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Eye, Head, and Neck

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Submitted By pinkberry92444
Words 306
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1. How is intraocular pressure determined by the body? What is it?

• Intraocular pressure is determined by a balance between the amount of aqueous produced and resistance to its outflow at the angle of the anterior chamber

2. What is visual accommodation?

• This is adaptation of the eye for near vision. It is accomplished by increasing the curvature of the lens through movement of the ciliary muscles. Although the lens cannot be observed directly, the components of accommodation that can be observed are convergence (motion toward) of the axes of the eyeballs and pupillary constriction.

3. What is the pupillary light reflex?

• The pupillary light reflex is the normal constriction of the pupils when bright light shines on the retina (Fig. 14-8). It is a subcortical reflex arc (i.e., a person has no conscious control over it); the sensory afferent link is cranial nerve II (the optic nerve), and the motor efferent path is cranial III (the oculomotor nerve).

4. What physiological changes are responsible for presbyopia?

• On the globe itself, the cornea may show an infiltration of degenerative lipid material around the limbus (see discussion of arcus senilis, p. 307). Pupil size decreases. The lens loses elasticity, becoming hard and glasslike. This glasslike quality decreases the lens's ability to change shape to accommodate for near vision; this condition is termed presbyopia.

5. What is the corneal light reflex? How is it assessed?

• Assess the parallel alignment of the eye axes by shining a light toward the person's eyes. Direct the person to stare straight ahead as you hold the light about 30 cm (12 inches) away. Note the reflection of the light on the corneas; it should be in exactly the same spot on each eye. See the bright white dots in Fig. 14-30 for symmetry of the corneal light reflex. •

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