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Failures

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A distributed system is a collection of computers connected to a network of distributed middleware (software connecting client and database: software that manages the connection between a client and a database) . This allows the computers to communicate to each other and also share resources. While allowing the user to use the computer as he or she would use a single integrated computing facility. Examples of failures in a distributed system include, stop failure, Halt failure, Network Failure, and Distributed File System Namespace access failures.

Distributed File System Namespace access failures in Windows

On Windows Vista and later one of the following error messages may occur:
Windows cannot access \\\ The connection may fail due to any of the following reasons: Failure to connect to a domain controller to obtain a DFSN namespace referral, Failure to connect to a DFSN server, Failure of the DFSN server to provide a folder referral. This error typically occurs because the DFSN client cannot complete the connection to a DFSN path. To resolve the issue , evaluate network connectivity, name resolution, and DFSN service configuration (How to troubleshoot Distributed File System Namespace , 2010).

Evaluate Connectivity "connectivity" refers to the client's ability to contact a domain controller or a DFSN server. If a client cannot complete a network connection to a domain controller or to a DFSN server, the DFSN request fails. Use the following tests to verify connectivity. Determine whether the client was able to connect to a domain controller for domain information by using the DFSUtil.exe /spcinfo command. The output of this command describes the trusted domains and their domain controllers that are discovered by the client through DFSN referral queries. This is known as the "Domain Cache." To evaluate connectivity, try a simple network connection to the active domain controller by using its IP address. For example, type either of the following commands:
• start \\192.168.1.11
• net view \\192.168.1.11 A successful connection lists all shares that are hosted by the domain controller. If the connection is successful, determine whether a valid DFSN referral is returned to the client after it accesses the namespace. Do this by viewing the referral cache (also known as the PKT cache) by using the DFSUtil.exe /pktinfo command.

Name Resolution; Clients must resolve the name of the DFS namespace and of any servers that are hosting the namespace. Review the output that was previously generated by the dfsutil /pktinfo and dfsutil /spcinfo commands. The server names that are listed must be resolved by the client to IP addresses. U se the following methods to verify proper name resolution functionality.
• WINS and NetBIOS names

NetBIOS name resolution failures may occur because name records are missing or because a user received the wrong IP address for the name. To test try to access the domain controller by using only its NetBIOS computer name. Then, verify that the shares that are listed are those that are expected to be hosted by the server. As an administrator, view the client's NetBIOS name cache by using the nbtstat -c command to review all resolved names and their IP addresses

• DNS Names

By default, DFSN stores NetBIOS names for root servers. DFSN can also be configured to use DNS names for environments without WINS servers. View the client's DNS resolver cache to verify resolved DNS names. To do this, open a command prompt, and type the following command: ipconfig /displaydns

• Network capture

A network capture may help you diagnose a name resolution failure. Before you perform a capture, flush cached naming information on the client. If you do this, you will not expose any problems that may exist in the capture because cached referral data or names will not be requested again over the network. To flush the name caches, run the following commands in this order:
1. nbtstat -RR
2. ipconfig /flushdns
3. dfsutil /pktflush
4. dfsutil /spcflush

DFS and System Configuration If connectivity and name resolution are functioning correctly, DFS configuration problems may cause the error to occur on a client. DFS relies on up-to-date DFS configuration data, correctly configured service settings, and Active Directory site configuration. First, verify that the DFS service is started on all domain controllers and on DFS namespace/root servers. If the service is started in all locations, make sure that no DFS-related errors are reported in the system event logs of the servers. When an administrator makes a change to the domain-based namespace, the change is made on the Primary Domain Controller (PDC) emulator master. Domain controllers and DFS root servers periodically poll PDC for configuration information. If the PDC is unavailable, or if "Root Scalability Mode" is enabled, Active Directory replication latencies and failures may prevent servers from issuing correct referrals.

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