion distortion and the factor that fuels all of these, advertising media. So what defines an individual as being obese? Childhood Obesity Action Coalition-OAC.( n.d.) states “A child is defined as “obese” if their body mass index-for-age (or BMI-for-age) percentile is greater than 95 percent. A child is defined as “overweight” if their BMI-for-age percentile is greater than 85 percent and less than 95 percent.” The body mass index is the number calculated from an individual’s weight and height. The percent of individuals with an obesity rate of 25.0 or higher has more than tripled from 56 percent in 1988 94 to 64...
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...Wellness: the new health goal • Generations of people have viewed health simply as the absence of disease • Health – typically refers to the overall condition of a person’s body or mind and to the presence or absence of illness or injury • Wellness – beyond the simple presence or absence of disease, wellness refers to optimal health and vitality – to living life to its fullest • There are two differences between health and wellness: o Health – or some aspects of it – can be determined or influenced by factors beyond your control, such as your genes, age and family history (for example, family history of heart disease or cancer) o Wellness is largely determined by the decisions you make about how you live. For example, eating sensibly, exercising and having regular screening tests. Enhanced wellness, therefore, involves making conscious decisions to control risk factors that contribute to disease or injury. (age and family history are risk factors that cannot be controlled. Behaviours such as smoking, exercising and eating healthy are factors you can control) The dimensions of wellness • Experts have defined six dimensions of wellness: o Physical o Emotional o Intellectual o Interpersonal o Spiritual o Environmental • These dimensions are interrelated; each has an effect on the others • The process of achieving wellness is constant and dynamic, involving change and growth • Wellness is not static; ignoring any dimension of wellness can have harmful...
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...* A series of steps that lead to accomplishing some goal or purpose. * A systematic and organizes method for providing care to clients. * Provides individualized, holistic, effective and efficient client care. * Clients of all ages and in any care setting. * Characteristics of Nursing Process * Problem solving method - client focused * Systematic- sequential steps * Goal oriented- outcome criteria * Dynamic-always changing, flexible * Utilizes critical thinking processes * ● Interpersonal – promotes nurse-client relationship● * Cyclical – continuous and promotes improvement of nursing care * Systematic problem - solving approach toward giving individualized nursing care. STEPS: * Assessment * Nursing Diagnosis * Planning and outcome identification * Intervention * Evaluation * ASSESSING PATIENT’S HEALTH STATUS Assessment * A systematic collection of subjective and objective data with the goal of making a clinical nursing judgment about an individual, family or community. * 1st phase of nursing process which involves systematic data collection , organization and validation, interpretation, and documentation of data. * Purpose of Nursing Assessment * To establish the client-nurse relationship. * To obtain information about the client’s health, including physiologic, socio-cultural, cognitive, developmental & spiritual aspects. * To identify actual & potential...
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...Regular exercise and the consumption of a healthy diet can lead to a host of benefits, including increased energy, happiness, health and even a long life. Exercise and diet are pivotal to determining a person’s overall health, and making them both part of your lifestyle can make a dramatic difference in how you look and feel. According government guidelines, a healthy diet should consist of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products and lean meats. On top of eating well, you must also minimise your consumption of cholesterol, sodium, sugar and saturated fat. In conjunction with regular exercise, a healthy diet can reduce your risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, type-2 diabetes, high blood pressure and some cancers. Promote increases in physical activity. Exercise provides numerous health benefits Both diet and physical activity play a critical role in controlling your weight. You gain weight when the calories you burn, including those burned during physical activity, are less than the calories you eat or drink. For more information see our section on balancing calories. When it comes to weight management, people vary greatly in how much physical activity they need. You may need to be more active than others to achieve or maintain a healthy weight. Heart disease and stroke are two of the leading causes of death in the UK. But following the Guideline of moderate-intensity aerobic activity can put you at a lower risk for these diseases. You can reduce your risk...
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...According to Nevid and Rathus (2005), the multifactorial model is “the belief that health and illness are a function of multiple factors involving biological, psychological, and cultural domains and their interactions” (p.126). The multifactorial model attempts to measure the likelihood of a person to contract or develop an illness such as the flu or cancer. The model outlines the likelihood of contracting a specific illness depends on the interactions between different factors. Environmental, sociocultural, biological, and even psychological factors can affect a person’s health. Nevid and Rathus (2005) break the multifactorial method factors down into six main groups of factors that play a part in a person’s health and his or her susceptibility to different illnesses. The six main factors in the multifactorial model are; biological, sociocultural, environmental, personality, behavior, and stressors (p.126). Each of the six factors contains several influences that can affect or determine the likelihood for illness. A person has control over some of these factors and others are completely beyond control. The physical, emotional, and cognitive effects of stress along with the psychological factors play various roles in a person’s health. In psychology the area that studies what the relationship is between certain factors and the prevention of certain illnesses or treatment of illnesses is known as health psychology. Understanding these factors and what measures a person can...
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...D2: Explain the importance of homeostasis in maintaining the healthy functioning of the body Temperature regulation of fall and rise above normal ranges The hypothalamus in the brain behaves as a thermostat and changes in the blood temperature. When the temperature of the blood comes the hypothalamus falls, this delivers impulses to organs in the body setting the heat reduced less. The opposite happens when the temperature of the blood enters the hypothalamus rises. The hypothalamus tends to activate the sympathetic nervous system and increase he heart rate when the body gets hot. The thermo-receptors point out an increase in the body temperature delivering messages to the brain. The body faces hypothermia is the body temperature falls or rises above their normal ranges. When the body temperature gets too cold or too hot, messages are mailed from the thermo-regulation in the skin or from the blood to the brain and the hypothalamus. The change that is senses by the brain allows a person to change in their attitude for example, when a person feels cold they may close a window. During Hypothermia when the body temperature falls below the normal temperature of the body can be dangerous as the heat energy is lost from the body than it is produced. Brain is the first feature affected making the person clumsy and slow. Hypothermia Hypothermia is a state where the body's normal body temperature of 37°C (98.6°F) drops below 35° (95°F). When the body is exposed to cold the mechanisms...
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