...BUSI 600 Liberty University September 20, 2013 Discussion Board Forum 5 This paper will attempt to answer varies questions from chapters nine and ten. The questions asked and answered pertain to ethical problems, experiments and their designs. After reading this paper you should know that there are some ethical issues when it comes to experimental research. You should also understand and become aware of the steps you should take to accomplish a well-planned experiment (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p.206). There is information about the types of experimental designs and how they are different. Also discussed are the three communication approaches. Question 9.4 What ethical problems do you see in conducting experiments with human subjects? The question of “what ethical problems do you see in conducting experiments with human subjects?” is truly a multi-layered opinionated question that forces a person to ask “what would be the most responsible way society could condone such acts and what could be the worst case scenario?” The first step in analyzing this question is to define ethics. Ethics is defined as “norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about our behavior and our relationships with others” (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p. 32). The key issues of ethics in experimentation relate to benefits, deception, informed consent, debriefing participants, and the right to privacy (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). It is important that the researcher “discuss the study’s...
Words: 3959 - Pages: 16
...University of Phoenix Material Experimental Designs Worksheet Fill in the Blank Using the terms listed below, complete the following: 1. Experimental group receives treatment in an experimental design. 2. Control group does not receive treatment in an experimental design. 3. A Small n design has many observations on a single case or a few subjects. 4. When separate groups of subjects receive different levels of the independent variable, this is referred to as Between Subject design. 5. When all subjects receive all levels of the independent variable, this is referred to as Within Subject design. 6. When the researcher measures a behavior that needs to be changed and then applies therapy and measures the behavior again, this is referred to as AB design. 7. When the researcher measures a behavior that needs to be changed, applies therapy and measures the behavior again, and then removes the treatment and measures the behavior again, this is referred to as ABA design. 8. When the criterion outcome changes over time this is referred to as Changing Criterion design. 9. When measuring several behaviors or several people with baseline periods of varying lengths and an independent variable occurs, this is referred to as a Multiple Baseline design. 10. When subjects are not randomly assigned and not all variables are under the control of the presenter, this is referred to as Quasi-Experimental design. A. Multiple Baseline B...
Words: 604 - Pages: 3
...establish tht effect of one or more in dependent variables in a response, which is dependent variable. These independent variables are often called treatments or factors. Examples are different fertilizers, different makes of machines and different advertisement channels. The values of a response are supposed to reflect the effect of different treatments. If an experiment is to be carried out on a particular project, the objective of the experiment must be clearly stated, unless the objective of tge experiments must be clearly stated, unless the objective of the project is carefully identified, the most appropriate design may not be adopted. The main aim of this project is to use the collected data to investigate the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizers on the fertilizers on the yield of maize and sugar beet separately using analysis of variance (ANOVA) method at the institute of agricultural research Akure It should be noted that the data used here is secondary data. Fertilization has to do with the aim of bringing about an increase in crop yield and consequently increase in farmers’ product and income. That is to increase the yield of maize and sugar beet and make useful observation on the effectiveness of different level of nitrogen fertilizers on varieties of sugar beet and maize. This project identifies the levels of nitrogen fertilizers that contributed to the yield of the species. In enhancement of easy analysis, the objectives of the...
Words: 1406 - Pages: 6
...and effect interations among and between variables" (Wood & Haber 2010). Quasi-experimental design and Experimental design are two differnt methods that researchers use. The difference between the two methods is that in quasi-experimental design, subjects cannot be randanly assigned where with experimental design, subjects can be randonly assigned to groups. The true experimental design is considered the "golg standard" in research design (LoBiiondo-Wood & Haber, 2010). One of the strengths that the experimental design has is that there is a better chance with experimental design of determining if the intervention caused a change. A second strengh of experimental design is that the subjects can be randomly assigned into groups and thus studies using randomization are considered true experimental designs. A third strength of the experimental design is that randomization or control grpups and a more diverse selection of subjects. Weaknesses of Experimental Design include the artificial setting of the experiment limited ability to generalize findings and limited ability to manipulate variables. The artificial setting of the Experimetal Design is not neutral, making it difficult to appply real-world settings. Strengths that the Quasi-Experimental Design has include the large sample size, monimal threat to external validities, and more generalized. Weaknesses of Quasi- Experimental Design are loss of control, limited in conclusive results of cause and effects, and internal...
Words: 363 - Pages: 2
...The design of any experiment is of utmost importance because it has the power to be the most rigid type of research. The design, however, is always dependent on feasibility. The best approach is to control for as many confounding variables as possible in order to eliminate or reduce errors in the assumptions that will be made. It is also extremely desirable that any threats to internal or external validity be neutralized. In the perfect world, all research would do this and the results of research would be accurate and powerful. In the real world, however, this is rarely the case. We are often dealing with human subjects, which in itself confounds （puzzles） any study. We are also dealing with the restraints of time and situation, often resulting in less than perfect conditions in which to gather information. There are three basic experimental designs, each containing subsets with specific strengths and weaknesses. These three basic designs include: (1) pre-experimental design; (2) quasi-experimental design; and (3) true experimental design. They will be discussed below and as you will discover, are addressed in order of effectiveness. Pre-Experimental Design Pre-experimental designs are so named because they follow basic experimental steps but fail to include a control group. In other words, a single group is often studied but no comparison between an equivalent non-treatment group is made. Examples include the following: The One-Shot Case Study. In this arrangement...
Words: 1695 - Pages: 7
...beliefs (i.e., cognitive thoughts) and expressed emotions (i.e., affective feelings) regarding those beliefs. Knowing these interactions can be helpful in predicting a person's behavior (i.e., conative action). Not all researchers accept this trilogy approach to measuring attitudes; some simply see attitudes as a global indicator of a person's feelings (i.e., affect = attitude) toward an object or behavior. No matter the approach, these is significant diagnostic value to both researchers and practitioners in understanding the different scale measurements used to capture people's belief structures versus emotional feelings versus behavior tendencies. Tell how to correctly design and text Likert, semantic differential, and behavior intention scales, and explain their strengths and weaknesses. Likert scale designs uniquely use a set of agreement/disagreement scale descriptors to capture a person's attitude toward a given object or behavior. Contrary to popular belief, a Likert scale format does not measure a person's complete attitude, only the cognitive structure. Semantic differential scale format are exceptional in capturing a person's perceptual image profile about a given object or behavior. This scale format is unique in that it uses a set of bipolar scales to measure several different yet interrelated factors (both cognitive and affective) of a given object or behavior. Multiattribute affect scales use scale point...
Words: 2923 - Pages: 12
...Optimization parameters Problem types Variable Constrained Unconstrained Dependent Independent Relationship between independent variables and response defines response surface. Representing>2 becomes graphically impossible. Higher the variables, higher are the complications hence it is to optimize each & everyone. Optimization is not a Screening method. Response surface representing the relationship between the independent variables X1 and X2 and the dependent variable Y. Classic optimization: It involves application of calculus to basic problem for maximum/minimum function..Limited applications i. Problems that are not too complex ii. They do not involve more than two variables * For more than two variables graphical representation is impossible * It is possible mathematically. GRAPH REPRESENTING THE RELATION BETWEEN THRESPONSE VARIABLE AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: Statistical design: Techniques used divided in to two types. Experimentation continues as optimization proceeds .It is represented by evolutionary...
Words: 703 - Pages: 3
...research designs used in experimental hypothesis testing research study. Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth sailing of the various research operations, thereby making research as efficient as possible yielding maximal information with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money. Different research designs can be conveniently described if we categorize them as:(1) Research design in case of exploratory research studies;(2) Research design in case of descriptive and diagnostic research studies, and(3) Research design in case of hypothesis-testing research studies. 1. Research design in case of exploratory research studies Exploratory research studies are also termed as Formulative research studies. The main purpose of such studies is that of formulating a problem for more precise investigation or of developing the working hypotheses from an operational point of view. The major emphasis in such studies is on the discovery of ideas and insights. As such the research design appropriate for such studies must be flexible enough to provide opportunity for considering different aspects of a problem under study. Inbuilt flexibility in research design is needed because the research problem, broadly defined initially, is transformed into one with more precise meaning in exploratory studies, which fact may necessitate changes in the research procedure for gathering relevant data. Generally, the following three methods in the context of research design for such...
Words: 1295 - Pages: 6
...April 3, 2016 C H A P T E R 3 Evaluation Methods Learning Objectives 1. Recognize differences between evaluation methods and how they support the human factors design cycle 2. Design formative and summative human factors studies 3. Understand representative sampling and the implications for study design and generalization 4. Design an experiment considering variables that are measured, manipulated, controlled, and cannot be controlled 5. Interpret results and recognize the limitations of a study 6. Identify the ethical issues associated with collecting data with human subjects 1 April 3, 2016 PURPOSE OF EVALUATION 3 TIMING AND TYPES OF EVALUATION 5 LITERATURE REVIEW, HEURISTIC EVALUATION, AND COGNITIVE WALKTHROUGHS USABILITY TESTING COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION AND CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS IN-SERVICE EVALUATION 5 7 8 9 STEPS IN CONDUCTING A STUDY 10 STUDY DESIGN 11 ONE FACTOR WITH TWO LEVELS ONE FACTOR WITH MORE THAN TWO LEVELS MULTIPLE FACTORS BETWEEN-SUBJECTS DESIGN WITHIN-SUBJECT DESIGNS MIXED DESIGNS SAMPLING PEOPLE, TASKS, AND SITUATIONS 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 MEASUREMENT 15 DATA ANALYSIS 16 ANALYSIS OF CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS ANALYSIS OF DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES 16 17 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS AND COMMUNICATING RESULTS 18 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND TYPE I AND TYPE II ERRORS STATISTICAL AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE GENERALIZING AND PREDICTING ...
Words: 11755 - Pages: 48
...Section A what has come up so far Jan 10 | Experiment independent measures: 1. State the experimental hypothesis for your project [3] 2. Describe the method you would use for your practical project. 13 marks are awarded for replicability and appropriateness and 6 for the quality of design and feasibility [13 + 6] 3. Give an advantage of using an alternative experimental design in this practical project [3] 4. Assess the validity of your investigation in measuring the dependant variable [6] 5. Outline how you could select a sample which could be representative [3] 6. What ethical issues would you consider in designing your practical project? [3] 7. Suggest one possible future research related to your practical project [3] | June 10 | Correlation: 1. State an alternate Hypothesis for your practical project [3] 2. Describe the method you would use for your practical project. 13 marks are awarded for replicability and appropriateness and 6 for the quality of design and feasibility [13 + 6] 3. Which inferential (non parametric test) would you use to analyse your data? Give reasons for your choice [3] 4. a) Sketch a graph to present the data that could be collected [3]b) What could this graph tell you about the relationship between the two variables? [3] 5. Explain one weakness of conducting this practical project as a correlation [3] 6. How would you address any one ethical issues in the conduct of this practical project? [3] 7. Outline one other way...
Words: 896 - Pages: 4
...intervention studies, and discuss reliability and validity issues related to intervention studies: Observational (non-experimental) studies are where the investigators are monitoring the relationships between influences and outcomes (Thiese, 2014). The most common types of observational studies include: Correlational Correlational studies determines whether there is a relationship or association between two or more variables (Melynk, Morrison-Beedy, & Cole, 2015). There is no manipulation of any of the variables and the participants are not placed in groups( Polit & Beck, 2014). Data is...
Words: 1561 - Pages: 7
...Research studies are done with the intention of creating a positive impact in the welfare of a group of people or individuals within a given population. The quantitative research design is a formal, systematic and objective process of obtaining information about the world or a part that can be quantified. Health effects of environmental contaminants has evinced research work in air pollution exposure and lung function in children. Another study was conducted on the relationship between domestic exposure to radon and childhood cancers. There are three major types of quantitative research methods namely; experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental (Polit & Beck, 2012). In the study on air pollution and exposure and lung function in children, the method applied is descriptive research. The study is important since lung function is a marker of respiratory health and a predictor of cardiorespiratory system disease and mortality. The study was carried out in five European countries with birth cohorts taken from a credible agency European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). The study population for the analysis consisted of 5,921 children 6–8 years of age. The tabular analysis was then done for population characteristics, lung function measurements and the prevalence of low lung function according to the cohort. Distribution of estimated annual average air pollution levels, traffic indicators, and short-term air pollution exposure variables. Crude and adjusted...
Words: 672 - Pages: 3
...CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODS IN I/0 PSYCHOLOGY Learning Objectives Some students may have already had a course in, or an introduction to, research methodology before taking the I/O course. However, it is important that students become familiar with the contents of this chapter because: a) Quantitative methods are central to I/O psychology; b) Understanding research methods is a difficult subject for most students; c) Research methods are often quickly forgotten; d) Several topics relevant to I/0 psychology may not have been covered in previous courses. After studying the material in this chapter the student should be able to: 1. Understand and describe the characteristics of a good research question. 2. Explain each of the major concepts of research design including: variables, setting, generalizability, control, confounding, random assignment, and random selection. 3. Explain what a research design is; Describe different types of research designs as well as list their advantages and disadvantages. 4. Define the basic concepts of measurement. 5. List and describe the types of reliability. 6. Discuss the different ways of assessing validity. 7. Define basic concepts of descriptive statistics. 8. Explain the difference between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. 9. Explain basic concepts in inferential statistics, especially statistical significance. 10. Report the nature and purpose of meta-analysis. 11....
Words: 4511 - Pages: 19
...Chapter 5 RESEARCH DESIGN GENERAL CONCEPT MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. General Mills conducted research on a "new, improved" version of their cereal, TRIX. Consumer taste tests showed the new version was preferred over the old TRIX, but the new version was a failure when it was introduced. It was noted that the research was flawed in that the new version of TRIX was compared with the old TRIX, a choice that consumers in the marketplace would not have. The correct research should have compared the new TRIX with competitor brands. This example was presented in your text to illustrate: a. poor budgeting for research b. how researchers in large firms are in "silos" and are not open to outside suggestions c. how former research studies often determine the design of present studies d. improper research design e. a case where exploratory research should have been undertaken after the causal research Answer: (d) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 114 2. Which of the following is true about research design? a. Research design should be the first consideration in a research project. b. Research design decisions should be made after data analysis. c. Research design should be selected during the initial meeting with a client. d. Research design should be selected after thoroughly considering the problem and research objectives. e. Research designs should be made after data collection. Answer: (d) Difficulty:...
Words: 5718 - Pages: 23
...12 Hid's Copse Rd. Cumnor Hill, Oxford 0X2 9JJ All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America British Library Cataloging in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sapp, Marty. Test Anxiety : applied research, assessment, and treatment interventions / Marty Sapp. —2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 1. Test anxiety—Research—Statistical methods. 2. Social sciences—Statistical methods. I. Title. LB3060.6.S27 1999 371.26'01'9—dc21 99—22530 CIP ISBN 0-7618-1386-1 (cloth: alk. ppr.) fc/ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48—1984 To my students Preface to First Edition Preface to Second Edition This text is divided into three parts. Part I deals with applied research design and statistical methodology frequently occurring in test anxiety literature. Part II focuses on theories and methods of assessing test anxiety using standardized instruments. Part III extensively describes and provides treatment scripts for test anxiety. In addition to advanced undergraduate and graduate students in the social sciences, this text is designed to attract two audiences—the quantitatively oriented professors teaching...
Words: 44507 - Pages: 179
