...The Future eTourism intermediaries Dimitrios Buhalis1, Maria Cristina Licata2 1 Course Leader MSc in eTourism, School of Management Studies for The Service Sector, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK d.buhalis@surrey.ac.uk Genesys Information Limited Clarendon House, 125 Shenley Road,Borehamwood, Herts WD6 1AG, UK cristina.licata@genesysinformation.com ____________________________________________________________________ 2 Acknowledgement: The authors would like to acknowledge Paul Richer and Dr Karsten Kärcher (Genesys Information Limited) for their contribution to this paper. Note: An earlier version of this paper was presented at the ENTER2001 conference in Montreal, Canada. The Future eTourism intermediaries Keywords: eTourism, Internet, intermediaries, disintermediation, Computer Reservation Systems, Global Distribution Systems, Digital TV, mobile commerce, Electronic Intermediaries ABSTRACT Hitherto, the travel distribution role has been performed by traditional Outgoing Travel Agents (OTAs), Tour Operators (Tos) and Incoming Travel Agencies (ITAs). They were supported by Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs), Global Distribution Systems (GDSs) or tour operators’ Videotext systems (or Leisure Travel Networks). These traditional electronic intermediaries (or ‘eMediaries’), particularly GDSs, progressively consolidated their position. The Internet created the conditions for the emergence of new eMediaries, based on three ePlatforms, namely the Internet,...
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...Economic One of the biggest factors that can affect the hotel industry we are in is an economic recession. When a catastrophe like this hits people they tend to panic and stop spending on unnecessary things. Luxuries that we provide in the hospitality industry like fine dining and recreational activities tend to be cut off from people when the recession hits. People become scared of the future and unsure of when things will get better and if it will happen again. This causes us to lose revenue and profits. Our hotel growth becomes slow if not obsolete and causes losses to the company in not only hotel rooms but dining as well. People feel it is more logical at this time to eat at home for less than spend money on eating out. Driving Forces We are in the age of technology. Everything from schools, banking, connecting with friends, shopping, and even booking hotels and vacations are done online. With these advancements site like Facebook and Twitter have been created to connect and meet new people. A site has even been created, Linkedin, for business professionals to connect and is even a walking resume. Along with social media sites like these there have been travel sites created as well to make vacation booking easier, more efficient, and faster for today’s people. Consumers rely on websites like this to find the best deals fast. This can pose a problem to most hotel businesses. If you are not one of the top 5 on search engines like these you will fall behind. Competitors will...
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...| | |BMW AG | |Marketing Plan | | | | | |Robbie Johnson, Paul Vitale, Tim Lyons, Nathan Davis, and Laura Rusbarsky | | | Executive Summary Plan Overview: • We made sure to do the SWOT Analysis for BMW. Our strengths are our brand recognition and reputation for quality while our weaknesses are our high repair costs and vulnerability to currency fluctuation. Additionally, our opportunities are increased media attention on the 2012 Olympics and the BMW Championships golf tournament (both of which we sponsor) and our threats are the rising cost of fuel and the severe economic downturn...
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...Industry Competition 3 Chapter Outline 3-1 Industry Life Cycle Stages 3-2 Industry Structure 3-3 Intensity of Rivalry among Incumbent Firms 3-3a Concentration of Competitors 3-3b High Fixed or Storage Costs 3-3c Slow Industry Growth 3-3d Lack of Differentiation or Low Switching Costs 3-3e Capacity Augmented in Large Increments 3-3f Diversity of Competitors 3-3g High Strategic Stakes 3-3h High Exit Barriers 3-4 Threat of Entry 3-4a Economies of Scale 3-4b Brand Identity and Product Differentiation 3-4c Capital Requirements 3-4d Switching Costs 3-4e Access to Distribution Channels 3-4f Cost Advantages Independent of Size 3-4g Government Policy 3-5 Pressure from Substitute Products 3-6 Bargaining Power of Buyers 3-7 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 3-8 Limitations of Porter’s Five Forces Model 3-9 Summary Key Terms Review Questions and Exercises Practice Quiz Notes Reading 3-1 26061_03_ch03_p037-060.indd 37 1/10/08 7:01:36 PM 38 Chapter 3 T Industry A group of competitors that produce similar products or services. 26061_03_ch03_p037-060.indd 38 his chapter marks the beginning of the strategic management process and is one of two that considers the external environment. At this point it is appropriate to focus on factors external to the organization and to view firm performance from an industrial organization perspective. Internal factors are considered later in the process and in future chapters. Each business operates...
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...104 Academy of Management Perspectives February Opportunity Recognition as Pattern Recognition: How Entrepreneurs “Connect the Dots” to Identify New Business Opportunities by Robert A. Baron* Executive Overview How do entrepreneurs identify opportunities for new business ventures? One possibility, suggested by research on human cognition, is that they do so by using cognitive frameworks they have acquired through experience to perceive connections between seemingly unrelated events or trends in the external world. In other words, they use cognitive frameworks they possess to “connect the dots” between changes in technology, demographics, markets, government policies, and other factors. The patterns they then perceive in these events or trends suggest ideas for new products or services—ideas that can potentially serve as the basis for new ventures. This pattern recognition perspective on opportunity identification is useful in several respects. First, it helps integrate into one basic framework three factors that have been found to play an important role in opportunity recognition: engaging in an active search for opportunities; alertness to them; and prior knowledge of an industry or market. In addition, it also helps explain interrelations between these factors (e.g., the fact that active search may not be required when alertness is very high). Second, a pattern recognition perspective helps explain why some persons, but not others, identify specific opportunities...
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...H tl reigPa oe Mak t n ln Rv riw H tl ieve oe T iiac mp t e a l o amak t gp n Y uaew l met u eti h s o l e x mp f s e e rei l . o r e o o s h n a c s c ne t s g i w e p n i y u o nmak t ga ti s o tn a a u e h n l n g o r w d a n rei cvi . n it e T ce t amak t gp no y u o nt go y u b s e s p a e o rae rei l f o r w o rw o r u i s, l s n a n e c n i r u p p l Mak t gPa Pos f ae L anmoea o s e o r o u r rei l r ot r. e r r t d a n n w w wp l l . m. w .a a oc ot o Ce t amak t gpa ta g t rs l rae rei ln h t es eut n s B ssln s f r. o p wee b D c Tp Mak t g etel g ot e N w o rd y u t a e rei . i wa n “ i listepo e so b i igs p ot g Smpie h rc s f ul n u p rn f d i d c me tt nfr o r reiga e d . o u nai o y u mak t o n g n a” •F c s nat na drs l ! o u o ci n eut o s •P ce wi a v e n e a l ak d t d i a d x mpe h c s •E s frcs &b d es ay oeat s u gt V rin1 . es o 10 $ 7 .5 1 99 “ raea a t npa fr o r C e t n ci ln o y u o mak t gt go y u b sn s . rei o rw o r u ie s” n •Pee t o r l wi s l rsn y u pa t t e n h y •Is n d wno d n t t o la ! a w wp lat.o w .ao l c m o L anmoea er r t A o thsmak t gpa b u ti rei ln n N me , c t n , n n mb r i teoin l l ma h v b e c a g d a ds b tni p ro s fh oin l l tx ma a s l ai s a d u esn h r i p n y a e e n h n e , n u s t l ot n o te r i p n e t y o o ga a a a i ga a h v b e o t dt pe ev c ni nii a dpo r tr i omai . a e e n mi o rs re...
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...Ryan McHugh Marketing Plan Southwest Airlines Green Initiatives Executive Summary Southwest Airlines was formed in 1971 as a small airline in texas offering services between Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio. Its goal at the time was to provide to customers an airline that got passengers to their destinations on time, for a low price, while making it an enjoyable experience overall. By taking these simple goals and making them a reality for customers, Southwest has been able to expand into a well know and recognized domestic airline. Today the company is able to fly over 100 million passengers a year to 66 cities across the U.S. offering over 3,000 flights daily. Southwest is focused on serving its customers with respect and satisfying customer needs to the best of their ability while maintaining the highest quality service and lowest prices. The company has been able to take advantage of the gaps within the domestic travel market where competitor airlines have failed. These gap exists in low cost service, onboard amenities, excellence in customer service, and the realization of a need for more environmentally friendly airline services. Research and projections indicate that the use of the current business plan coupled with the introduction of Green Initiatives will be sufficient in maintaining the current success and increasing future revenues for the initiatives. In 2007, Southwest began reporting on their current and future environmental initiatives. They have stated...
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...ABOUT THE GROUP The organization, under the stewardship of Mr. Harshavardhan Neotia has been in charge of point of interest undertakings in and around Kolkata, for example, Udayan, Kolkata's first Condoville made around the Public Private Partnership model, City Center, the shopping center that went ahead to re-compose a few retail controls, Ffort Raichak, Kolkata's first extravagance weekend getaway and the peaceful village by the Ganges, Ganga Kutir amongst numerous others. The Group additionally championed the reason for lady and tyke medicinal services by setting up Bhagiarthi Neotia Woman & Child Care Center in Kolkata. In every one of its anticipates, Ambuja Neotia is profoundly aware of its natural obligation and making spaces that offer a superior and greener life. It is considering this view, that Ambuja Neotia thought of Ecospace, its first business stop in New Town which is a Green Building confirmed by LEED. Its recreation properties like Ffort Raichak and Ganga Kutir are settled in the lap of nature maintaining its each guideline and all their lodging and townships offerings have commended components of nature from the origination to the completing stage. Ambuja Neotia is known not extraordinary accentuation to plan and feel in a manner that their tasks are continuing and engaging and additionally maintainable and suitable for what's to come. In their quest for making enjoyment through spaces, it has additionally cooperated with a bunch of expert draftsmen...
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...Impact of web-based Sales on the airline industry | AbstractExpedia, Travelocity, Priceline, and Orbitz: examples of how the travel industry in general, but more importantly the airline industry, has taken a deeper turn towards the low cost affair that consumers have tried to accomplish with that specific industry for many years now. It is a proven fact that the competitive advantage has been taken away from the airlines as consumers have much of the information required at their fingertips on the web at all times.Javier Alfonso FIN6644 - Global Financial Strategy for Professor Krishnan Dandapani | Impact of web-based Sales on the airline industry | AbstractExpedia, Travelocity, Priceline, and Orbitz: examples of how the travel industry in general, but more importantly the airline industry, has taken a deeper turn towards the low cost affair that consumers have tried to accomplish with that specific industry for many years now. It is a proven fact that the competitive advantage has been taken away from the airlines as consumers have much of the information required at their fingertips on the web at all times.Javier Alfonso FIN6644 - Global Financial Strategy for Professor Krishnan Dandapani | Table of Contents Introduction 2 History of AMR 4 Financial Analysis of the Airline Industry 5 History of Expedia 8 Financial Analysis for Expedia, Inc. 9 Comparison of Both Businesses and Their Industries 13 Conclusion 15 Introduction The airline...
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...Fixed costs do not vary with the scale of operations, and will be incurred even if the flight is cancelled. Examples of fixed cost are the rental cost of leased planes, which is time- but not operations-sensitive, and general administrative costs such as salaries. Constant costs, which cease if the flight is cancelled but are invariant to the volume of traffic carried, are also high. Examples of constant costs are the subsistence allowance paid to the cabin crew, and landing fees, which do not depend on the number of passengers, but will not be incurred if the flight is cancelled. Variable costs, which vary with the volume of traffic carried, have traditionally been quite low in the airline industry. They include ticket commissions, baggage handling, and cabin amenities including food and beverages, among other passenger-related costs. With the recent spate of cost cutting, where ticket commissions to travel agents have been eliminated by the major airlines (with the exception of Southwest Airlines), a cap of $100 commission on international flights, and drastic reductions in the quantity and quality of meals, variable costs have gone down. To counter the effects of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, U.S. airlines have reduced fares to lure back lost passengers. As a result, load factors for 2002 are estimated to be around 72 percent, but the breakeven passenger load factor has risen to 81 percent, so losses for 2002 are estimated at $9 billion. (3) Thus there is...
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...Information Systems for Competitive Advantage CHAPTER Strategic Information Systems for Competitive Advantage Rosenbluth International: Competing in the Digital Economy 3.1 Strategic Advantage and Information Technology 3.2 Porter’s Competitive Forces Model and Strategies 3.3 Porter’s Value Chain Model 3.4 Interorganizational Strategic Information Systems 3.5 A Framework for Global Competition 3.6 Strategic Information Systems: Examples and Analysis 3.7 Implementing and Sustaining SIS Minicases: (1) Cisco Systems/ (2) Aeronautica Civil 89 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 3 After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Describe strategic information systems (SISs) and explain their advantages. Describe Porter’s competitive forces model and how information technology helps companies improve their competitive positions. Describe 12 strategies companies can use to achieve competitive advantage in their industry. Describe Porter’s value chain model and its relationship to information technology. Describe how linking information systems across organizations helps companies achieve competitive advantage. Describe global competition and global business drivers. Describe representative SISs and the advantage they provide to organizations. Discuss the challenges associated with sustaining competitive advantage. ROSENBLUTH INTERNATIONAL: COMPETING IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY PROBLEM ➥ THEInternational (rosenbluth.com) is a major global player in the extremely Rosenbluth competitive travel agent industry...
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...Ministry of Trade and Industry Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Commonwealth Secretariat SMALL STATES IN TRANSITION – FROM VULNERABILITY TO COMPETITIVENESS “BEST PRACTICE CASE STUDIES IN TOURISM” Ms. Helen Williams H. Williams & Associates Dr. Dorothy I. Riddle, CMC Service-Growth Consultants Inc. Vancouver, Canada Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago – January 2004 1. Overview Because tourism is the world’s largest industry – responsible for more than one in ten jobs globally and contributing over eight percent of domestic economic activity – developing countries are targeting tourism to generate more income for their national economy. In order to be successful, each country needs to formulate a tourism strategy that identifies and justifies its strategic objectives, priorities, and targets. Small States are particularly challenged because they are more dependent on external trade while having fewer domestic resources on which to draw. For this project1, six Small States representing different geographic regions and stages of development were chosen for an examination of best practices and lessons learned in developing a national or regional tourism strategy: the Bahamas, Botswana, Bulgaria, The Gambia, Trinidad & Tobago, and Vanuatu. A tourism best practice is an innovative policy, strategy, programme, process, or practice that is shown to produce superior results. Country Type of Best Practice Example of Best Practice The Bahamas ...
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...Integrating ICT- Based Applications for Sustainable Tourism Development in Algeria BOUTKHIL Guemide Assistant Teacher Department of English Language Faculty of Letters & Languages University of Med Seddik Benyahia. Cité Ouled Aissa B. P. N°98 Jijel (18000) Algeria titanicmaze@hotmail.fr Pr. CHELLALI Benachaiba Assistant Professor Department of Electronics & ICTs Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Med Tahri B. P. N° 417 Bechar (08000) Algeria. IBTISSAM Bedri Assistant Teacher Department of Political Sciences Faculty of Law & Plitical Sciences University of Med Khaidar 145 RP, BISKRA (07000) Algeria Dr. Salima Maouche Assistant Professor Department of English Language Faculty of Letters & Languages University of Abd Errahmane Mira, Bejaia (06000) Algeria ABSTRACT: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has inevitable impacts on different industries and their performances. The tourism industry, as the largest and fastest growing industry in the world, cannot be excluded from this technology and its huge impacts. ICT provides information about tourist attractions in different destinations before travelling and improves tourists‘ satisfaction. Although Algeria has great tourism potentials, it still needs to be performed well in promoting its attractions to international tourists via ICT tools yet. This research explores the impact of ICT on foreign tourists‘ satisfaction of the tourism industry and uses...
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...A–Z OF eBUSINESS MODELS Written and researched by Suntop Media Adobe Systems A Adobe Systems Adobe Systems was founded by John Warnock (now CEO and chairman) and Charles Geschke (president and chairman). Both worked at Xerox’s famous Palo Alto Research Center (Parc). Geschke arrived there via Carnegie Mellon and Xavier University. Warnock took a more circuitous route by way of the Evans & Sutherland Computer Corp., Computer Sciences, IBM and the University of Utah. Adobe helped ignite the revolution in desktop publishing in the early 1980s. Its software includes Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Photoshop. Headquartered at San Jose, CA, it now employs 2,700 people. Adobe’s interests include Adobe Ventures and Adobe Ventures II. Venture capital partnerships with Hambrecht and Quist have earned over $100 million since 1994. Links: www.adobe.com Amazon.com Amazon.com must be the most talked about company in the world. For a business that’s just five years old that’s quite an achievement; for one that has yet to make a single penny in profits, it’s unheard of. But then Amazon.com is more than just a business; it’s a business phenomenon. Launched as a website in June 1995, by the beginning of 1999 Amazon.com Inc. had a market capitalization of $6 billion, by August 1999 it had jumped to $20 billion. Amazon’s value can vary by several billion depending on stock market sentiment. Founder Jeff Bezos has promoted Amazon.com to the point where it is now synonymous with ecommerce...
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...3 CHAPTER CHAPTER OUTLINE ■ ■ ■ E-Business SE C T ION 3 .1 Bu si n e s s a n d th e I n t er net SECTI O N 3. 2 E- Busi ness D i s r u p t i v e Te c h n o l o g y Evolution of the Internet Accessing Internet Information Providing Internet Information ■ ■ ■ E-Business Basics E-Business Models Organizational Strategies for E-Business Measuring E-Business Success E-Business Benefits and Challenges N e w Tr e n d s i n E - B u s i n e s s : E-Government and M-Commerce ■ ■ ■ ■ opening case study Amazon.com—Not Your Average Bookstore Jeffrey Bezos, CEO and founder of Amazon.com, is running what some people refer to as the “world’s biggest bookstore.” The story of Bezos’s virtual bookstore teaches many lessons about online business. Out of nowhere, this digital bookstore turned an industry upside down. What happened here was more than just creating a Web site. Bezos conceived and implemented an intelligent, global digital business. Its business is its technology; its technology is its business. Shocking traditional value chains in the bookselling industry, Amazon opened thousands of virtual bookstores in its first few months of operation. Bezos graduated from Princeton and was the youngest vice president at Banker’s Trust in New York. He had to decide if he would stay and receive his 1994 Wall Street bonus or leave and start a business on the Internet. “I tried to imagine being 80 years old, looking back on my life. I knew that I would hardly regret...
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