...skull and had to be released, if headache relief was to result. In the seventeenth century, it was suggested by Willis that the head pain of 'megrim' or migraine resulted from the swelling of blood vessels within the head. Interestingly, this explanation of blood vessel swelling is close to the belief today that such swelling is involved in migraine headaches (Edmeads, 1997). At the turn of the twentieth century, Sir William Osler proposed that headaches were due to 'muscular rheumatism' of the head. This was probably the first suggestion that muscle abnormalities might be involved. During the 1940s, Wolff carried out a series of experiments that showed that involuntary contraction of scalp and neck muscles could result in headache development. Other causes have been suggested; these were more serious than muscle dysfunction and would evidently require other medical interventions (Solomon, 1993). In the worldwide view, headache can be such a big health problem as evidenced by the establishment of the World Headache Alliance in 1997. The organization exists to alleviate the burden of headache worldwide, in particular, by sharing information among headache organizations and by increasing the awareness and understanding of headache as a public health concern with profound social and economic impact. Worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), migraine alone is 19th among all causes of years lived with disability (YLDs). Headache disorders impose recognizable burden...
Words: 9807 - Pages: 40
...1) Using the full spectrum of segmentation variables, describe how Sports England has segmented the sports market? In order to understand the British people’s attitudes and motivations about sports, Sport England has built 19 sporting segments all around the United Kingdom to target its customers in the sports market. In the segmentation process Sport England worked closely with Experian Business Strategies consulting group. Sport England along with the help of the Experian Group analysed data of the English people aged 18 and older. They collected and collated information about specific sports involvement; desire to do sports and the obstacles they faced in doing sports. The analysis further included the collection of data on media consumption and communication channels, social capital, health indicators, and involvement in wider cultural activities. Sport England completed this survey with the collaboration of Action People Survey. This was one of the largest ever sports survey conducted and carried out in Europe by the company. The survey provided Sport England with the levels of participation of people in different groups in the community specifically. The company had designed the questionnaire to find out and analyze the broad range of demographic information, such as people’s genders, social classes, ethnicity, household structures, ages and disabilities. Their survey also included how involved people in each segment were in other recreational activities....
Words: 1344 - Pages: 6
...Task 2: Describe conditions that affect the behaviour of children AO2 Childhood Stress and Anxiety What is stress and anxiety? Both adults and children can suffer from stress and anxiety. It is important to remember that just because someone may be small or young it doesn’t mean that they don’t have the same feeling as adults do. Children can experience all sorts of strong feelings about what is happening to them. Therefore it is natural for some children to suffer from anxiety and stress. Young children will be experiencing a lot of new things in their lives such as leaving their parents for the first time, starting nursery and school, having to make new friends, being in new environments, learning to trust people who aren’t their parents, learning new skills such as speaking, walking and toilet training. These can all become stressful times for children. In some circumstances it can be made even worse by having parents who are arguing or going through a divorce. This can cause a lot of stress on the child and the parents may not even know the true affect that the circumstances are having on the child. Also a death of a family member or friend can cause a lot of stress on a child. When someone is stressed then this can also lead to having anxiety problems as well. This means that when someone is stressed they may have feelings of anxiety. Anxiety is defined as ‘apprehension without apparent cause’ this means that anxiety can occur even when there is no immediate threat...
Words: 6190 - Pages: 25
...STRESS MANAGEMENT CHAPTER OBJECTIVES: TO UNDERSTAND • The role of Stress in Employee Health • Extreme forms of Stress Reactions • Causes and symptoms of Stress • Organizational Effects of Stress • Actions that may Prevent or Reduce Stress • Different Counseling Functions • Three types of Counseling and Their Usefulness Coping with Stress People have many sources of stress: school, jobs, relationships, money (the lack of it), etc. Perhaps there is no more important topic than how one can handle or cope with stress. This module hopes to offer some practical advice on how to understand and manage one's stress. Some important questions to ask yourself prior to starting this unit are: • What are the main stresses in my life right now? • Are these stresses caused by people or things? • How have you attempted to manage these stresses? By avoiding them? By confronting them? • Using substances? • Have you ever given any thought to developing several, positive methods for stress management that could be effectively and safely used when the need arises? What is Stress? Stress is commonplace in the lives of college students. Learning to deal with stress means learning to understand what stress is, identifying common sources, and then practicing some method of stress reduction on a regular basis. Everyone has some method(s) for dealing with stress. Sometimes the methods we use for dealing with stress are productive: meditation, exercise, and listening...
Words: 8649 - Pages: 35
...DO NOT delegate what you can EAT! E - evaluate A - assess T - teach addisons= down, down down up down cushings= up up up down up addisons= hyponatremia, hypotension, decreased blood vol, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia cushings= hypernatremia, hypertension, incrased blood vol, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia No Pee, no K (do not give potassium without adequate urine output) EleVate Veins; dAngle Arteries for better perfusion A= appearance (color all pink, pink and blue, blue [pale]) P= pulse (>100, < 100, absent) G= grimace (cough, grimace, no response) A= activity (flexed, flaccid, limp) R= respirations (strong cry, weak cry, absent) TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS: AIRBORNE My - Measles Chicken - Chicken Pox/Varicella Hez - Herpez Zoster/Shingles TB or remember... MTV=Airborne Measles TB Varicella-Chicken Pox/Herpes Zoster-Shingles Private Room - negative pressure with 6-12 air exchanges/hr Mask, N95 for TB DROPLET think of SPIDERMAN! S - sepsis S - scarlet fever S - streptococcal pharyngitis P - parvovirus B19 P - pneumonia P - pertussis I - influenza D - diptheria (pharyngeal) E - epiglottitis R - rubella M - mumps M - meningitis M - mycoplasma or meningeal pneumonia An - Adenovirus Private Room or cohort Mask 1 CONTACT PRECAUTION MRS.WEE M - multidrug resistant organism R - respiratory infection S - skin infections * W - wound infxn E - enteric infxn - clostridium difficile E - eye infxn - conjunctivitis SKIN INFECTIONS VCHIPS ...
Words: 7137 - Pages: 29
...DO NOT delegate what you can EAT! E - evaluate A - assess T - teach addisons= down, down down up down cushings= up up up down up addisons= hyponatremia, hypotension, decreased blood vol, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia cushings= hypernatremia, hypertension, incrased blood vol, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia No Pee, no K (do not give potassium without adequate urine output) EleVate Veins; dAngle Arteries for better perfusion A= appearance (color all pink, pink and blue, blue [pale]) P= pulse (>100, < 100, absent) G= grimace (cough, grimace, no response) A= activity (flexed, flaccid, limp) R= respirations (strong cry, weak cry, absent) TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS: AIRBORNE My - Measles Chicken - Chicken Pox/Varicella Hez - Herpez Zoster/Shingles TB or remember... MTV=Airborne Measles TB Varicella-Chicken Pox/Herpes Zoster-Shingles Private Room - negative pressure with 6-12 air exchanges/hr Mask, N95 for TB DROPLET think of SPIDERMAN! S - sepsis S - scarlet fever S - streptococcal pharyngitis P - parvovirus B19 P - pneumonia P - pertussis I - influenza D - diptheria (pharyngeal) E - epiglottitis R - rubella M - mumps M - meningitis M - mycoplasma or meningeal pneumonia An - Adenovirus Private Room or cohort Mask 1 CONTACT PRECAUTION MRS.WEE M - multidrug resistant organism R - respiratory infection S - skin infections * W - wound infxn E - enteric infxn - clostridium difficile E - eye infxn - conjunctivitis SKIN INFECTIONS VCHIPS V - varicella zoster C - cutaneous diphtheria H -...
Words: 7137 - Pages: 29
...INTRODUCTION There is thinking about topic of masturbation. Furthermore, there is question like, “Is there such thing as masturbation?” Masturbation will lead to negative thinking when people heard about it. Masturbation was often related to taboos for some cultures, beliefs and religions. People believe and used to assumed masturbation as unhealthy behavior and might harm the person that act it out. Indeed, the assumption was totally wrong. The impact of masturbation can only be identified depending on various factors that effecting and affecting. Cited in the classical article on the theology of masturbation, Father Jos. Farraher, S.J., describes masturbation as “the stimulation of the external sexual organs to a point of climax or orgasm by oneself, by movements of the hand or other physical contacts or by sexually stimulating pictures or imaginations (psychic masturbation) or by a combination of physical and psychical stimulation."2 In a broader sense this includes mutual masturbation in which persons touch one another's genitalia”. (John F. Harvey) It means that masturbation is sex pleasure for one person only. It may or may not include the stroking of genitals and also orgasm. An individual could also masturbate with partners or so-called as ‘mutual masturbation’. Other terms to describe masturbation are ‘onanism’ and ‘self- pleasure’. Also, referring to Better Health Channel, “masturbation means touching and rubbing your penis or clitoris and breasts for sexual pleasure...
Words: 5096 - Pages: 21
...C H A P T E R 7 Work-Related Stress and Stress Management Learning Objectives AFTER READING THIS CHAPTER , YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO : I Define stress and describe the stress experience. I Outline the stress process from stressors to consequences. I Identify the different types of stressors in the workplace. I Explain why a stressor might produce different stress levels in two people. I Discuss the physiological, psychological, and behavioural effects of stress. I Identify five ways to manage workplace stress. S ylvia Noreen thought that working at a small hospital in Prince Edward Island would reduce the stress she had experienced as a nurse in Ontario for 17 years. Instead, she discovered that Stewart Memorial Hospital nurses in Tyne Valley also experience unacceptable stress levels due to budget cuts and staff shortages. “There can be a lot of demands made on you,” says Noreen. “The workload can get quite strenuous at times.” With no vacations during her first year at Stewart, Noreen’s scheduled days off were precious time to recharge her batteries. Unfortunately, those moments were fewer than she had hoped. “We’re faced with being called back on our days off,” Noreen says. “It is trying at times.” Canadian nurses and other health care workers are feeling some of the highest levels of stress and burnout of any occupation across the country. With Montreal-area emergency rooms filled to 167 percent, nurses at St. Luc Hospital in Montreal recently...
Words: 16294 - Pages: 66
...Cyberbullying and How Internet Privacy is Involved Abstract This paper is going to be about how cyberbullying and internet privacy go hand-in-hand with each other. Cyberbullying is the use of electronic communication, like the internet and social media websites and cell phones, to bully a person, usually sending hurtful or embarrassing messages to them (Helen Cowie, 2013). Many of the articles that are going to be using for this paper talk about the different ways cyberbullying affects teens and young adults and also how internet privacy plays a role in cyberbullying. There is an article from Bob Sullivan (2013) that talks about how internet privacy is a complicated issue and there are criminals who break into websites to steal personal information. Since people can get someone else’s personal information, that makes it easier for a cyberbully to create a fake profile on a social media site, and make fun of and belittle someone else. Keywords: Cyberbullying, electronic communication, Cyberbullying and How Internet Privacy is Involved Traditional face-to-face bullying has been identified as a risk factor for the social and emotional adjustment of perpetrators, targets, and bully victims during childhood and adolescence. Bullies have now found a new way to reach their targets, by cyberbullying. They now can go on the internet and social media websites or use their cell phone. With the bully being able to do this they have the power to reach their targets at any time...
Words: 2676 - Pages: 11
...Health & Clinical Psychology Healthy Living Stress Dysfunctional Behaviour Disorders [pic] [pic] [pic] Contents • Objectives for the Health and Clinical Psychology module 6 • What is Health Psychology? Careers in Health Psychology 7 • Unit G543: Health and Clinical Psychology 8 • Exemplar exam paper 9 PART A – INFORMATION TO HELP EVALUATE STUDIES • Evaluation sheet for the theories/studies of Health Psychology 10 • Guide for answering part A & part B exam questions 11 PART B – HEALTHY LIVING • Introduction to Healthy Living 14 • Theories of Health Belief 17 • Compliance with a Medical Regime for Asthma (Becker 1978) 18 • Internal versus External Locus of Control (Rotter 1966) 21 • Analysis of Self-Efficacy Theory of Behavioural Change (Bandura and Adams 1977) 23 • Summary of the health belief theories 26 • Comprehension questions for theories of health belief 27 • Part A exam question 28 • Part B exam question 29 • Evaluation sheet of health belief theories/studies 30 Introduction to Health Promotion 31 • Theories of Health Promotion • Chip pan fire prevention (Cowpe 1983) 32 • Legislation-Bicycle helmet laws and educational campaigns (Dannenberg et al. 1993) 34 • Effects of Fear arousal (Janis & Feshbeck 1953) 37 • Summary of the health...
Words: 32290 - Pages: 130
...Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the study: We are the student of BBA program in East West University, as a part of ‘classroom teaching’ of course ‘Organizational Behavior’, sec-5, has been highly encouraged to prepare a term paper on the topic – “Type A Type A Personality and Occupation Stress” – A study on United Commercial Bank Ltd (UCBL)’’. Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within an organization. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication, and management; and it complements the academic studies of organizational theory (which is more macro-level) and human resource studies (which is more applied and business-related). It may also be referred to as organizational studies or organizational science. The field has its roots in industrial and organizational psychology. The main reasons for studying organizational behavior is that most of us work in organizations, so we need to understand, predict, and influence the behaviors of others in organizational settings. Marketing students learn marketing concepts, and computer science students learn about circuitry and software code. But all of us need organizational behavior knowledge to address the people issues when trying to apply marketing, computer science, and other ideas. 1.2 Objectives of the Study: We the students of this university are very lucky for getting the chance to...
Words: 8205 - Pages: 33
...becomes more and more serious, violent games without close control from the government and families is one of the main reasons. Just because of a small contradiction, students can go straight to a fight, acting like some gangsters, and in the worst case, deathly accidents happen. Do violent games lead to violent behaviors? Do they have bad effects on children and society? Many people nowadays would reject those questions and provide various reasons to prove that violent games are good in general. If we take a look on both sides of the problem, video games are great products of entertainment technology that can bring some good effects, but in most of the cases, the bad effects infringe the good effects, especially for violent games, and that’s why we should limit children playing those by banning violent games for all minors in all states. Video games are great products of entertainment technology that can bring some good effects. After six long researches, a group of American scientists announced on Nature Reviews Neuroscience magazine that video games can create some positive influences on children’s social behaviors, increase particular skills for people. They can also become educational tools with images, or create positive...
Words: 2843 - Pages: 12
...1.1 Background of the study We are assigned to prepare a term paper on “Type A personality and occupational stress” to fulfill our MGT 251 course requirement. We include 10 respondents personality of Bank Asia Limited and find out the relation among personality, stress and job performance. In working environment there may be various job related stress. Personality affects the stress. Because the ability of adopt with the level of stress depends on the Type of Personality. And the level of stress affects the employee’s performance. 1.2 Objective of the study The objective of the study is to determine the personality and level of job stress experienced by the employees of Bank Asia Limited. We find out whether there is a significant difference in term of the occupational stress level experienced by the Type A personality employees. We also try to develop a new stress model and show the relationship among occupational stress, personality and performance. 1.3 Methodology of the study To prepare our term paper we have gathered information through both of primary and secondary resources. We have visited the selected organization to take information from the personnel of Bank Asia Limited.. Also collected data and necessary information by interviewing officials .The information has been gathered from the internet and different books about the topic for theoretical part. 1.4 Scope of the study The scope of the study is limited within banking sector in Bangladesh...
Words: 7087 - Pages: 29
...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION THE PROBLEM Nursing school is an exciting, challenging adventure that will demand much of nursing students in terms of time and energy. Because nursing is a discipline comprising knowledge from many related fields, student nurse will be asked to learn to think critically, synthesize information, and then apply it to situations involving live people. (Dewit, 2003) A student may face many challenges and stressors. However, nursing students are likely to experience even “more stress” than their friends and colleagues enrolled in other programs. To support this statement, a study comparing the stress levels of various professional students found that nursing students experience higher levels of stress than medical, social work and pharmacy students (Beck, et al.1997). Even more poignant, another study showed that “one third” of nursing students experience stress severe enough to induce mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. (Pryjmachuk, 2004). One source of stress of nursing students is their Learning Experience. The related learning experience is a series of planned activities in the community that would prepare students technically and professionally should they decide to pursue higher education in the health profession. Specifically, in a selected College of nursing, BSN students spend a maximum of 24 hours a week for their duty wherein they engage in activities such as nurse-patient interaction, nursing procedures...
Words: 13763 - Pages: 56
...SITUATION : Arthur, A registered nurse, witnessed an old woman hit by a motorcycle while crossing a train railway. The old woman fell at the railway. Arthur rushed at the scene. 1. As a registered nurse, Arthur knew that the first thing that he will do at the scene is A. Stay with the person, Encourage her to remain still and Immobilize the leg while While waiting for the ambulance. B. Leave the person for a few moments to call for help. C. Reduce the fracture manually. D. Move the person to a safer place. 2. Arthur suspects a hip fracture when he noticed that the old woman’s leg is A. Lengthened, Abducted and Internally Rotated. B. Shortened, Abducted and Externally Rotated. C. Shortened, Adducted and Internally Rotated. D. Shortened, Adducted and Externally Rotated. 3. The old woman complains of pain. John noticed that the knee is reddened, warm to touch and swollen. John interprets that this signs and symptoms are likely related to A. Infection B. Thrombophlebitis C. Inflammation D. Degenerative disease 4. The old woman told John that she has osteoporosis; Arthur knew that all of the following factors would contribute to osteoporosis except A. Hypothyroidism B. End stage renal disease C. Cushing’s Disease D. Taking Furosemide and Phenytoin. 5. Martha, The old woman was now Immobilized and brought to the emergency room. The X-ray shows a fractured femur and pelvis. The ER Nurse would carefully monitor Martha for which of the following...
Words: 53501 - Pages: 215
