...Nora Jaffary’s work False Mystics analyzes deviant orthodoxy in inquisitional ruled Colonial Latin America. First Jaffary explains to readers how deviant orthodoxy was produced. Pope Sixtus IV granted power to the monarchs to establish religious inquisitional courts in Castile to impose religious uniformity on the newly consolidated state. The main targets of the Castilian Inquisition Courts were people of Jewish and Islamic descent. Then, the courts were moved to colonial Latin America, but in the colonies the greatest potential source of spiritual heresy, indigenous idolatry, lay beyond the official bounds of the court’s scrutiny. This difference would lead to the prosecution of ilusos and alumbrados in the new world. In the next chapter...
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...below. Insanity Defense – One of the most argumentative types of defenses available is the insanity defense. In this type of defense, the defendant’s attorney attempts to show that the defendant is insane and is unable to be held responsible for the crime that they have committed. In this type of defense, there are two different plea options that are available to the defendant, not guilty due to mental illness and psychologically ill. One needs to be sure they understand the difference between the medical and legal position of psychological insanity and illness. In medical terminology, psychological illness can be any type of disaster that shocks an individual’s mind. Any individual can be affected by an illness during any given period of time and there is not any real categorization as to what could decide whether an individual is insane or not (“Addington v. Texas”, n.d.). For example, an individual might be suffering due to a psychological illness and could still be capable of holding down a job as well as carry out everyday activities needed to live. As far as the medical field goes there is no such thing as insanity, and psychological illnesses in any individual can vary with time and other factors. This generates a problem in the court room, because lawfully the courts need an obvious justification as to what insanity is. In legal terminology, insanity is a psychiatric state that makes an individual legally incompetent an unable to completely see that what they have done...
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...for reporting information about residents. The procedure explains what form to complete, when and how often to fill it out, and to whom it is given.) Scope of practice for nursing assistants, specific tasks outside of the scope of practice [page 15] The things you are allowed to do and how to do them correctly. Tasks outside the scope of practice: NAs do not administer medications unless trained and signed to do so, NAs do not honor a request to do something outside the scope of practice, not listed in the care plan, or not on the assignment sheet, NAs do not usually perform procedures that require sterile technique. NAs do not diagnose or prescribe treatments or medication, NAs do not tell the resident or the family the diagnosis or the medical treatment plan. Describe the purpose of the care plan [page 16] A care plan is created for each resident by the nurse or doctor. The care plan is a guide to help the resident reach and maintain the best level of health possible. Long-term care survey process [page1] Surveyors study how well staff care for residents. They focus on how resident’s nutritional needs are being met. They interview residents and family and observe staff’s interactions with residents and the care given. They review resident’s charts and observe meals. Define ethics and laws [page 20] Ethics and laws guide our behavior. Ethics are knowledge of right and wrong. Laws are rules set by the government to help people...
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...whether vaccinations are even necessary. As a society, we either take a risk of not getting vaccinated, which could possibly lead to costly hospitalizations due to illness or we take an important countermeasures towards exposing our children and ourselves to vaccine-preventable diseases. This is a no brainer! We must prepare our family and friends and step the future up for success. Vaccinating our children is one of the most important beginning steps we can take to protect their health and future. In 1998, a British medical journal (BMJ), concluded by Dr. Andrew Wakefield, claimed vaccinations were the root cause to child disorders like autism (Medical, 2011). In Wakefield’s study, children developed signs of autism days after getting the MMR vaccine. This study among others leads parents to question whether they should immunize their children or not. Even in 2007, actress Jenny McCarthy discussed her views on the national stage when she appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show convinced that vaccines gave her son autism and seizures (Heuvel, 2013). The study was later found to be inaccurate and BMJ’s editor-in-chief, Fiona Godlee, told CNN, “ but in this case, we have a very different picture of what seems to be a deliberate attempt to create an impression that there was a link by falsifying the data” (Medical, 2011). The US Food and Drug Administration governs all vaccines to ensure its safety and effectiveness which makes it rare to have...
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...Over the last century, the use of cannabis for medical use has been a topic sparking immense controversy. Since 1996, twenty-nine states have legalized the use of marijuana for medical purposes and countless studies have been comprised proving of the effectiveness of cannabis and cannabis derived substances in treating otherwise untreated or difficult to treat illnesses. Many still protest such substances for medical use, though their reasoning is typically unfounded and based on morality. Medical professionals have found cannabis to be effective in treating medical cases ranging from sclerosis to even some cancers. Not only can medical marijuana be used for treat diseases, it can be used to treat mental illness as well. The use of cannabinoids...
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...Dr. Walter Reed was a Military Physician who made a lasting impression in the medical field for three centuries, and effectively proved his worth with enormous breakthroughs. By a young age he showed intellectual ability and was able to finish college by the age of 18. Dr. Reed was clearly a precocious student who excelled in his work and ably started his career as an assistant physician at the New York Infants’ Hospital in 1870 at a mere age of 19. When Reed was appointed Chairperson of a panel formed in 1898 to investigate an epidemic of typhoid fever in Cuba during the Spanish-American War, he was able to distinguish that bad water was not the culprit, and rather contact with fecal matter and fly-contaminated food caused the outbreak. The...
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...Mental illness has become an epidemic in the prison system. Most offenders with mental illness go untreated, and those who do receive treatment often get it in the form of forced medication. Some prisons have implemented treatment plans for inmates to try to treat any mental illness or substance abuse problems. Unfortunately, the staffs in the prisons are inadequately trained to detect those who need help and in turn prisoners are not given the proper coping tools or medications. Most of these reform programs are designed for short-term prisoners and focuses on a 9-month plan. The individual is then released with the high rate of returning to prison within the next 3 years. How can we correct how mental illness is treated in the correctional...
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...Tort Law plays a major role in the world of health care. Torts, an act that is under the civil law category, describe wrongful actions executed against one without an established contract. There are three key zones that are incorporated within the Tort Law and they are as follows: infliction of mental distress, negligence, and intentional torts (Buchbinder and Shanks, 2012). Intentional torts are considered to be defamation of character, battery, invasion of privacy, false imprisonment, and assault. In order for these cases to be effective, one must prove that they were the victim of deliberate injury. A patient is considered to be a victim of defamation of character when there is evidence of written or oral false representation of them....
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...Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a chronic medical condition with symptoms that affected individuals attribute to low level chemical exposure. Some believe that MCS which is an environmental illness exists and should be treated while others believe that MCS is a psychological illness. However, it is important to address the issues of MCS as it plays an important role in environmental politics and in compensation courts. Symptoms of MCS include fatigue, headaches, bowel disorders and muscle aches. These symptoms are similar to ailments such as chronic fatigue and Gulf War syndromes. Hence, a group of activists consisting of doctors and patients theorise that since the symptoms are similar there must be connection between these ailments and toxic in the environment which causes MCS. They believe that a Gulf War veteran who believes that he has been exposed to biological weapons, a sheepshearer who has developed chemical sensitivity and an office worker with chronic fatigue are all victims of toxic environment. On the other hand, a group of doctors and psychiatrists point out that symptoms such as nausea, headaches and muscle aches occur in people who are suffering from psychological disorders such as depression. Studies show that people who claim that they are suffering from MCS already suffer from depression and anxiety. Furthermore, MCS is not recognised by medical associations due to the lack of scientific evidence supporting a cause-and-effect relationship between...
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...ch16 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. A basic premise of health in early Asian culture was that: A. people have some control over their health. B. gods caused illness and disease. C. magic could cure illness. D. superstition determined treatment. 2. Your_______ plays a critical role in your health and consists of your attitudes, habits, choices, and behaviors. A. genetic potential B. heritage C. lifestyle D. health personality 3. The biological approach to health is being most closely followed when a physician: A. encourages a patient to reduce his/her stress level through relaxation training. B. prescribes a seminar on anger management for a patient with high blood pressure. C. prescribes a cholesterol-lowering drug for a patient with high cholesterol. D. encourages a cancer patient to join a support group. 4. Just a century ago, the leading cause of death was: A. cancer. B. heart disease. C. infectious diseases. D. stroke. 5. In the U.S. today, the number-one cause of death is: A. cancer. B. heart disease. C. infectious diseases. D. stroke. 6. In the U.S. today, the second-leading cause of death is: A. cancer. B. heart disease. C. infectious diseases. D. stroke. 7. Health psychologists endorse the _____________ model, which states that health is best understood in terms of a combination of physical, cognitive, and environmental factors. A. biopsychological ...
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... Carson claimed that DSM-III had fixed the problem of reliability once and for all. However, 30 years later there is still little evidence that DSM is routinely used with high reliability by mental health clinicians. However, test-retest studies have shown positive results. Prescott et al analysed the test-retest reliability of several measures of attention and information processing in 14 chronic schizophrenics. Performance on these measures was stable over a 6 month period, showing that there is high test-retest reliability when using these measures to diagnose sz. Rosenhan proposed that reliability was a major issue for diagnosis alone and situational factors were more salient in determining sz diagnosis rather than any specific illness characteristics. This shows that the diagnostic procedure used at the time was inconsistent. Rosenhan demonstrated a lack of faith in the system where he arranged pseudo patients to present themselves to psychiatric hospitals claiming to be hearing voices in their heads – a typical symptom of sz. All patients were diagnosed with sz despite a lack of further symptom display during hospitalisation, with no staff recognising them to be “normal”. This denotes a lack of reliability in classification and diagnosis of sz. Rosenhan further demonstrated unreliability in diagnosis in a follow-up study, warning hospitals of his...
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...With the emphasis on the Collected Poems by RS Thomas and The Death of Ivan Ilych by Leo Tolstoy and with wider reference to Wit Margaret Edson explore if the modern world destroy emotions, passions and irrationality creating a selfish, unresponsive and rational society? By: Imogen Teale The age we live in is the age of 'the machine,' where technological achievements are unimaginable, 'the age of space travel, the internet, genetic engineering,'(An Introduction to Marx's Theory of Alienation) this is The Age of Enlightenment. No longer are we seen as individuals in society, we are not urged to liberate human imagination and creativity to unleash,' the true, the good and the beautiful,'(Toward a Genealogy of Individualism By Daniel Shanahan) potential of individuals encouraged by the era of Romanticism. Living in the age where despite our power to control the natural world our society is dominated by insecurities, lives characterised by feelings of isolation, loneliness and the need for escapism,'insecurity has seeped in to the fabric of our lives.' (Insecure Times: Living with Insecurity in Modern Society, Author unknown, edited by Michael Hill, John Vail, Jane Wheelock) Exploring the ideas and themes portrayed in RS Thomas' Collected Poems, Leo Tolstoy's The Death of Ivan Ilych and supported evidence from Wit by Margaret Edson each author uses a main character as a symbol for the death of the natural world and the destruction of modernity. The more densely populated cities...
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...Transitions of Time: Comparing Life now to Life Fifty Years Ago. On the edge of the 21st century, man had discovered more ways than one to make this world a better and safer environment for the future generations due to the increasingly advancements of technology and science, civil reform and medical breakthroughs. However, this does not seem so compliant between generations based on life views, beliefs and opinion differences as they continue to induce provocative dialogues such as comparing life now to that of 50 years ago. The conflict “time” between generation always have been a theme for deviating discussions, and as rule; elder generation tend to influence youth's opinion, pretending on the idea that life was coherently better in half of century ago and they passed more simulating and constructive time rather than doing what young generations think is the norm; squandering their youth on petty things such as aspiring to false values. On the other hand; energetic, smart and wise youth generations are disagree with these points of views, considering that they have freedom to gain their own experience, the right to act in a proper manner, and in the end, that is their own turn to save the world today. The following lines of reasoning will examine the ways these mechanisms has influenced the world. As Faith Baldwin once said “Time is a dressmaker specializing in alterations.” Technology advancement is amazing. In 1960, computers were not household items, nor were cell...
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...Anxiety, panic disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, schizophrenia racism?? Some consider racism as a mental illness. So what is racism? Racism is "...the belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another, that a person's social and moral traits are predetermined by his or her inborn biological characteristics..." ("Anti-Defamation League", para. 1). I am unable to comprehend how one sees racism as a mental illness. In fact, further proving my argument, "The American Psychiatric Association (APA) does not list racism in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)..." (Martin, para. 5). Mental health concerns and racism have no correlation due to their differences. Thus, racism should not identify as a mental...
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...THE RELIABILITY OF PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS Psychiatry is the branch of medicine that recognizes and treats mental illness. This science follows a medical model that is considered successful in classifying abnormal behavior. Psychiatrists need medical training in order to diagnose and treat mental disorders following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. However, for more than two centuries, there has been an anti-psychiatry movement that questions the reliability and helpfulness of psychiatric treatments. Many psychiatrists such as Maurice Temerlin(1968) and David Rosenhan(1973) supported some of the objections and criticisms of the anti-psychiatry movement. Rosenhan questioned the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses and accused diagnostic labels of impairing medical judgement. David Rosenhan carried out the study “On Being Sane In Insane Places” through which he wanted to prove that psychiatric diagnoses are not reliable (Rosenhan, 1973). For the first part of the study, eight sane participants (pseudo-patients) pretended to have auditory hallucinations in order to be admitted to psychiatric hospitals in different states across the United States. Participants for the experiment included three psychologists, one psychiatrist, a graduate student, a housewife, a pediatrician, and a painter. The only false information given for admission was their name, job, and the claim of recent auditory hallucinations. All other details regarding their relationships...
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