...Expert System Robert Savageau CIS 501 ABSTRACT In the creation of an Expert System the knowledge base is in the center of it all. Understanding the process which is done through identifying, conceptualizing, formalizing, implementing, and testing followed by reiterating the stages thereby insuring knowledge acquisitioned is in its totality. There are many knowledge elicitation techniques and their success is in choosing the right method(s) used for the knowledge being acquired. The five general stages of knowledge acquisition will be discussed, as will a few knowledge elicitation methods. It is not the intent of this paper in giving a complete listing and discourse of elicitation methods, rather an introduction of knowledge acquisition design steps and methods of elicitation. Knowledge Acquisition is extracting the knowledge from any source and Knowledge Elicitation deals with attaining that knowledge specifically from people (Burge, 1998). There five general stages in knowledge acquisition giving knowledge engineers (KE) certain activities preparing the knowledge /deliverables from that stage to be used as input in the next (Marakas, p246). Hayes-Roth (1983) as referenced by Marakas (2003) and by De Kock (2003) views knowledge acquisition as consisting of five stages, having the output from one stage becoming the input for the next consecutive stage. The five stage model is a reiterative process of constant improvement and fine tuning to ensure the systems correctness...
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...Expert Systems This paper will explain what Expert Systems are about, how it works the benefits and detriments and give an example about the system. Experts Systems is a man-made cleverness program that has expert level knowledge about a particular area and knows how to use its knowledge to respond properly. In all aspects the expert systems should replace a human expert. As defined by Edward Feigenbaum, “expert system is a wise computer program that uses knowledge and reading procedures to solve problems that are difficult to require major human expertise for their solutions.” (Robin, 2010) Additionally expert systems are usually considered to have six major components which give detail information about how the system works. It is obvious that expert systems must work behaviorally with system users in assisting them in making better decisions. The system interacts with the user by constantly asking for information until it is ready to make a decision. Once the system has gathered the information needed, an answer is returned to the user. It is important to remember that not only must the system assist in making the decision itself; it must also provide the user with reason it employed to reach its decision. The reading engine processes the date the user inputs to find matches with the knowledge base. The knowledge base is where the expert’s information is deposited. The user interface is what allows the user to communicate with the program. The explanation...
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...QUESTION 1 a. Describe how expert systems perform inference [4 marks] Inferencing is the reasoning process of AI. It takes place in the brain of an AI process. The brain of an expert system is the inference engine that provides a methodology for reasoning about information in the knowledge base. Inference can be performed using semantics networks, production rules, and logic statements. b. Describe generic categories of Expert Systems applications [16 marks] Diagnosis. These are mainly used in the medical field to recommend remedies to illnesses, trouble-shoot electronic or mechanical problems or as debugging tools. Repair. Expert systems that define repair strategies are also very common. As well as diagnosing the problem they can suggest a plan for the repair of the item. The repair plan typically contains a scheduling structure and some control structure to validate the repair process. Such systems have been employed in the automotive repair field and similar areas. Instruction. They are mainly used in the training of pilots . Instructional expert systems have been used for individualised training or instruction in a particular field. The system presents material in an order determined by its evaluation of the user’s ability and current knowledge and monitor’s the progress of the student, altering the sequence depending on this progress. Interpretation. Interpretive expert systems have the ability to analyse data to determine its significance or...
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...Describe any five early expert systems (20 Marks) An expert system (ES) is a knowledge-based system that employs knowledge about its application domain and uses an inferencing (reason) procedure to solve problems that would otherwise require human competence or expertise. Expert systems are built to solve a wide range of problems in domain such as medicine, math, engineering, chemistry, geology, computer science, business, law, defense and education. Five early expert systems are detailed below. 1. DENDRAL DENDRAL is an expert system that examines the spectroscopic analysis of an unknown chemical compound and predicts its molecular structure. It was developed by Bruce Buchanan in the late 1960’s and its domain field is chemistry. It was designed to use mass spectrometry and other chemical information to deduce the molecular structure of chemical compounds. Its primary aim was to help organic chemists in identifying unknown organic molecules, by analyzing their mass spectra and using knowledge of chemistry. 2. MYCIN MYCIN is an early expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis and to recommend antibiotics, with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight. Its expertise lies in the domain of bacterial Infections. It was developed in MYCIN operated using a fairly simple inference engine, and a knowledge base of about 600 rules. It would query the physician running...
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...Expert Systems Hema Rohira IT-620-8035-Info Resource Management-01/2013 01/13/2013 Professor: Carol Farabee, Abstract Expert systems (ESs) are applications of artificial intelligence, that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. ESs are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, like an expert (Wikepedia). There are expert systems that can diagnose human illnesses, make financial forecasts, and schedule routes for delivery vehicles. Some expert systems are designed to take the place of human experts, while others are designed to aid them. The first ESs was the Logic Theorist developed in 1956 .In 1970s, with the introduction of two AI languages ,LISP and Prolog ,ESs were brought out of the lab in to the businesses. In the 1980s, expert systems proliferated as they were recognized as a practical tool for solving real-world problems. Universities offered expert system courses and two thirds of the Fortune 1000 companies applied the technology in daily business activities. [Durkin, J. Expert Systems: Catalog of Applications. Intelligent Computer Systems, Inc., Akron, OH, 1993.). To avoid re-inventing the wheel, expert system shells were created that had more specialized features for building large expert systems. ESs are ideal for domains that are well defined, in which there is a large corpus of human expertise and knowledge, yet the knowledge is mainly heuristic and uncertain. Although expert systems do not necessarily perform...
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...Table of Contents Introduction 3 Accommodation System 3 Identification and Literature Surveys 3 The need for the system 4 Aims and Benefits 4 Domain Expert and Users 5 Users 5 Knowledge Acquisition 5 Strategy 5 Process of acquiring knowledge 5 Problems and solutions 5 Solution 6 Evaluation of prototype don`t do 6 Expert opinion 6 Performance/Achievement 6 Further Improvement 6 Special features 8 Variable 8 Tags 9 References 11 Apendices 12 Program Code 12 User Manual 15 This software will ask you your name and then you continue being friends. 15 INTRODUCTION APIIT/UCTI ACCOMMODATION SYSTEM EXPERT T he system provides apartment type accommodation located close to the campus with full condominium facilities, which includes swimming pool, launderettes, clubhouses, restaurants, 24 hr security and etc. All units are furnished with basic amenities, including a living room set, dining room set, air conditioning, washing machine, kitchen and bedroom furniture. Internet Access and Satellite TV are complementary for Deluxe Accommodation. Student can also rent apartments at their own. Rental of a 3-bedroom furnished apartment unit at Vista Komanwel Apartments ranges from RM1, 500 to RM1, 800 per month. On a six-student per unit sharing basis, rental for each student ranges between RM 350 to RM 500 per...
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...sporturilor de iarna.Statiunile din zona maritima au fost clasificate dupa anumite caracteristici cum ar fi altitudine si servicii medicale(balneoclimaterice) . Tehnologii folosite CLIPS este un acronim pentru C Language Integrated Production System, o unealtă pentru construirea sistemelor expert dezvoltată de NASA în anii 1980. Sintaxa și numele au fost inspirate de OPS (sistem de producție oficial, în engleză Official Production System) creat de Charles Forgy. Primele versiuni de CLIPS au fost dezvoltate începând cu 1984 la NASA-Johnson Space Center (ca o alternativă la sistemul existent numit ART*Inference) până la începutul anilor 1990 când subvenția a încetat din cauza problemelor bugetului Federal, și a unui ordin conform căruia NASA trebuia să cumpere software comercial în loc să-l dezvolte. CLIPS este probabil cea mai folosită unealtă pentru sisteme expert deoarece este rapidă, eficientă și gratuită și incorporează un limbaj de programare complet orientat obiect. Cu toate că acum face parte din domeniul public, este încă actualizat și susținut de autorul original, Gary Riley. CLIPS incorporează un limbaj de programare orientat obiect numit COOL pentru a scrie sisteme expert. Cu toate că este...
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...INTELLIGENT EXPERT SYSTEM BIOMETRICS FOR ANTITERRORISM ABSTRACT: ‘Terrorism’ is one of the highly pronounced words nowadays. Hijacks are taking a lion’s share when we talk about terrorism. This is mainly due to the intrusion of the terrorists into a country by using fake passports or related forged documents. Our project is intended to minimize this to the maximum extent, using the help of biometrics. We have taken finger print and Iris scanning to implement this project, since these are the 2 highly distinguishing features which differentiate one human from another. It is planned to be implemented in two phases. 1.While applying for the passports 2.During the boarding of flights With proper implementation of these schemes, we can ensure that fake passports are not issued and illegally migrating people into the country can be prevented. Keywords: While applying for passport, while boarding flight, advantages, related works, process of Iris scanning and detection of criminals, process of Iris scanning while boarding flight( national or International), coding. PROPOSED SYSTEM: I.INTRODUCTION: Taking the help of Iris scanning and finger print scanning we have designed this project in order to prevent hijacks. It is planned to be implemented in two phases as mentioned earlier. II. WHILE APPLYING FOR THE PASSPORTS: While a person is applying for the passports. Finger prints are scanned. Besides that Iris of the person should also be scanned since...
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...Rule-based Expert Systems Artificial Intelligence Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Cheng Shiu University Outline * Problem solving * Knowledge based problem solving * Expert Systems * Expert System Development team * Structures of Rule-based ES * Reasoning * Examples of Rule-based ES * Advantages/Disadvantages of Rule-based ES Problem Solving Procedures * Defining and Representing the Problem * Descriptions of Problem Solving * Selecting Some Suitable Solving Methods * Finding Several Possible Solutions * Choosing One Feasible Solution to Make a Decision Defining and Representing the Problem * State space: The combination of the initial state and the set of operators make up the state space of the problem. * Initiate state: The original state of the problem. * Operators: used to modify the current state, thereby creating a new state. * Path: The sequence of states produced by the valid application of operators from an old state to a new state is called the path. * Goal state: A state fit to the searching objective is called the goal state. Knowledge representation * Represent and manipulate the domain knowledge * Knowledge Definition * Knowledge Storing * Knowledge Representation Knowledge Definition * “The fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association.” (Webster’s Dictionary, 1988)(Knowing something via seeing...
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...technology. Ex. Some of VR users develop cybersickness such as eyestrain and motion sickness * Another limitation is the cost of VR system Intelligent Agents They are growing in popularity as a way to use artificial intelligence routines in software to help users accomplish many kinds of tasks in e-business and e-commerce. They are software surrogate for an end user or a process that fulfills a stated need or activity. They are also called software robots or bots because of special purpose knowledge-based information systems that accomplished specific tasks for user They are growing rapidly as a way to simplify software use, search websites on the internet and corporate intranets, and help customers do comparison shopping among the many e-commerce sites on the web. They are becoming more necessary.Intelligent agents like those in Ask Jeeves help you find information in a variety of categories from many online sources Expert System It is a knowledge-based information system that uses in knowledge about specific, complex application area to act as an expert consultant to end users.It provides answers to questions in a very specific problem area by making humanlike inferences about knowledge contained in a specialized knowledge base.Knowledge base contains facts about a specific subject area and heuristics that express the reasoning procedures of an expert on the subject Methods of knowledge Representations * Case based reasoning – representing knowledge...
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...Executive Summary This report provides an overview of a hypothetical business process used in theDepartment of Foreign Affairs and Trade in providing assistance to Australianstravelling and living overseas.The potential uses of two Information Systems, an Office Information System and anExpert System, are presented. Andrew Cole ii CIS137208383 January 2011 Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ii 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade........................................................... 1 1.2. Organizational Structure .................................................................................... 1 2. Consular, Public Diplomacy and Parliamentary Affairs Division .......................... 2 2.1. Business Process .............................................................................................. 2 3. Office Information System ................................................................................... 3 3.1. Supporting Business Process ............................................................................ 3 3.2. Value Add .......................................................
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...Q1. Describe the Information Systems Requirements of the organization at three managerial levels. A1. Hierarchy @Managerial Levels Store Level (Operational) 1. Store Manager Managerial Level 1. DSM (District Sales managers) 2. RDO (Regional Directors of Operations) 3. Senior Regional Directors Strategic Level (or corporate) 1. Store Controllers 2. Vice President of Operations 3. Debbi (Owner) At the Store level, the store manager required: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Menu specific projections of achievable sales target for the day. Continuous review of projected sales as per customer count. Time clocks: How many batches to mix and when to mix them. Labor scheduler Inventory management: Computation of supply needed Interview scheduling & resume scanning Skill testing and electronic and voice communication with the HQ Sales recording At the Managerial Level 1. District Managers need lots of data about the sales, number of customers, their time of visit, and item-specific demand. The Info system needs to compile this data for the district managers. 2. Analysis tools: The Information systems needs to generate trends based on the data collected (as mentioned above). This is needed for setting quotas. 3. The information system should also be able to come up with store based predictions of future growth prediction which would assist the regional managers to devise appropriate marketing strategies. 4. It helped in calculating cash underages...
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...TASK 5 Databases a) A database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system. b) Databases are used by storing data so it can be quickly accessed, varied information could be kept about anything, from students to stock e.g. computers and equipment, you could use MS Access to make a Database, you can use queries to find things quickly. It would be best to create a database in MS access because things can be changed and added. For instance you could add a new field or put in some new data. It is also easy to use in MS Access because it sets it out as a table so it’s easy to edit and read. c) College could use this to keep records on all their students and teachers, they could have all personal details, like Phone numbers, address, and how well their doing in their course, it could keep track of all their absences. It could hold all information about people who are visiting the college, and when things are going to be organised like student days and open days. Internet a) The internet is a server where people can add web pages to show information; you need an internet connection to be able to access the internet. b) The internet is used for browsing web pages, I would use the internet for going on face book, but a business would use the internet for things like buying stock, or advertising there business to people, some business may also have their own website to advertise. A college may have a website to describe about all the different...
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...Since the 1970s,Transaction processing systems are already available and was already used by nearly all businesses. The development of transaction processing systems is pushed forward by the advent of the Internet which turned this system a booming software. We are all aware that the cost of buying and implementing the necessary software has dropped so much and is now very affordable to all. Most businesses can now apply the softwares profitably. Many transaction are now readily available and less time consuming. Anyone can now do banking from home, booking a holiday on the net, shopping and working from home are all now, and that was made possible by transaction processing. Transaction processing is actually a computer-based group of logical operations. Success of all the operations or failure of the operation as a group makes the transaction processing to work. For example if you are buying an item, the process of buying include paying the price from your account. That consists debiting your account according to the price of an item, and crediting your utility provider’s account. The system to be efficient it needs to pass the ACID test. Transactions are known as atomic, and that mean the transaction will either happen or not. If one account is debited, then another account has to be credited. For example for the transaction processing to work, both the debiting from your account and crediting to the provider’s account should be successful. Supposing your account was...
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...A Case for Expert Systems Abstract Recent advances in classical modalities and perfect information are generally at odds with 802.11 mesh networks. After years of unfortunate research into symmetric encryption, we show the evaluation of DHCP. Taille, our new system for modular modalities, is the solution to all of these challenges [1]. Table of Contents 1 Introduction The implications of extensible symmetries have been far-reaching and pervasive. In fact, few researchers would disagree with the investigation of neural networks, which embodies the extensive principles of robotics [1,2]. Despite the fact that such a claim at first glance seems counterintuitive, it is derived from known results. To what extent can forward-error correction be refined to accomplish this aim? We concentrate our efforts on arguing that sensor networks and telephony can connect to achieve this purpose. It should be noted that Taille is derived from the principles of operating systems. Indeed, hash tables and the producer-consumer problem have a long history of interacting in this manner. We view cyberinformatics as following a cycle of four phases: management, study, location, and exploration. Thus, we demonstrate that the famous modular algorithm for the evaluation of congestion control by Robinson et al. follows a Zipf-like distribution. Our contributions are as follows. We investigate how XML can be applied to the synthesis of multi-processors. We describe an analysis of Scheme...
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