...significant contributions to the field of psychology between the years 1850 and 1950 is not an easy task as there is more than one woman who made significant contributions to the field of Psychology. Out of those talented women Anna Freud, overshadows her colleagues. Anna can be considered to have a fascinating background, which influenced her later development of unique theoretical perspectives. Her father, Sigmund Freud famous for his multiple theories about the mind he is regarded as the founder of psychology probably influenced her following his footsteps and being interested in psychoanalysis, in particular, in child psychoanalysis. However, her recognition as the founder of child psychoanalysis was not just given to her for being her father's daughter. Anna Freud earned it by contributing to the field of Psychology with the many roles she played in her career as teacher, theorist, healer, leader, idealist and writer (Coles, 1992). Anna's contributions to psychology not only help to contribute to the development of psychology but helped improve many lives. Anna Freud was born in Vienna December 3, 1895 her parents Sigmund and Martha Freud. Her father considered her a blessing; conversely, she did not develop a close relationship with her mother it appears that she considered her nanny a genuine figure in her childhood. Anna considered she was boring and did not get along with her siblings; thus she was particularly close to her father. Sigmund Freud was very proud of her intellectual...
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...JOHN B. WATSON (1878-1958) “Father of Behaviorism” Brenda Anyanwu Paul D. Camp Community College Mrs. Jean Farmer Psychology 201 Abstract Based on a quote from John B. Watson, “Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist’s total scheme of investigation. (Classics in the History of Psychology) Although, I might not somewhat agree with his theory, Mr. Watson holds some truth about his view on his theory. What you are about to read is about his life and what lead him to his theory on behaviorism. Brenda Anyanwu Mrs. Jean Farmer Psychology 52A November 3, 2010 Project Assignment John Broadus Watson (1878-1958) “Father of Behaviorism” During the year of 1878, John B. Watson was born to parents Pickens and Emma Watson, he was their fourth child. Growing upon a farm in a small town of Travelers Rest, South Carolina the family was poor. Most of the family wealth had been too lost during the civil war. John’s parent...
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...Women in Psychology When one thinks about the field of psychology and those great names that made such great contributions to the field like; Freud and Skinner to name a few come to mind, one thinks of those men who made a important finding about psychology, nonetheless those names hold great meaning to the field, but along the way there have been several influential women who have also made such great contributions to the field, may who have been theorist, pioneers and counselors. Among some of these women there is a name that stands out the most, her name is Anna Freud. This paper will discuss Anna Freud’s background, her theoretical perspective and the contributions she was able to provide to the field of psychology. Anna Freud was born on Vienna, Austria on December 3, 1895, the youngest of six children of Sigmund Freud and Martha Freud. Anna Freud had a special bond with her father, more than with her mother or any siblings; she started reading her father’s work at the age of 15. Her relationship with her siblings wasn’t quite the best; in fact Anna refers to her 2 years older sister Sophie as her rival. Anna felt relieved when Sophie went out and got marry, as the relationship wouldn’t be as competitive as it had been most of their lives. Anna gained a special interest in the field of psychology such as her father and in a time were men had made significant contributions to the field of psychology, then comes a little a girl who since a very early age learned to...
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...Running head: WOMEN IN PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 1 . Women in Psychology Linda Wise June 7, 2012 Running head: WOMEN IN PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 Women in Psychology In the twentieth century, the thoughts and ideas from the different gender (women) were being heard, as the women started to educate themselves, it gave them the ability to influence decision making, which in that day was made only made by men. Women also had to push and fight to be heard when it came to politics and the economy issues. Soon they also fought for independency rights, which led them to the study of Psychology, which again was an aspect that had major effects on women who strived for competitive workplace positions. As Psychology grew, there were many times that educated women would make a significant breakthrough and realization in the field, but would go unrecognized or their work would be unimportant in the eyes of male researchers. There was one woman that broke through and was heard, her name is Anna Freud, her father was Sigmund Freud, a leader or what other would call him “fathers” of Psychology, Many thought the reason she was heard was because of her father’s reparation. Many believed that her father influenced his ideas while she was a child(http://www.biography.com/people/anna-freud-9302339). Anna Freud was born on December 3, 1895 and was the youngest daughter of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Anna had five siblings, but she was the liveliest and most mischievous of the bunch...
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...periods with my parents. During these periods work was always set aside. My father and I frequently read the newspaper or other materials together, and my mother and I frequently played with my dolls and other feminine things. My father and I were very close to one another. The times we spent together were exceptionally important to me. One of the most special thing my father and I did together was the learning I did with him. He taught me to play sports, to enjoy nature, and to enjoy the art of discovery. I was enthralled by my mother’s role in my life as well because we did things that were typical of other females my age, but those things simply didn’t seem as fun or enjoyable as the things my father and I did when we spent time together. I thoroughly enjoyed playing softball, football, and basketball. I also enjoy hiking, camping, and swimming at the lake. There was nothing as important to me as being outside and doing traditional male activities because they came natural to me. Furthermore, my mother seemed to be trying too hard to capture my interest in things such as dolls, dress-up, and other female things that simply were a bore to me. I merely enjoyed my time with her because it was her way of trying to bond with me, but my real enjoyment came when I could be outside doing some activity. There was never a chance that I would be bored outside. I clearly remember as a child the first time my father taught me how to play basketball. At first we practiced without a ball, and...
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...INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY (McLeod, 2015) Psychodynamic approach includes human functioning that drives within the unconscious and between different structures of personality. The understanding of human behaviour is called ‘psychoanalysis’. (Freud, 1939), the father of psychology, assumed that mental illnesses wasn’t something to be treated medically but by what has come to be known as psychodynamic therapy. He advocated that the unconscious mind could influence the mental illness whilst recovering (Cardwell, 1996). This approach to psychoanalysis is demonstrated in his treatment of Anna O. Freud assumed that mental illnesses wasn’t something to be treated medically but by therapy. He implicated that unconscious mind could influence the mental illness whilst recovering (Cardwell, 1996). He diagnosed her illness as hysteria and developed a form of therapy to treat her symptoms (Webster, 2015). (Cardwell, 2004) Freud compared the mind to an iceberg with the water above being the conscious and the water beneath the unconscious part of the mind. The id - the primary part of personality follows pleasure and gratification, and dominates the unconscious part of the mind. Ego - driven by reality principles and penalties of an action dominates the conscious mind. Superego contains conscience and guilt, and also dwells mostly in the conscious mind. The superego develops as we become aware of societal rules. (Cardwell, 1996) According to Freud we have two drives which are sex and...
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...To completely understand how William James got his start in Psychology, I think must first start with his father. William's father, Henry James Sr., was 1 of 13 children. His parents were Irish immigrants. Henry inherited wealth from his father before his own children were even born. When William was born, Henry and his wife Mary lived in New York City. There, Henry studied theology, philosophy, and mysticism. William James was born in New York City on January 11, 1842, to a deeply religious family. Henry often took the family for extended stays in Europe. He was a very devoted father. He wanted his children to have the sort of education so they might out-do others in knowledge. He enrolled them in fine schools, hired them gifted tutors, and made sure they went to museums, attended lectures, and the theater with regularity. William and two of his siblings would follow their father's educational efforts. His brother Henry became one of America's most famed novelists, and his sister Alice also acquired a literary reputation of her own after her diaries were published. Mary James complained of William that "The trouble with him is that he must express every fluctuation of feeling, and especially every unfavorable symptom, without reference to the effect upon those about him." It seems this introduction to the great philosopher and psychologist William James. It is also appropriate, his was life a reconsideration of spirituality and consciousness in relation to physiology and neuroscience...
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...19th century and early 20th century. Mary Whiton Calkins was born on March 30th, 1863 in the city of Hartford in Connecticut. Mary was the eldest of five other siblings. Her father was Presbyterian minister named Wolcott Calkins. Mary’s family was close knit; Mary was especially close to her mother. In 1880 at the age of seventeen, Mary relocated to Newton, Massachusetts. Her family constructed a new home in Newton and Mary would actually live out the rest of her life in that home. Her father, aware of the substandard education available to women of that time period took it upon himself to educate Mary himself. In 1882 through the education Mary received from her father she was able to gain acceptance into Smith College with an advanced standing as a sophomore. In the year 1883 tragedy struck Mary’s life with the death of her sister Maude. The death of Maude permanently changed Mary’s thinking and her character. She dropped out of Smith College the following year and took private lessons at home. In the autumn of 1884 Mary reentered Smith College as a senior and graduated with a degree in philosophy with a concentration in classics. In the year 1886 Mary and her family traveled to Europe for 16 months. In Europe Mary expanded her knowledge of classic philosophy. When Mary returned to Massachusetts he father arranged a meeting for her to meet the President of Wellesley College, Wellesley College is a liberal arts college for women that was located close to her home. Mary was offered...
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...with themselves and each other has led to various theories. Most important the fascination with human nature has led to the development of the science of psychology. Psychology’s answer to man’s fascination and wondering has come about through the roots in other discipline; disciplines such as philosophy, biology, and physiology. This led to a science that aims to describe and explain how human thinks, how human feel, and how human acts. Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The science of psychology has a history that goes back to ancient past. Back to the time of Plato and Aristotle but began to flourish and take shape in the 1600’s. For one to have an appreciation for this science he or she must consider the root and various perspectives of psychology. Modern psychology has come a long way since Rene Descartes and john Locke in the 16th century. The science of psychology began to flourish in the 1600’s with philosophers Descartes and Locke contributing significant theories on human behavior, impacting the rise of modern psychology. “As a science psychology evaluates competing ideas with careful observations and vigorous analysis” (Myers, 2007. p. 2). Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician who became influential and well-known in the field of psychology. He is the father of the mind-body interaction also known as the dualism theory. According to the dualism theory the mind and body are separate entities working together...
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...Francis Cecil Sumner Courtney Carter Alabama A&M University, Huntsville, AL, USA Abstract Francis Sumner is wrote down in history as the “Father of Black Psychology”. This critique observes the early education of Sumner that was the building blocks to his success. His education and contributions to early psychology is discussed in this critique to show that whatever one puts their mind to can be achieved through commitment and hard work. Being an African American was already hard, but being a male paralyzed his education for a year. He had to enlist in the Army, but that did not change the young black man he was before all of that. Even after resigning, Sumner continued to contribute to psychology in order to pave the way for other African Americans. This critique notes his down falls and his up comings that made him who he was. KEY WORDS: African Americans, self-educated, PhD The “Father of Black Psychology”: Francis Cecil Sumner Sumner was born December 7, 1895 in Pine Bluff, Arkansas where he received his elementary education. His parents, David and Lillian Sumner, withdrew him out of school after elementary school so he could be self-educated just like his father (Talmadge, 2001). In 1911, after enrolling in Lincoln University, he had to take a written entrance exam on the count of not having a high school diploma (Thomas, 2006). His hard work with the dedication of his parents paid off. From this moment on he never let anything stop him from achieving...
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...scientific approach to psychology was one that studied behaviors, not internal mental processes. He denied the existence of a mind as a thing separate from the body, but he did not deny the existence of thoughts, which he regarded simply as private behaviors to be analyzed according to the same principle as publicly observed behaviors. B. F. Skinner was one of the most influential of American psychologists. A radical behaviorist, he developed the conditioning idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again. Jean Piaget- Jean Piaget's work had a profound influence on psychology, especially our understanding children's intellectual development. His research contributed to the growth of developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, genetic epistemology, and education reform. Albert Einstein once described Piaget's observations on children's intellectual growth and thought processes as a discovery "so simple that only a genius could have thought of it." Sigmund Freud- When people think of psychology, many tend to think of Freud. His work supported the belief that not all mental illnesses have physiological causes and he also offered evidence that cultural differences have an impact on psychology and behavior. His work and writings contributed to our understanding of personality, clinical psychology, human development, and abnormal psychology. Albert Bandura-...
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...Tarnisha S. Hagens PSY/310 April 14, 2013 UOPX/Axia College Anna Freud Anna Freud was the youngest of six siblings. Her father was Sigmund Freud. Anna was born the month of December 3, 1895, and died on October 9, 1982. Anna was born in Vienna, Austria, but she died in London, England. Anna was very close with her father, Sigmund Freud but not as close with her mother, and had strained relationships with her siblings, which was the five of them. Anna also attended school, which was an isolated school, but she decided to drop out because she felt as though she was not learning so her father and his associates taught her. Although her education came from them he and his associates taught her the majority of her learning experience. After advancing in high school, Freud taught as one of the elementary schoolteacher, which she began interpreting a little of her father’s work into German while enhancing her curiosity in psychoanalysis and child psychology. On the other hand, Anna was very motivated she was inspired by her father’s work because she was destined into transpiring to be just like him. Anna established as child psychoanalysis, she was also known for her defense mechanisms and her contributions to ego psychology. However, Anna never achieved a higher degree, her creation in child psychology and psychoanalysis added her eminence in psychology. In 1923, the place where she was born Vienna, Austria, she started her children’s psychoanalytic practice, and shortly after...
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...description of the story was that Jane was constantly beaten from her father as a child. She was very confused as there was no explanation as to why he was beating on her. She was beat on by her husband 3 years into their marriage. The explanation of Jane’s beatings from her father was that she was being “naughty”. As for her husband he beat her for “challenging him”. This wasn't an acceptable behavior from either her father or her husband. The prediction in Jane’s life was that she would accept the beatings by in some way gaining a little control as well. She was able to guilt her father to get whatever she wanted from her father. She was able to gain power over her dad by making him know when he was wrong since he couldn't stand to be wrong. Her husband begs for forgiveness and he also feels guilty. She uses that as to gain control to make him give her what she wants. So he takes her shopping for whatever she wants. The change in Jane’s life was her trying to gain some type of control over the situations. She was able to do so but I don’t think that was a happy life to live. Jane and her husband were able to agree on having a baby after all the abuse he caused on to her. She got pregnant and that was a big a change for her. I chose psycho-dynamic as a modern perspective of psychology. It was Jane’s father who started the abuse when she was a child. If Jane didn't experience her childhood abuse from her father she wouldn't have accepted her husband to abuse her. (“The general...
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...Foundations of Psychology Paper University of Phoenix PSY/300 General Psychology 9/11/12 The roots of Psychology as we know today stems from the early Greek and Roman philosophers. If it was not for these philosophers the people of today would not been have able to interpret their writings and words; passing them down from generations and adapting their theories and concepts to present day. In general, all these different theories all genuinely revert back to these innovators and if it were not for them we would not have this subject that we have today called psychology. Starting off with the Greek Philosopher Socrates. Born in 469 BC to 399 BC, Socrates is known today as one of the founders of what people today call today as Western Philosophy. Socrates contributed a lot to the field of psychology he is especially known for forming a style of questioning which today we call Socratic method. According to "Socratic Method" (2011), “The Socratic Method, named after the classical Greek philosopher Socrates, is a form of inquiry and debate between individuals with opposing viewpoints based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas.” This allowed people the ability to discover more about themselves then ever before. Plato was a Greek Philosopher and mathematician born in 427 BC to 437 BC; he was one of Socrates’ students and was known to be a few that recorded Socrates’ teachings. He, like Socrates believed that people or individuals...
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...WHERE/WHEN: At home at 3:46 pm on October 1, 2006. OBSERVATION: My daughter was playing in the living room when she saw something in her playpen that she wanted. She started to get really frustrated and throwing a little tantrum that she could not reach it. After a few minutes she realized that if she brought over her little chair that was across the room, she could stand on it and reach into the playpen to get her toy. PSYCHOLOGY-RELATED QUESTION: Would this be an example of insight learning? PERTINENT CHAPTER: Chapter 6 (Learning) ANSWER TO QUESTION: Based on the reading of Kohler’s Study of Insight, Kohler believed that there was a deeper process of learning than simple “trial and error”. It seemed from his experiments that we first study and think about the problem for a while and then “in a flash of insight” we understand the solution (Huffman, 2007, p. 228). EXPERIMENT: My experiment will test whether children ages 2-3 use insight, or sudden understanding of problems, to find the solution. I will first randomly assign four children into two groups, two children in each group. Group One: no instruction given in regards to the different materials provided (CONTROL). Group Two: will be instructed to retrieve the ball in a playpen using the materials supplied (EXPERIMENTAL). Both groups will be given the same materials (playpen with two balls inside and scattered chairs throughout the room) and the same amount of time to solve the problem (1 hour). After an...
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