...The articles of confederation caused problems. Had no judicial branch nor executive branch. Weak in central government, had no power to tax, no power to regulate trade, no power to coin money and back it up with previous standard, and no money to raise an army or navy. The Anti-Federalists found many problems in the Constitution. They argued that the document would give the country an entirely new form of government. They saw no sense in throwing out the existing government. Instead, they believed that the Federalists had over-stated the current problems of the country. The Anti-Federalists feared that the Constitution gave the president too much power and that the proposed Congress would be too higher-class in nature; with too few representatives for too many people. They also criticized the Constitution for its lack of a Bill of Rights. The Anti-Federalists also shared the feeling that so large a country as the United States could not possibly be controlled by one national government. Although the Anti-Federalists were united in their opposition to the Constitution, they did not agree on what form of government made the best alternative to it. Some still believed that the Articles of Confederation could be amended in such a way that they would provide a workable confederation. Some wanted the Union to break up and re-form into three or four different confederations. Others were even ready to accept the Constitution if it were amended in such a way that the rights of citizens...
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...The American civilization and the African civilization are unique and powerful. While the African civilization and the American civilization have similarities like their reasons for decline and role of religion, they also have differences like their role of women and contact with other cultures. Mali, an African society, and Inca, an American society, had the same reasons for decline. Mali’s emperor and Inca’s king both dies and both of their sons could not keep the empires together. The African and American societies are different people would think but they are very similar. Religion is very important, but even when different societies believe in the same or are polytheistic or monotheistic they don't all do the same activities. Both African and American societies were both polytheistic. Shintoism is polytheistic like the American and African civilizations once were. African civilizations converted to Islam while the American civilizations stayed polytheistic. The African civilizations turned to monotheism like buddhism. Religion is very important and even though civilizations believe in the same god does not mean they can not convert to another religion or perform their beliefs in a different way. Women were not treated with the most respect. Both American and African civilizations treated women with respect but they were still considered lower than a man. Women can be educated in both African and American civilizations but women could also became a priestess. In...
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...The Organizational Process: Organizing, like planning, must be a carefully worked out and applied process. This process involves determining what work is needed to accomplish the goal, assigning those tasks to individuals, and arranging those individuals in a decision-making framework (organizational structure). The end result of the organizing process is an organization — a whole consisting of unified parts acting in harmony to execute tasks to achieve goals, both effectively and efficiently. A properly implemented organizing process should result in a work environment where all team members are aware of their responsibilities. If the organizing process is not conducted well, the results may yield confusion, frustration, loss of efficiency, and limited effectiveness. In general, the organizational process consists of five steps (a flowchart of these steps is shown in Figure 1 ): [pic] The organizational process. 1 • Review plans and objectives. Objectives are the specific activities that must be completed to achieve goals. Plans shape the activities needed to reach those goals. Managers must examine plans initially and continue to do so as plans change and new goals are developed. 2 • Determine the work activities necessary to accomplish objectives. Although this task may seem overwhelming to some managers, it doesn't need to be. Managers simply list and analyze all the tasks that need to be accomplished...
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...RELATIONS? 4 4 AUSTRALIA’S FEDERATION – HOW IS IT OPERATING? 5 5 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS 8 6 INTERNATIONAL FEDERAL SYSTEMS: A BRIEF OVERVIEW 9 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 PRINCIPLES OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS EFFECTIVENESS TRANSPARENCY ACCOUNTABILITY EFFICIENCY INDEPENDENCE 11 11 33 34 37 40 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL ARRANGEMENTS REVENUE RAISING SPENDING FISCAL EQUALISATION MONITORING POLICY 43 43 51 55 56 57 9 CONCLUSION 59 INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS IN FEDERAL SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION 1| INTRODUCTION Australia, like many other systems of government around the world, is a federal system. Federations, while divided into different levels of government inevitably have a degree of interdependency between governments. Inescapably there arises a degree of conflict or ineffective governance. For example, disputes may arise between different governments on the basis of service provision or infrastructure, constitutional jurisdiction, fiscal arrangements (e.g. vertical fiscal imbalance or spending powers) or environmental or social issues. Most federations have developed a system of intergovernmental consultation and cooperation to deal with such issues, and to manage and foster cooperation between governments. The character of intergovernmental arrangements is unique to each federation, and depends on various factors such...
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...A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT ON NIGERIAN FEDERALISM: PATH TO A TRUE FEDERAL SYSTEM BY: IRABOR PETER ODION 07037830536 p24real2000@yahoo.com DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL STUDIES, FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL) POTISKUM, YOBE STATE BEING A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 4TH ANNUAL NATIONAL CONFERENCE ORGANISED BY COLLEGES OF EDUCATION ACADEMICS STAFF UNION (COEASU) FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL) POTISKUM CHAPTER HELD AT I.B.B HALL F.C.E (T) POTISKUM, YOBE STATE 31ST OCTOBER, 2011-4TH NOVEMBER 2011 ABSTRACT It is no gain saying that Nigeria is one of those countries that operates a federal system of government along side with the western world. Given the territorially delineated cleavages abounding in Nigeria and the historical legacy of division among ethnic groups, regions, and sections, the federal imperative was so fundamental that even the military government- characteristically Unitarian, hierarchical, and centralist- attached importance to the continuation of a federal system of government. But it must be said here that, while the system benefit most western countries, the reverse is the case for Nigeria considering the high level of political instability, ethnic crisis, and ethno/religious crisis among others The reason is not far fetch; Nigeria is operating a federal system in an awkward manner and this has make frictions and clashes possible which are currently posing a threat to her political development. To this end, this paper seeks to analyze Nigerian federalism from...
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...arket: Victoria’s Secret is a retail brand product of lingerie, clothes and beauty products, which is owned by the Limited Brands Company. It has thousands of retail stores opened in the United States and few in Canada. The Products are available through the retail stores, catalogue and online business. Such fast growing market was established by Roy Raymond in San Francisco during the 1970s. Raymond went beyond from just providing the traditional white cotton piece for underwear that sold in department stores, because he offered different colours, patterns and style that created sexiness. Such sexiness is created by combining European elegance and luxury. A market is defined as the set of actual and potential buyers of a product or service (reference). The current market of Victoria’s Secret consists of woman ranging from different ages, especially the younger women age early 20s to mid-30s will buy and prefer to wear luxuries lingerie in order to feel sexy and impress their partners. Other potential buyers are teenage girls going through puberty (age 13+), because they are becoming more aware of their changing body and feeling more mature. Also, some women would buy other type of products beside the lingerie, such as the Pink product line of clothing or the beauty products. In countries such as Canada and United States, the culture is so diverse that the market consists of different ethnic groups. Other buyers are men who would give gifts to their girlfriend or wife. Such...
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...Tim Bauman POLS 1602 Case for Large Democracy The type of government that is best for our new nation is undeniably a large democracy. The only way all our people will have a say is if they all have a direct say in the government. Having a large democracy would render both the Federalists and the Anti-Federalist’s arguments invalid. Not only that, but it takes care of the problem of separation of powers as well. While eventually a switch to some kind of republic may be necessary, as our population becomes too large for everyone to have their voice be heard, but right now for our new country, a large democracy is exactly what will suit us best. The Anti-Federalists argue that the states should have equaled if not more power than the federal government. People like Thomas Jefferson argued against what they feared would be the creation of the government that they tried to break away from. They wanted to defend against a strong central government that would be just like the king they revolted against. The Federalists on the other hand rallied for a stronger government. They wanted the central government to have enough power to act and react to issues that may arise in the nation. They didn’t want the states to have all the power, because it would leave the nation divided and vulnerable. They wanted a unified nation that could compete on a world scale. With a large democracy both the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists would be appeased. Everyone has a direct voice...
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...------------------------------------------------- too many cooks spoil the broth ------------------------------------------------- It means that if too many people try to do the same thing, they end up ruining it. If you have too many cooks trying to cook one broth or soup, they get in each other's way and end up adding the wrong things. It means that a simple thing like a broth (or a movie script) is better when it doesn't have many authors contributing to it. If more than one cook handles one pot of soup the ingredients like salt, for example, may be doubled or tripled (according to how many cooks handle the pot) thus spoiling it. Too many people trying to do the same thing together are likely to ruin the job. if too many people are involved in something it often gets too complicated. if its used it means that some people need to back off When too many people take charge on a task, it might end up ruining the whole thing. Rosalind is a fictional character and the romantic female lead in the play As You Like It (1600) by William Shakespeare. She is the daughter of the exiled Duke Senior and niece to his usurping brother Duke Frederick. Her father is banished from the kingdom which breaks her heart. She then meets Orlando and falls in love with him. After angering her uncle, she leaves his court for exile in the Forest of Arden. There, she lives disguised as a shepherd named Ganymede with her sweet and devoted cousin, Celia, disguised as his sister, Aliena and...
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...Part I Deliverable length: 1,000–1,250 words Your fast-food franchise has been cleared for business in all 4 countries (United Arab Emirates, Israel, Mexico, and China). You now have to start construction on your restaurants. The financing is coming from the United Arab Emirates, the materials are coming from Mexico and China, the engineering and technology are coming from Israel , and the labor will be hired locally within these countries by your management team from the United States. You invite all of the players to the headquarters in the United States for a big meeting to explain the project and get to know one another. The people seem to be staying with their own groups and not mingling. What is the cultural phenomenon here? How do you explain the lack of intercultural communication? What do you know about these cultures—specifically their economic, political, educational, and social systems—that could help you in getting them together? What are some of the contrasting cultural values of these countries? You are concerned about some of the language issues as you start the meeting, particularly the fact that the United States is a low-context country, and some of the countries present are high-context countries. Furthermore, you only speak English, and you do not have an interpreter present. How will this affect the presentation? What are some of the issues you should be concerned about regarding verbal and nonverbal language for...
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...The Role of Federalism In most instances, there are two views of federalism, Dual, and Cooperative Federalism. The history of American federalism is full of attempts to capture its true meaning in an adjective or metaphor. Scholars have generated many ways to describe many presentations of federalism relationships, theories, and arguments. Under the principle of federalism, two or more governments would exercise power and authority over the same people and the same territory. Governments of the United States and the individual states would share certain powers, such as the power to tax (Cropf, R., 2008 p. 105). The history of federalism, and its practices, offers a solution to the problem of diversity in America. Without a federal form of government, citizens fear they would be ruled by majorities from different regions with different interests and values. With the backbone of federalism, we live and apply federal principles and practices with a formal constitution. This expression explains the proper relationship between the national government and the states. Federalism in a diverse nation, ensures a balance for sustaining national cohesion and to protect the regional differences. Any attempts to extinguish regional differences may prompt a revolution. Yes, states are beholding to the national government because of the grant-in-aid, legislation, and judicial interpretations handed down from Washington. In addition, it is because of federalism that states maintain...
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...The federalism is a description of a system which is in a same geographic area, two or more governments share power to rule this area, which can be a country or region. For United States, the Constitution grants power to the U.S government and each individual state’s government in the U.S. The federalism is originally from America during the period constitution was created, and it is a solution for the problems with the articles of the Confederation. And there was another kind of government was created which was anti-federalism. And after that the idea of federalism spread to the south America, Africa, Europe. And the dual federalism is a political arrangement which power is divided between the federal and state governments...
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...Advantages WRITTEN 1.Hard to change. This is VERY beneficial. 2.It is easy to understand your rights. 3.It sets FIXED NON-NEGOCIABLE boundries, duties and resposibilities to the governmental bodies. 4.It can be "re-interpreted" over the generations without having to be modified. Disadvantages (from the point of view of Government): 1.Hard to change. 2.It is easy for you to understand your rights 3.It sets FIXED boundries, duties and resposibilities to the governmanetal bodies. 4.It can be "re-interpreted" over the generations without having to be modified. ADVANTAGES: UNWRITTEN An unwritten constitution based on conventions has the advantage of being extremely adaptable or flexible. Since it is unwritten, it can be changed easily to deal with new situations. All that is necessary for the practises to be changed is for Parliament to agree that change is necessary. Old constitutional practises do not become 'millstones' that make it difficult to deal with changed circumstances. There is an entrenchment, but one that given democratic consensus may be more easily modified than as a written constitution. So long as democratic processes are in place and Parliament and the Judiciary act as elected guardians, then in many ways the British Constitution appears more fitted to reflect a changing world and changing circumstances. Unwritten Constitution changes to reflect the times in which we live. DISADVANTAGE: It carries risks. If a constitution is to place limits on government...
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...allocation cum resource control. The paper takes a cursory look at virtually all previous attempts at arriving at equitable formula. The paper however, infers that in a deeply plural and divided society like Nigeria a polity that ‘robs Peter to pay Paul’ may eventually be both counter-productive and dysfunctional. The clarion call however is a federal system with fiscal policy that can imbue in the citizenry sense of justice, equity and fairness visà- vis revenue allocation. To do otherwise according to the findings of this paper is to jeopardize all efforts at national cohesion and integration. Keywords: Federalism, fiscal federalism, revenue, resource, Grants-in-aid Federal Governance ISSN 1923-6158 www.federalgovernance.ca Forum of Federations 325 Dalhousie Street, Suite 700 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7G2 Canada ♥ Ojo About Federal Governance Federal Governance is an online graduate journal on theory and politics of federalism and multilevel governance. Its mandate is to engage the global federalism community and reach out to outstanding graduate students interested in federalism and multi-level governance. By providing a platform for graduate students to have early success in their careers, Federal Governance seeks to promote and sustain interest in federalism and multi-level governance research among graduate students. Allied with the Forum of...
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...The impact of the Second World War was, without a doubt, crucial in improving the lives of black Americans over the years 1945-55, as it led to federal support of the cause. However, it wasn’t as important as the use of direct action which, for the first time, was able to convert de jure into de facto change. This, not the War, was therefore the most significant factor in the improvement, achieving something which federal support and the work of civil rights organisations which did not engage in direct action were alone unable to do.The impact of the Second World War was, without a doubt, crucial in improving the lives of black Americans over the years 1945-55, as it led to federal support of the cause. However, it wasn’t as important as the use of direct action which, for the first time, was able to convert de jure into de facto change. This, not the War, was therefore the most significant factor in the improvement, achieving something which federal support and the work of civil rights organisations which did not engage in direct action were alone unable to do.The impact of the Second World War was, without a doubt, crucial in improving the lives of black Americans over the years 1945-55, as it led to federal support of the cause. However, it wasn’t as important as the use of direct action which, for the first time, was able to convert de jure into de facto change. This, not the War, was therefore the most significant factor in the improvement, achieving something which federal...
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...What is a Constitution? A constitution is a set of rules, written or unwritten, relating to how states are run and organised depicting the functions, powers and composition of the major institutions of government as well as their relationship between each other and the population. This means that anybody who agrees to withhold a citizenship of the country must agree to the constitution. “The Constitution is colour-blind ad neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens” -John Marshall. This quote by Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States portrays the fact that once you are a citizen, no matter what race, colour , size or background you come from, the rules of the constitution apply to you. There are two types of constitution, codified and uncodiefied. Codified being the provisions of the constitution set out in a single written document. These constitutions normally result from political upheavals and trauma, such as the Grant of Independence by Colonial Power in India in 1948. These constitutions tend to be more rigid in nature as there is a limited reliance on unwritten rules (conventions). However, uncodified constitutions are not set out in a single written document, thus they tend to be more flexible and consist of a greater amount of unwritten conventions. Constitutions must exist for a reason, therefore there are functions to them, and the five functions of a constitution are, to distribute power, to provide legitimacy to...
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