...Theory and Uses and Gratification Theory. Hypodermic Needle Theory The "hypodermic needle theory" implied mass media had a direct, immediate and powerful effect on its audiences. The mass media in the 1940s and 1950s were perceived as a powerful influence on behavior change. The theory suggests that the mass media could influence a very large group of people directly and uniformly by ‘shooting’ or ‘injecting’ them with appropriate messages designed to trigger a desired response. Several factors contributed to this "strong effects" theory of communication, including: - the fast rise and popularization of radio and television - the emergence of the persuasion industries, such as advertising and propaganda - the Payne Fund studies of the 1930s, which focused on the impact of motion pictures on children, and - Hitler's monopolization of the mass media during WWII to unify the German public behind the Nazi party Uses and Gratification Theory explaining of media use Originated in the 1970s as a reaction to traditional mass communication research emphasizing the sender and the message. Stressing the active audience and user instead. Psychological orientation taking needs, motives and gratifications of media users as the main point of departure. Uses and gratification theory assumes an active audience, which chooses the text it consumes and where individuals have reasons for consuming these texts. Uses and gratifications theory attempts to explain the uses and functions...
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...on social and personal behavior. In the first section of this paper it examines the difficulty of interpersonal communication, that has been created by Social media, for Generation Y. Keller (2013) suggests that we are more social and more interactive with other but the style of communication has changed. This paper also looks at the ability to interact with anyone through different media sites. Cabral (2008) reports that younger generations are changing how the society communicates on many different levels. The last section of this paper examines the fulfillment without delay that Social media provides to Millennials. Alsop (2014) supports that social media supplies instant gratification whenever Millennials need it. Keywords: Social media, Interpersonal communication, Instant gratification The Effects of Social Media on Generation Y There are many influences that shape today’s Millennials lifestyles and behaviors. Families, friends, and environment are the main factors that shape a person as they grow, but today social media has begun to make its mark on Generation Y. From birth we are natives to the World Wide Web and are thrown into an environment that is full of constant communication. Computers, tablets, and smart-phones are part of everyday life and now our days are filled with sharing pictures, sending texts and hiding behind technology. Social media has created a lack of connection in the social and personal relationships of...
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...Product Analysis ii RMIT International University Vietnam Bachelor of Commerce Program Assignment Cover Page Your assessment will not be accepted unless all fields below are completed Subject Code: Subject Name: MKTG1253 Buyer Behaviour Location & Campus (SGS or HN) RMIT Vietnam SGS Title of Assignment: Product Analysis Student name: Nguyen Thi Thuy Huong Ta Trung Kien Huynh Bich Tram Truong Bao Tram Le Nguyen Hong Van Student Number: S3311318 S3259028 S3298222 S3298834 s3210260 Learning Facilitator in charge: Mr Mattia Miani Assignment due date: 22nd August 2011 Date of Submission: 22nd August 2011 Page numbers including this one: 32 Word Count: 3,048 (Main Content) iii Marked by Mr Mattia Semester 2, 2011 iv v Executive Summary As being aimed to demonstrate better understanding of buyer behaviour concepts and improve critical thinking by examining a real case of business, this report is written regarding a new brand in food and beverage market in Vietnam: BreadTalk bakery from Singapore. Through a brief overview of the company and Vietnamese market’s dimensions, the variety of used stimulus is presented with captured screenshots and pictures from both the origin country and Vietnam’s BreadTalk bakeries. The report afterward discusses the internal influences and culture values that are imperative affections of consumer behaviour, before gives some recommendations at the end. In the introduction, BreadTalk’s company overview, main competitors...
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...In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent, and the genital – is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive. Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in relation to any psychosexual developmental stage, he or she would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder.[1][2] Contents [hide] 1 Background 2 Freudian psychosexual development 2.1 Oral stage 2.2 Anal stage 2.3 Phallic stage 2.4 Latency stage 2.5 Genital stage 3 Criticisms 3.1 Scientific 3.2 Feminist 3.3 Anthropologic 4 Medical sexological model 5 See also 6 References Background[edit] The neurologist Sigmund Freud, c. 1921. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) observed that during the predictable stages of early childhood development, the child's behavior is oriented towards certain parts of his or her body, e.g. the mouth during breast-feeding, the anus during toilet-training. He argued that adult neurosis (functional mental disorder) often is rooted in childhood sexuality, and consequently suggested that neurotic adult behaviors are manifestations of childhood sexual fantasy and desire. That is because human beings are born "polymorphous perverse", infants...
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...There are many theories within the field of psychology that seek to explain and undestand why humans behave in certain ways, display certain actions, and have certain motives. Personality theories are theories that have been developed to understand human personality and behavior. Psychodynamic personality theories are a specific group of theories. They are different from other psychological principles because they basicaly ignore the “science” or biological and physiological aspects that are generally focused upon in other disciplines. They depend rather on environmental, social, and interpersonal relationships asd the basis to this field of study. Two of the most influential theories were developed by psychologists many years ago. The two theories that I chose are Sullivan’s Interpsonal Social Theory and Jung’s Analytical Theory. This paper will anazlyze the strengths and limitations of the two theories, as well as compare and constrast them in relatinoship to their basic underlying assumptions, deterministic versus free will, and awareness of self, or concious vs unconcsious motives for behavior. Henry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949) proposed his Interpersonal Theory as it relates to personality. He has also been considered the father of interpersonal psychiatry. His theory explains the role of interpsonal relationships and experiences in society as the defining catalyst in forming personality. He felt that life events, situations, and relationships are the major things that affect...
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...your "I won't" power should be strengthened inorder to overcome your resisting impulses. Your "I will" power will be your motivation as to what do you want to be in the future. It will give you a sense to see your future self. Willpower is something you need if you really want something to change in your life even if you have to go through things that you're not interested. Instead of thinking of the things that you will go through towards your goal, you'll focus yourself on the bigger picture on what you will become when you achieve your ultimate goal. B. Article – “Academic Delay of Gratification, Motivation, and Self-regulated Learning Strategies”* This article is about the benefits of delay of gratification in your educational assignments. Most people wants or expects the results right away. Some students tend to stay on their task than to look for alternatives. Their decisions are mostly based on their emotional response to a task. For example, when a person gets a job, his focus is on buying a new house, a new car, or other wants. He wants to invest on everything but if you ask about retirement, he might be thinking twice. He might consider the number of years until he will retire. He wants immediate gratification. But he never saw the...
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...Examining class differences in achievement (1) external factors a) Explain briefly what is meant by the term ‘elaborated speech code’. (2 marks) The term ‘elaborated speech code’ refers to the language used by the middle class. It has longer, grammatically correct sentences and a wide vocabulary. It is a varied type of speech and may can communicate abstract ideas, in addition to this it is context free. b) Identify three policies that governments have introduced to compensate for material and cultural disadvantage, apart from education priority areas. (6 marks) Firstly, one policy is Operation Head which is a multi-billion dollar scheme in the USA, its aim was planned enrichment of the deprived child’s environment in order to motivate them and help them to develop learning skills, the well-known television programme Sesame Street was part of Operation Head Start and it provided means of reaching young children and transmitting values and attitudes needed for educational success. Secondly there is the United Kingdom version of Operation Head Start, called Sure Start. Sure Start is a nationwide programme aimed at pre-school children and their parents. However, unlike Operation Head Start it also has non-educational goals, like improving the child’s health. Sure Start promotes physical, intellectual and social development so that they can flourish and be educational successes in the future. Finally, there are EAZs (Education Action Zones) There can be many zones in a community;...
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...Psychological theories of crime rely on cognitive thinking or the process of decision-making to explain why individuals choose to commit crime. This is done through observation of the criminal behaviour or through prediction. According to Eysenck’s Theory of Criminal Personality, criminality is a normal and natural choice aimed at enhancing the pleasure of the offender or reducing the pain of the offender. This can be attributed to Bundy’s criminality where he chooses to commit crime, targeting women in order to enjoy the psychological satisfaction and pleasure gained from crime committal. Eysenck and Gudjonsson (1989) argue that hedonistic tendency to commit crime is controlled by the individual’s conscience where introverted people are sensitive and cannot take a limited number of stimuli while extroverted individuals enjoy a large number of stimuli. Crime is therefore an interaction between the environmental conditions and inherited nervous system features and although criminal behaviour is not an inherited trait, certain characteristics inherited make social expectations more difficult to achieve and therefore offer a fertile ground for an individual to commit crime in order to achieve these expectations. Eysenck’s theory links criminal behaviour to socialization process and perceives criminal behaviour as developmentally immature because it is selfish and only concerned with immediate gratification (Eysenck and Gudjonsson. 1989). This is evident in Bundy’s behaviour where he enjoys...
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...According to Morris and Maisto (1998), the psychoanalytic theory begins with Freud’s discovery of the unconscious-all the ideas, thoughts and feelings of which an individual is not normally aware of. These ideas of Freud form the basis of psychoanalysis, a term that encompasses both his theory of personality and the form of therapy he invented. Morris and Maisto further explain that according to Freud, human behavior is based on unconscious instincts or drives and that some instinct are aggressive and destructive which he called thanatos and others such as hunger, thirst self preservation and sex which he called libido are necessary to the survival of a species. However, it is important to understand that Freud used the term sexual instincts to refer to not only erotic sexuality but also to the desire for virtually any form of pleasure. Thus in this broad sense Freud regarded the sexual instinct as the most critical fact in the development of personality. Holland (1995) explains further that Freud upon emphasizing the unconscious divided the mind into three parts, the conscious, preconscious and the unconscious. The conscious mind is what an individual is aware of at any particular moment, their present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies and feelings. The second, working closely with the conscious mind is what Freud called the preconscious, what is today called "available memory" that is anything that can easily be made conscious. Consequently, this leaves the unconscious...
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...BUS 282 - Personal Finance Final Project – Creating a Personal Financial Plan Your final project will integrate what you have learned throughout the course into the core elements of a financial plan. Although not comprehensive, and in fact only the beginning of what should be a living document, this project will allow you time to organize and reflect on key areas of personal finances that you will need to address throughout your financial life cycle. Assignment Requirements: * Using the following prompts, please develop a narrative explaining how you can integrate the content covered in this course into your personal financial plan. * Draft your response in MS Word, using 12-point, Times New-Roman font, double-spaced, 1-inch margins. * Provide a cover page with your name, class, assignment title, and date. * Number all pages. * Provide headings for all topics covered in your plan for easy navigation (heading outline provided below). * As always, carefully proofread and spell check before submitting your final draft. * I DO NOT GRADE ON QUANTITY BUT RATHER QUALITY OF WORK. Nevertheless; this is you FINAL PROJECT (worth 15% of your total class grade) and all points must be THOUROUGHLY addressed. * If you have questions, do not hesitate to ask me. Please use the following prompts as the headings for your financial plan: Part 1 – 10% -Overview: Review exhibit 1-1 in your textbook (page 5) and describe your life stage. In addition...
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...THE RESERACHERS MAY BE USED MORE THAN ONCE, AND ALL ARE USED AT LEAST ONCE. |SCHOOL IS A BRIDGE BETWEEN THE PARTICULARISM OF THE FAMILY AND THE UNIVERSALISM OF WIDER SOCIETY | | |PROVIDED IMPORTANT EVIDENCE OF THE SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY | | |EDUCATION IS AN IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUS | | |EACH SOCIAL CLASS POSSESSES ITS OWN SET OF CULTURAL IDEAS CALLED A HABITUS | | |IMMEDIATE GRATIFICATION, FATALISM AND COLLECTIVISM HELP TO EXPLAIN WORKING-CLASS UNDERACHIEVEMENT | | |THERE IS NO CULTURAL DEPRIVATION, MERELY A CULTURAL DIFFERENCE | | |SCHOOLING OPERATES IN THE LONG SHADOW OF WORK | | |SCHOOL IS A SOCIETY IN MINIATURE | | |TOP-STREAM STUDENTS ARE ‘WARMED UP’ AND BOTTOM-STREAM STUDENTS ARE ‘COOLED OUT’ | ...
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...holding their hand in icy water. As the hand gets colder and less comfortable, the urge to pull it out mounts. People with 'normal' self-control are able to hold their hand in longer, typically for a minute or so. Deep urgesA significant part of our inner system of motivation are deep urges that we have inherited from our evolutionary past. They pressure us into actions that perhaps we would rather not take. This has led to a need for self-control where we know that simply giving in to these urges may give short-term gratification but which would damage us in the longer-term. Higher goalsAs well as the basic animal urges, we have higher goals that we consciously create by observing, experiencing and thinking about the world around us. Maslow's hierarchy of needs explains how we seek higher and higher goals until we become what we are capable of becoming. In this way we set career goals, seek to be admired by others, want our children to succeed and so on. These goals are often set far out into the future, unlike the needs that are driven by more immediate urges which can easily damage our chances...
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...Outline some of the ways in which material deprivation may affect educational achievement amongst the different social class groups. (12 marks) Despite brilliant improvements within the educational system and level of the nation as a whole, social class differences still continue to exist, as middle class pupils tend to achieve higher academically than working class pupils. This is due to many external factors (these are factors outside of the educational system, e.g. influences from home and the family background as well as cultural deprivation etc) but also internal factors (these are factors within schools and the educational systems, such as the relationship between teachers and pupils). In this essay I intend to explain the ways in which material deprivation can affect the educational achievement between different social classes. Material deprivation, an external factor refers to poverty and a lack of resources to succeed in education, such as; books, internet and adequate housing etc. It is the working class families who have a low income and inadequate housing that affects how a child does in their education. There are 3 features within material deprivation; 1) housing- working class families are more likely to live in poor housing with overcrowding, which means a lack of personal space that can lead to illnesses to spread within the house quicker meaning children are ill more often and taking time off school, resulting in underachievement. 2) Diet and health-...
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...In this essay, the view that social class differences in educational underachievement are the result of school processes such as labelling will be assessed. Internal and external factors will be assessed with the use of researchers such as: Bernstein, Bereiter & Engelmann, Keddie and Howard. Internal factors such as labelling have been shown to effect education achievement. To label someone is to attach a meaning or definition to them. Becker carried out a study on labelling on 60 Chicago high school teachers, and found that they judged pupils according to how closely they fit an image of the ideal pupil. The pupils work, conduct, and appearance were key factors to the teachers’ judgements. Becker found that middle class children were closer to the image of the ideal pupil whereas the working class children were furthest away and seen as badly behaved. Cicourel & Kituse’s study of educational counsellors in an American high school shows how this labelling can disadvantage working class student. They found that the way in which counsellors would assess the student’s suitability for courses. They judged students on the basis of their class and/or race. Where students would have the same grades, they work more likely to label middle class pupils as having college potential and to place them on higher level courses. Rist did a study on an American kindergarten and found that the teachers used information about the children’s home, background and appearance to place them...
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...Brandon Gallo PSY 202 Extra Credit Paper “Dark Knight” was a smash hit for it’s fame, explosions, and chase scenes, but what really had me on the edge of my seat was perhaps the most riveting villain I had ever seen. The Joker. The Joker is a mob-backed terrorist with suicidal tendencies and According to the DSM, the joker would be given the diagnoses of Antisocial personality disorder. He is not reasonable, he’s not afraid of anything, and the last thing he cares about in the world is himself. As Alfred explained to Bruce, “Some men just want to watch the world burn Individuals with an Antisocial Personality Disorder show a lack of concern toward the expectations and rules of society and usually frequently become involved in at least minor violations of the rules of society and the rights of others. A popular term for this type of individual is “sociopath”. Although the diagnosis is limited to those persons over eighteen years of age, it usually involves a history of antisocial behavior before the age of fifteen. The individual often displays a pattern of lying, truancy, delinquency, substance abuse, running away from home and may have difficulty with the law. As an adult, the person often commits acts that are against the law and/or fails to live up to the requirements of a job, financial responsibility, or parenting responsibilities. They tend to have difficulty sustaining a long term marital relationship and frequently are involved in alcohol and drug abuse....
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