...economic models developed to determine the impact of each sector-Export, Import, Foreign Aid and Remittance, on GDP of Bangladesh. It also involves an analysis of the behavior of these factors in three SAARC countries and the application of the regression model developed. The economic model was developed based on the past behavior of GDP and the external sector. It indicated that Remittance is the sector having the most significant impact on GDP and aid the second most significant. While imports negatively affect economic growth, exports have played a very important role over the period. The remittance of Bangladesh has been increasing over the last few years. Hence, its impact on GDP has also been rising. In the span of 34 years export as percentage of GDP increased from 2.2% to 15.4%. Hence, performance was moderately good. The economy has been suffering from ever increasing trade deficits, despite several export promotional measures. Large import payments mainly account for this problem. Foreign aid shows large fluctuations over the period Finally, an analysis was conducted on the behavior of the external sectors in the SAARC countries using the regression model. Export was found to be the dominant sector in India, while imports had the minimum impact on GDP. Pakistan was found to be more dependent on export and foreign aid than on remittance and import. Sri Lanka’s economy is highly correlated to remittance, aids and export. 1 Literature Review Several studies in recent years...
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...for Promoting Exports in the Short and Medium Terms Mainstream India has emerged victorious in the recent recession, which started in the US and engulfed the whole world in a short span of time. India could be able to secure respectable rates of growth even post-crisis years (except last two years 2012-13 and 2013-14), which were the second highest in world after China. The recent revision has improved the GDP growth rates of the last three years as well, though it raises the suspicion about its accuracy owing to opposite evidences at other fronts. This was mainly because of the domestic-led demand of the Indian economy and stimulus measures initiated by the government at the fiscal and monetary policy levels. However, the exports of India suffered a great deal as a result of the sagging demand in the world economy in general and its main trading partners’ economies in particular. During 2015-16, India's exports of goods shrank by nearly a quarter in September from a year ago, falling for a 10th straight month and threatening Prime Minister Narendra Modi's goal of boosting economic growth through manufacturing. "We see no signs of revival in exports in the near future," said Ajay Sahai, director general of the Federation of Indian Export Organisations. "We will be lucky if exports could even touch $265 billion to $270 billion for the whole year." This is in-spite of the slew of measures to boost up the exports. The last measure to promote the exports included the...
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...Handbook on Islamic SME Financing Islamic Banking Department State Bank of Pakistan The Team Name Designation Contact Mr. Pervez Said Director Pervez.Said@sbp.org.pk Mr. Imran Ahmad Senior Joint Director Imran.Ahmad@sbp.org.pk Ms. Fatima Javaid Regulating Officer Fatima.Javaid@sbp.org.pk TABLE OF CONTENTS S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Background Introduction Prudential regulations for SME Financing Importance in light of Strategic Plan for Islamic Banking Industry Scope of Islamic Banking over Conventional Banking in current Financial crises Proposed Products for Islamic SME Financing Need for Risk Management 7 Murabaha Financing Transaction Structure Accounting Treatment Risk Management 12 12 15 15 18 20 18 21 24 25 26 27 29 30 31 31 33 34 35 35 38 39 40 PARTICULARS Page No. 1 2 4 9 11 8 Ijarah Based Financing Basic Rules Accounting Treatment Risk Management 9 Salam Based Financing Basic Rules Accounting Treatment Risk Management 10 Diminishing Musharaka Basic Transaction Structure Accounting Treatment Risk Management 11 Istisna Financing Flow of Transaction Accounting Treatment Risk Management 12 Project Financing Handbook On Islamic SME Financing BACKGROUND One of the important characteristics of a flourishing and growing economy is a blooming SMEs sector. Small and medium enterprises play an important role in the development of a country. SMEs contribute to economic growth in various ways like...
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...Provincial Economic Development: Performance, Challenges, and the Way Forward Khalid Ikram* 1. Introduction Analyses of economic development in Pakistan have traditionally followed a “top-down” approach. They examine the behavior of macroeconomic indicators for the country as a whole, referring only in a general, even cursory, manner to the trajectories of each province, and even more summarily to the policy issues, constraints, and opportunities that confront the different provinces. The implicit attitude—that it is the federation as a whole rather than the federating units that matter—is so firmly embedded in the official mindset that, even after 65 years of Pakistan’s existence, the authorities do not produce official statistics of province-level gross domestic product (GDP), investment, savings, exports, imports, labor productivity, and other key economic indicators. 2. The Importance of a Province-Level Approach Why is a province-level approach important? The issue is not merely of academic interest. It is necessary to strengthen studies at the province level, because policies to address questions of employment, poverty, and perceived deprivation, and to improve the delivery of key services are more effective if the perspective is as close to the ground as possible. The validity of this approach is recognized by the burgeoning number of regional or state studies in India and in other parts of the world—such as China, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Brazil...
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...Preface Centre for Research in Economics and Business (CREB) was established in 2007 to conduct policy-oriented research with a rigorous academic perspective on key development issues facing Pakistan. In addition the Centre (i) facilitates and coordinates research by the faculty at the Lahore School of Economics, (ii) hosts visiting international scholars undertaking research on Pakistan and (iii) administers the postgraduate programme leading to the M Phil and PhD Degree at the Lahore School. An important goal of the Centre is to promote public debate on policy issues through conferences, seminars and publications. In this connection, the Centre organizes the Lahore School’s Annual Conference on the Management of the Pakistan Economy. The proceedings of which are published in a special issue of the Lahore Journal of Economics. The CREB Working Paper Series has been started to bring to a wider audience, the research being done at the Centre. It is hoped that these Papers will promote discussion on the subject and contribute to a better understanding of economic and business processes and development issues in Pakistan. Any comments and feedback on these Papers will be appreciated. i Abstract Analysis of economic development in Pakistan has traditionally followed a "top-down" approach. This approach—that it is the federation as a whole rather than the federating units that matter— is so ingrained that even after 60 years of Pakistan's existence the authorities do not...
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...large enterprises, but also to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Internationalisation provides firms with opportunities to expand their sales, lower their costs, and improve their profits. Although internationalisation presents firms with tremendous opportunities, the complexities and challenges of international marketplace appear to restrict their interest and frustrate their efforts at internationalising (De Noble et.al, 1989; and Burpitt and Rondinelli, 2000). 1 In the case of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), they seemed to be slacking in the area of internationalisation. In spite of the fact that international markets can provide them better opportunities for long term growth and profitability, their share of export sales is disproportionately lower than their share of sales in the domestic economy (Acs, Morck, Shaver, and Yeung, 1997). For example, in Malaysia, although SMEs made up of more than 90 percent of the total manufacturing firms, currently these firms are just exporting less than 20 percent of their total output....
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...Economic Development: The Case of Bangladesh 1. Introduction Among the non-economic variables considered as sine qua non for development, political stability comes first. One may argue that other non-economic factors like rule of law, law and order situation are subsumed under political stability. On the other hand, major determinants of development like savings and investment, relative price stability, human resources, level of technology, factor productivity can play an effective role when political atmosphere is congenial. For example, it is argued that political stability and convenient law and order ensure the confidence of the people in the economy and its further development, which encourages the people to save. It also promotes confidence of the investors in the economy and convinces them to invest and reinvest. Of course, price stability, higher education and technical qualifications of the population, increasing factor productivity, technological modernity, export promotion etc. may not be directly related to political stability. But political stability in the long run ultimately ensures a relative price stability, improves educational and qualification status of the people, increases factor productivity, enables technology transfer, promotes exports. Those are the factors essential for economic growth. Moreover, long term political stability provides a congenial atmosphere for evolution of democracy. Democratic political order in turn, can ensure political stability. The...
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...Economic structure and growth When the Europeans set up trading posts around the area of Bangladesh, the British dominated the region. As such, Bangladesh was part of British India until the region was split up into India and Pakistan in 1947. Pakistan was comprised of West Pakistan (current Pakistan) and East Bengal (current Bangladesh. This awkward arrangement of a two-part country with its territorial units 1,600 km apart left the Bengalis marginalized and dissatisfied. In 1971, East Bengal separated from Pakistan and was renamed Bangladesh. Ever since, economic development has been very slow, hampered by political turmoil. It is one of the poorest countries in the world with nominal GDP per head of only USD 1,483 and 36% of the population living below the poverty line of USD 1 per day. The low level of human development is also reflected in the UN’s human development index, which ranks Bangladesh 146th out of 182 countries. Economic development is also hampered by a high vulnerability to inundations. Each year, about a third of the country is flooded during the annual monsoon rains. This severely affects the agricultural sector, washing away crops. While the agricultural sector is not especially important in terms of economic size, since it accounts only for 18% of GDP, it employs 45% of the country’s labor force. The industrial sector contributes 29% to GDP and within this sector the textiles and garment sector is a key growth driver. Unfortunately, the industrial sector...
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...Capital Procurement: 14 Operational Procurement: 18 Categorical Distribution of Goods to be Procured: 19 Routine Items: 19 Leverage Items: 19 Bottleneck Items: 19 Critical Items: 19 International Procurement 20 Factories’ Procurement 25 Modes of Payment 25 Payment against Documents 26 Procurement Standards being Followed 26 Risks Factors 26 Overcoming Risks 26 Executive Summary This project report is based on work assigned basically to study the procurement process of any reputable organization. After due analysis we chose Bestway cement limited to work on, because it has made tremendous achievements in less two decades so we shall how well the procurement department is playing its due role in achieving such esteem position. In our supply chain management project our study focused area are the Bestway cement limited procurement process. In start of our study we are giving the brief introduction of Bestway cement limited. This is basically a UK based company which is one of the largest overseas investor in our economy. The Bestway cement limited has a major contribution in cement production in Pakistan. It is...
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...FINAL REPORT Impact of Trade and Economic Policy Reforms on Key Sectors of the Egyptian Economy PREPARED BY ATR Project SUBMITTED TO USAID/Cairo Ministry of Foreign Trade SUBMITTED BY Nathan Associates UNDER CONTRACT NO. PCE-I-00-98-00016-00 Task Order 827 2 April 2004 Contents Executive Summary Egypt’s Economy in Relation to the Global Marketplace Trade Policy and the International Trade Regime Impact of Trade Regime Changes on Subsectors Conclusions Next Steps 1. Introduction 2. Egypt’s Economy and Its Place in the Global Arena Egyptian Economy Today Structure of the Economy Labor force, Employment and Unemployment Macroeconomy and Balance of Payments Trade Patterns Macroeconomic and Trade Policy Reform Current Challenges Distinguishing Characteristics of Egypt’s Economy Water Resources and Growing Population Pressure Oil and Natural Gas Geographical Location Egyptian Culture Higher Education Socialism and Its Aftermath Egypt’s Comparative Advantage in the Global Economy Changing Global Economy Egypt’s Economy in Relation to Three Waves of Globalization Revealed Competitive Advantage Analysis v vi viii xi xiv xvi 1 5 5 5 7 8 10 12 13 14 14 16 16 16 17 18 19 19 22 25 II 3. Trade Policy and the International Trade Regime Current Trade Regime in Egypt Tariff Structure Non-tariff Barriers to Trade Multilateral, Regional, and Bilateral Agreements Multilateral Agreements Regional Agreements Bilateral Agreements Trade Regimes of Major Trading...
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...| | | For business information, annual reports, laws, ordinances, regulations and articles. | | | | ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form | | | Web | Paksearch.com | | Bottom of Form National Foods | | | | | | | | | | | | Annual Report 2002 | | | | CONTENTS | | | Company Information | | Our Vision | | | Six years at a Glance | | Financial Ratios | | Notice of Meeting | | Report of Directors to the Shareholders | | Performance at a Glance | | Statement of Purchase & Sale of Shares | | Review Report to the Members on Statement | | of Compliance with best practice of code of | | corporate governance | | Auditors' Report to the Members | | Balance Sheet | | Profit and Loss Account | | Cash Flow Statement | | Statement of Changes in Equity | | Notes to the Accounts | | | | COMPANY INFORMATION | | | BOARD OF DIRECTORS | | | Mr. A. Majeed | | Chairman | | Mr. Abrar Hasan | | Managing Director / Chief Executive | | Mr. Waqar Hasan | | Director | | Mr. Khawar M. Butt | | Director | | Mr. Zahid Majeed | | Director | | Mr. Ebrahim Qassim | | Director | | Ms. Jamila Waqar | | Director | | Mr. Firasat All | | Director (N.I.T. Nominee) | | Mr. Habib A. Ismail Khairani | | Company Secretary | | | AUDITORS | | Riaz Ahmad, Saqib, Gohar & Company, | | | Chartered Accountants, | | |...
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...A HANDBOOK FOR VALUE CHAIN RESEARCH Prepared for the IDRC by Raphael Kaplinsky and Mike Morris* We are grateful to colleagues in both our individual institutions and in the Spreading the Gains from Globalisation Network (particularly those participating in the Bellagio Workshop in September 2000) for discussions around many of the issues covered in this Handbook and also to Stephanie Barrientos, Jayne Smith and Justin Barnes. An Important Health Warning or A Guide for Using this Handbook Lest anyone feel overwhelmed by the depth of detail in this Handbook, especially with respect to the sections on methodology, we would like to emphasise at the outset: this Handbook is not meant to be used or read as a comprehensive step by step process that has to be followed in order to undertake a value chain analysis. We know of no value chain analysis that has comprehensively covered all the aspects dealt with in the following pages, and certainly not in the methodologically sequential Handbook set out below. Indeed to try and do so in this form would be methodologically overwhelming, and would certainly bore any reader of such an analysis to tears. Our intention in producing a Handbook on researching value chains is to try and comprehensively cover as many aspects of value chain analysis as possible so as to allow researchers to dip in and utilise what is relevant and where it is appropriate. It is not an attempt to restrict researchers within a methodological strait-jacket...
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...Analysis of Changing Roles of Bangladesh Bank: Industrialization perspective 1. Introduction The vision of the Bangladesh Bank is to develop continually as a forward looking central bank with competent and committed professionals of high ethical standards, conduct monetary management and financial sector supervision to maintain price stability and financial system robustness, support rapid broad based inclusive economic growth, employment generation and poverty eradication in Bangladesh. The mission is to formulate monetary and credit policies, manage currency issue and regulate payment system, manage foreign exchange reserves and regulate the foreign exchange market, regulate and supervise banks and financial institutions and advise the government on interactions and impacts of fiscal, monetary and other economic policies. Bangladesh Bank maintains an interest rate structure that provides fair return on financial assets, supports growth in the real sector and promotes development of markets in bond and securities. The central bank provides precise prudential regulatory, risk management and disclosure framework to protect solvency and liquidity of individual institutions and stability of the overall financial system, acting as lender of last resort if and when needed. The central bank maintains liquidity conditions and credit policies ensuring adequate credit flows at market driven flexible interest rates for all productive economic activities,...
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...Chapter: 1: Introduction 1.1 Origin of the study: This report is originated as the course requirement of the BBA program under the business studies faculty UAP. Under this program students of this faculty must go through an internship program of 3 months duration. As practical orientation is an integral part of BBA degree requirement, I was sent to IFIC bank, Lalmatia Brunch to take real life exposure of the activities of financial institution from 01, June 2014. 1.2 Background of the Study: Modern banks play an important part in promoting economic development of a country. Banks provide necessary funds for executing various programs underway in the process of economic development. Economy of Bangladesh is in the group of world’s most underdeveloped economies. One of the reasons may be its underdeveloped banking system. Government as well as different international organizations have also identified that underdeveloped banking system causes some obstacles to the process of economic development. So they have highly recommended for reforming financial sector. Since 1990, Bangladesh Government has taken a lot of financial sector reform measurements for making financial sector as well as banking sector more transparent, and formulation and implementations of these reform activities has also been participated by different international organization like World Bank, IMF etc. I was placed in IFIC Bank Limited, for 12 weeks long Internship Program to acquire practical knowledge...
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...rotated different departments as accounts, remittances, car finance, clearing and collection etc. this movement and working provide a completely knowledge of their working to us, they also explained each and every concept to make us clear. This knowledge and practical experience was the thing which help we have completed the internship report. 1.3 Scope of the Study This study carried out on MCB is an effort to introduce the working and operations at MCB among students and others interested in the organization. This study reveals the MCB in terms of its history and background, its departments and their functioning. It also enlightens the techniques, procedures, and programs that are being used at MCB in order to achieve better performance. The analysis of different policies, techniques, and procedures at MCB depicts a true picture of the organization, and its strengths and weaknesses. The evaluation of positive and negative aspects faced by the organization and recommendations and suggestions on the basis of this evaluation brings out the opportunities and threats to the MCB. 1.4...
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