...problem) Global warming Main types of pollution Preservation of trees Animal experimentation Disagreement • Business Utilitarianism Anthropocentric ethics Kantian theory Counterargument Agreement To future generation Giving a great habitat to animals Biocentric ethics Ecocentric ethics Conclusion We live with the world Introduction: Since the environment problem has taken attention in today's society, there have been number of opinions about our obligations with nature. Some people claim that human has the right to act and that nature is here just to satisfy human desires and needs. In the other hand, there is a group of people who state that this argument sound egoist because we are not the only species living in this world and we should share this earth with species. “Individuals can not be used as merely as a means to the end- there are ends in themselves” Kant basic ideas here are that persons have the position to make rational choice about their own lives. They have moral autonomy and fee will. This fact about person confers dignity upon them. They command respect. To treat people as a mean to some other end, be it own welfare or that of others, it is fail to respect their dignity” (Jhon O'Neill, 2008, p. 34) We can clearly see that Kant draws a distinction between person and thing. There is not point to argue Kant Theory since we draw our attention of how important is the use of natural resources for human being...
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...Animal Testing: A Reasonable Stance Animals can give us love and happiness when we are caring for them as pets, but what else can animals give us? Over the past century animals have also given us vaccines, drugs, and more that have kept our society healthy and safe from deadly infections, all due to animal testing. But are the welfare of animals something that should be risked to make our lives better? The issue of animal testing has caused an ongoing battle in our society that deals with both science and animal rights. There are those who favor it because it is allows for scientific progress, and there are those who oppose it because it is the ethically right thing to do. Both sides have valid arguments, which most people choose to side with one or the other. With a better understanding of each side of the issue, animal testing, we can conceive a credible truth. The complex issue of animal testing is one that should not be researched in a bias way. One must explore both and all sides of the argument to come to a valid conclusion. While I have yet to find a piece of writing that equally argues both sides of animal testing, the combined research I have done on both sides of the spectrum allows for a solid foundation for this discussion. These two stances on animal testing are opposite not only in position on the issue, but also in reasoning. The side for animal testing is reasoning on the means of science and research used to develop new medical treatment, while the side against...
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...I. THE THEORY OF THE IDEAS AND PLATO’S ONTOLOGY I. 1. The ontological dualism The theory of the Ideas is the base of Plato’s philosophy: the Ideas are not only the real objects ontologically speaking, but they are the authentically objects of knowledge epistemologically speaking. From the point of view of ethics and politics, they are the foundation of the right behaviour, and anthropologically speaking they are the base of Plato’s dualism and they even allow him demonstrate the immortality of the soul. Plato defends a clear ontological dualism in which there are two types of realities or worlds: the sensible world and the intelligible world or, as he calls it, the world of the Ideas. The Sensible World is the world of individual realities, and so is multiple and constantly changing, is the world of generation and destruction; is the realm of the sensible, material, temporal and space things. On the contrary, the Intelligible World is the world of the universal, eternal and invisible realities called Ideas (or "Forms"), which are immutable and do not change because they are not material, temporal or space. Ideas can be understood and known; they are the authentic reality. The Ideas or Forms are not just concepts or psychic events of our minds; they do exist as objective and independent beings out of our consciences. They are also the origin of sensible things, but although they are the authentic beings, Plato, unlike Parmenides of Elea, do not completely...
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...0736 Date of Submission: 03 / 16 / 2014 Title of Assignment: Legal, Ethical & Social Values on Having Animals In Captivity CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP: I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledge and disclosed in the paper. I have also cited any sources from which I used data, ideas of words, whether quoted directly or paraphrased. I also certify that this paper was prepared by me specifically for this course. Student Signature: ___________________________ ******************************************* Instructor’s Grade on Assignment: Instructor’s Comments: I. Introduction II. Legal Section A. Licensing Requirements B. Accommodation C. Nutrition D. Sanitation and Disease Control E. Veterinary Care F. General Welfare G. Safety and Security H. Operations III. Ethics Section A. Utilitarian Ethical Analysis B. Kantian Ethical Analysis C. Aristotelian Ethical Analysis IV. Social Responsibility Section V. Conclusion VI. References ABSTRACT Animals are one of the most important things in my life, I have dedicated and I will dedicate my life to animals. This is why this paper is so important for me, but I am sure it is also same as important to the world. Now a days Animals in captivity is something that people is staring at more, they are starting to realize that there is nothing moral or ethical...
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...Edexcel GCE Biology Advanced Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination June 2010 Scientific Article for use with Question 7 Do not return the Insert with the question paper. Paper Reference 6BI05/01 Turn over N37096A ©2010 Edexcel Limited. 1/1/1/1/1/ *N37096A* Scientific Article for use with Question 7 It’s All in the Mind The link between the brain as a physical organ and what we feel in our conscious mind has long been the subject of research, particularly where we appear to be unable to control aspects of mood or behaviour and where normal life is affected. Stress, pain and depression can be explained in terms of nerve impulses and brain chemistry, and the causes of Parkinson’s disease are well understood, but finding reliable ways of correcting problems has proved elusive. Understanding more about how the brain works may well lead to new methods for treating such problems. Dancing Worms and Deep Depression In a laboratory in Germany, a tiny worm dances to flashes of light. A flash of yellow and it darts forward. A flash of blue and it jerks back. Yellow, forward, blue, back – right on cue every time. The worm is not a toy or a robot but a living creature. It has been engineered so that its nerves and muscles can be controlled with light. With each flash of blue its neurons fire electric pulses, causing the muscles they control to clench. A flash of yellow stops the nerves firing, relaxing the worm’s muscles and lengthening its body once again. The worm is in the vanguard...
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...of its use as a herb drug. The argument in the modern medicine is the balance between the benefits of marijuana and the health risk it has to the user(Owen, Sutter, and Albertson). In America, 23 states and Washington Dc has legalized the usage of smoked marijuana in variety of medical conditions. The federal is still clear, that the use of marijuana is illegal. According to the Director National Institute of Drug Abuse, the call for the legalization and the acceptance of usage of marijuana as a recreational drug is evident and there need for people to have enough information on both its adverse health effect and possible medicinal benefits .I feel that, marijuana medicine should not be legalized until is proven to be safe and reliable(Lynne-Landsman, Livingston, and Wagenaar ,16). In this essay explain the adverse effect of marijuana to support my position. Then I will discuss...
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...percentage of their income on food than any people in history—slightly less than 10 percent—and a smaller amount of their time preparing it: a mere thirty-one minutes a day on average, including clean-up. The supermarkets brim with produce summoned from every corner of the globe, a steady stream of novel food products (17,000 new ones each year) crowds the middle aisles, and in the freezer case you can find “home meal replacements” in every conceivable ethnic stripe, demanding nothing more of the eater than opening the package and waiting for the microwave to chirp. Considered in the long sweep of human history, in which getting food dominated not just daily life but economic and political life as well, having to worry about food as little as we do, or did, seems almost a kind of dream. The dream that the age-old “food problem” had been largely solved for most Americans was sustained by the tremendous postwar increases in the productivity of American farmers, made possible by cheap fossil fuel (the key ingredient in both chemical fertilizers and pesticides) and changes in agricultural policies. Asked by President Nixon to try to drive down the cost of food after it had spiked in...
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...in several areas around the world began to abandon the foraging lifestyle that had been successful, universal and largely unchanged for millennia (Lee & DeVore 1968). They began to gather, then cultivate and settle around, patches of cereal grasses and to domesticate animals for meat, labor, skins and other materials, and milk. The earliest civilizations all relied primarily on cereal agriculture. Cultivation of fruit trees began three thousand years later, again in the Middle East, and vegetables and other crops followed (Zohari 1986). Cultivation of rice began in Asia about 7000 years ago (Stark 1986). HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In 1884 Arnold Toynbee coined the phrase ‘the Industrial Revolution’ to describe the great changes in the organization, methods and productivity which took place in late eighteenth-century England. Not surprisingly historians soon dubbed the parallel changes in agriculture ‘the Agricultural Revolution’ … approximately 1760 and 1820 the farming of this country underwent and equally abrupt and radical change (Grigg, 1967). As humans began to form permanent settlements and gave up traveling in search of food, agriculture was born. The foods we eat, the clothing we wear, the materials we use in our everyday lives is agriculture. The term agriculture refers to a wide variety of things, it is the science, art and occupation of cultivating the soil, producing crops and raining livestock. Agriculture refers to financing, processing, marketing, and distribution...
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...Edexcel GCE Biology Advanced Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination June 2010 Scientific Article for use with Question 7 Do not return the Insert with the question paper. Paper Reference 6BI05/01 Turn over N37096A ©2010 Edexcel Limited. 1/1/1/1/1/ *N37096A* Scientific Article for use with Question 7 It’s All in the Mind The link between the brain as a physical organ and what we feel in our conscious mind has long been the subject of research, particularly where we appear to be unable to control aspects of mood or behaviour and where normal life is affected. Stress, pain and depression can be explained in terms of nerve impulses and brain chemistry, and the causes of Parkinson’s disease are well understood, but finding reliable ways of correcting problems has proved elusive. Understanding more about how the brain works may well lead to new methods for treating such problems. Dancing Worms and Deep Depression In a laboratory in Germany, a tiny worm dances to flashes of light. A flash of yellow and it darts forward. A flash of blue and it jerks back. Yellow, forward, blue, back – right on cue every time. The worm is not a toy or a robot but a living creature. It has been engineered so that its nerves and muscles can be controlled with light. With each flash of blue its neurons fire electric pulses, causing the muscles they control to clench. A flash of yellow stops the nerves firing, relaxing the worm’s muscles and lengthening its body once again. The worm is in the...
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...1.Which selection(s) should be taken off? 2.What selection(s) would you consider as your favorite? 3.What else do you think should be included in our selections? 4.Any other activities in addition to online discussions? 5.Do you think the course load is appropriate? 6.Do you think you have written a reasonable number of reader’s responses? 7.Should there be more tests or fewer tests? Are they too difficult, too easy, or should they be kept the same? 8.What is your suggestion of the proportion between multiple-choice questions and short essay questions? 9.Do you think the grading is consistent? Do you think the comments on your responses help explain your grades? 10.Do you think the online lectures are helpful? Any suggestions? 11.How would you evaluate the difficulty level of the course? (Hint: 1 = a piece of cake; 10 = as challenging as rocket science) 12.Any suggestions, comments? The Ramayana has enchanted generations of Indians, and this ancient epic continues to fascinate modern readers. Through the centuries it has been retold in the major language of India and Southwest Asia and has been interpreted through theater, dance, and other performance traditions. Valmiki’s telling, written in Sanskrit, is the oldest extant version of the Rama story. In Valmiki’s account, King Dasaratha proclaims his son Rama, son of the senior Queen Kausalya, heir apparent. The jealous Queen Kaikeyi, wishing her own son to rule Ayodhya, demands that Rama be exiled to the forest for...
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...the University’s Policies, Otherwise seek the consequences of a failure and possible suspension or expulsion. 1 Explain the Eighth Amendment (Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause). The Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause can be found in the English Bill of Rights in 1689 and later adopted by the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1787. The phrase describes “punishment which is considered unacceptable due to the suffering, pain or humiliation it inflicts on the condemned person”. This amendment also includes the text that “excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed...”. It is thought that defendants who are not bailed have a more difficult time preparing for their defense. And by being “imprisoned” they are therefore being “punished” for the duration. That is why that questions of bail are always to be taken seriously by the courts. However, the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause did not make our Founding Fathers necessarily opponents against the Death Penalty. The Crimes Act of 1790 mandated the death penalty for treason, and also the mutilation of the corpse. There is no doubt, our modern courts would find mutilation of a corpse to be regarded as cruel and unusual as well as abhorrent in practice. The practice of flogging was also considered a common “back then” but clearly unacceptable today. We can see that “cruel and unusual” seems to change with the change of society. Our Eighth Amendment would prohibit: 1)...
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...existing human population exceeds the carrying capacity of Earth. We are now adding one billion people to the planet every 12 years. That's about 220,000 per day. (Howmany?.org) This makes overpopulation a big threat to our environment but the bigger issue is that we are not using our resources efficiently to solve the problem. The problem includes shortages of all our resources, war and social conflict, limits on personal freedom, overcrowding in large cities and the health and survival of other species. In the last fifty years, there have been a vast number of people and organizations rising up and speaking against this problem, searching for a solution to this detrimental issue. Howmany?.org is just one of many organizations that are empowering people to find the best population size for Earth. They do this through outreach and advocacy programs that are created to add population into conversations and get people thinking. While overpopulation is not the only cause of environmental problems, it is a root cause that people should be aware of. Growth in population, affluence, and technology are jointly responsible for environmental problems concerning overconsumption. We use technology to produce and gather most of our resources. While technology helps make life easier for most of us, it has a big negative impact on the environment by producing waste and sometimes leading to extinction of species. We are in the midst of one of the greatest extinctions of other species...
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...ANIMAL PROCEDURES COMMITTEE REVIEW OF COST-BENEFIT ASSESSMENT IN THE USE OF ANIMALS IN RESEARCH JUNE 2003 REPORT OF THE COST-BENEFIT WORKING GROUP OF THE ANIMAL PROCEDURES COMMITTEE PREFACE Letter to the Minister from Michael Banner, Chair of the Animal Procedures Committee 17 June 2003 Dear Ms Flint ANIMAL PROCEDURES COMMITTEE: RECOMMENDATIONS ON COST-BENEFIT ASSESSMENT UNDER THE ANIMALS (SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURES) ACT 1986 On behalf of the Animal Procedures Committee I enclose the Committee’s report on cost-benefit assessment. In it we address the adequacy of the current cost-benefit assessment performed in the course of evaluating project licence applications. We have sought to look at the many issues which arise in relation to this important element of the regulation of the use of animals, but would draw attention to three particular aspects of our work. In the first place we have addressed the fundamental question as to scientific validity of the use of animals. We believe that our considerations and conclusions offer an important clarification of the debate and fulfil the request made by your predecessor, Mike O’Brien, to provide advice on this issue. Secondly, while we conclude that some uses of animals may yield scientific knowledge, we argue that this does not settle the question of justification. We go on to elucidate the full range of factors which must be considered for there to be a rigorous application of the cost-benefit assessment. Thirdly, we also consider how...
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...upset society across 20th century. He pushed people nowadays, to get rich people’s lifestyle, by modifying considerably the materialistic and financial weight of industries and companies among society. But he also increased their symbolic ascendancy on the consumer by creating techniques so the consumer will be pushed to consumption. In politic, he also contributed to shape the passive and malleable individual of present day by inventing strategies which would pacify the citizen, hypnotizing and mesmerizing him transforming him into mass consumer. It is indeed him who created “Public Relations”. Not only that he accomplished spectacularly exploits, by using manipulation techniques, he’s also one of the theorists who believed that democracy should be smothered by satisfying one’s consumerist pulses. He was Freud’s double nephew. He perfectly knew the main ideas of psychoanalysis since he had immersed really soon in this field, by his familial environment. Freud’s ideas have been reused, but not really for therapeutic purposes. As the creator of “Public Relations”, he was very asked by companies to help them selling their products by touching buyers’ emotions. Let’s see first the accomplishments of Bernays, and then how Freud’s ideas have been used to submit a person instead of freeing him, getting him into mass consumers At the beginning, Bernays had been called to help Wilson’s government to change the public opinion about war, in 1917, to get it favorable. He succeeded, using...
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...Anatomy of Violence Paper December 2013 The Anatomy of Violence is a non-fiction book, written by Adrian Raine, which investigates and presents facts to prove a neurocriminology hypothesis. Adrian Raine conducted experiments, researched and studied the biological roots of violence. He inaugurated neurocriminology, a newer field that incorporates neuroscience methods with the intention of examining the causes of violent criminal acts. Raine analyzes criminal minds. He pieces together research, data, and experiments of psychology, neurology, and criminology in order to inform the public of this new notion which sheds a new light on why people are or become violent criminals. This book was very interesting, well-explained, an easy read and the author incorporated many scientific examples to back up his theories. Adrian Raine takes us on a scientific expedition and exposes brain malfunction to be the cause of violent criminal acts. Raine’s theories are interesting and definitely bring forth many important questions however, while reading, I found some of his concepts are difficult to fully envision for logical reasons. A number of his concepts give an overreaching impression and are a bit too broad. While Raine brings up many valid points, I found myself asking important questions while reading Anatomy of Violence. Does this new research and belief give criminals a “Get out of jail free” card? While reading this book, I asked myself, Will this new theory allow...
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