Free Essay

Female Gestation

In:

Submitted By chihuahualvr
Words 409
Pages 2
10/8/11
BIO 1013 S01

|
Discuss the anatomical changes in the female body during gestation.
During gestation the female body goes through many changes in the 9 months that a woman is carrying a child.
The anatomical changes that occur are the following: 1) Maternal respiratory rate and tidal volume all increase. This occurs because the lungs of the mother have to deliver the extra oxygen that is needed for the fetus and she also has to get rid of the extra carbon dioxide that is given off by the fetus. 2) The volume of the blood also increases; this happens because the blood that flows to the placenta is reducing the volume in the system and also the metabolic activity of the fetus lowers the bloods Po2 and increases the Pco2. By the end of gestation the mother’s blood volume has increased a whole 50%. 3) The nutrition requirements have also changed because the mother is not only eating for herself but her growing fetus and she is needed to consume more nutrients for the proper growth of the fetus. The nutrient increase is about 10 – 30%. 4) The glomerular filtration rate increases because of the amount of the metabolic waste that is put out by the fetus. This causes the mother to urinate more and this increase is around 50% because of all of the pressure on her bladder. 5) The uterus also is changing in size during this gestation because of the growing fetus that it has to support. 6) Mammary glands begin a change also. These glands need a mixture of hormones to develop and this mixture includes the following: a. Human prolactin b. Placental prolactin( given off by the placenta) c. PRL d. Estrogen e. Progesterone f. GH g. Thyroxine
All of these come from the mother’s endocrine organs. The mammary glands help in the feeding of the infant after birth. These are some of the changes that occur during gestation but the mother undergoes many physical and emotional changes too. Some of the changes that occur are: 1. Morning sickness 2. Weight gain 3. Constipation 4. SOB 5. Stretch marks (from stretching of the skin) 6. Varicose veins 7. Mood changes 8. Sleeplessness 9. Depression
All of these changes occur throughout the pregnancy and some remain long after the pregnancy too.
Works Cited
Martini, F., & Nath, J. L. (2009). Fundamentals of Anatomy and physiology (8th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Capital Budget

...business. This paper will discuss capital improvements that will help her to do just that. Capital improvements are expenses connected with changes to enhance capital assets, extend their productive existence, or add to the worth of these assets. Capital improvements may improve usefulness or productivity or be renovations to the building or other structural improvements (Murray, 2014). Capital improvements can also be written off against income. Pond construction, barns, fences, driveways and parking lots are examples of expenses for breeders. Equipment such as pickups, scales, trailer, and tractors each has a suitable schedule for write-off. We have decided that it would be in Peggy’s best interest to purchase an additional male and female alpaca along with a larger barn for the animals. Alpacas are called "The world's finest livestock investment.” Alpacas also provide of extraordinary profits in the sales of offspring from your herd as well as significant tax advantages. Alpaca sales values have been good and remained steady since they were first imported to the US in large numbers in the 1980's. Alpacas continue to be in high...

Words: 673 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Life

...When does life really begin? Is it when the first fluttering beats of the primitive heart of a fetus start, or when the child is pushed from the womb into the world? Does it all actually start at the moment of conception when the egg and sperm meet and mix their genetic code together to create a new being. Who can say really. No one knows because no one is sure of when life truely begins. There are many out there who say an unborn child isn't really a person, or even alive because it can not sustain it's own life. If this were true, then no one is a real person until they are living on their own away from their parents. When you stop and really think about this, without listening to the arguments about when life starts or if something is considered alive until a certain time, you would suprised at what you may find. When the primitive heart of a tiny fetus starts to beat for the first time, it is then that it starts to actually survive on its own, apart from its mother. Though at this time, most mothers-to-be don't know they are mothers yet, they begin to change their attitude to a more gentle caring way and doing what they can to protect the tiny life inside them in many different ways. Its that life growing inside them that started those mothering instincts. Its those instincts that protect it from harm until it is able to survive outside the womb and until it can live apart from its mother later in life. Even beyond that point, any mother will protect her young from everything...

Words: 504 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Abortion

...Abortion Fact #1: Every abortion kills an innocent human being. Every new life begins at conception. This is an irrefutable fact of biology. It is true for animals and true for humans. When considered alongside the law of biogenesis – that every species reproduces after its own kind – we can draw only one conclusion in regard to abortion: every single abortion ends the life of an innocent human being. Fact #2: Every human being is a person. Personhood is properly defined by membership in the human species, not by stage of development within that species. A living being's designation to a species is determined not by the stage of development but by the sum total of its biological characteristics. Fact #3: Beginning at conception, every pregnancy involves two or more bodies. No matter how you spin it, women don't have four arms and four legs when they're pregnant. Those extra appendages belong to the tiny human being(s) living inside of them. At no point in pregnancy is the developing embryo or fetus simply a part of the mother's body. Fact #4: It is just, reasonable, and necessary for society to outlaw certain choices. Any civilized society restricts the individual's freedom to choose whenever that choice would harm an innocent person. Therefore, it is impossible to justify abortion by simply arguing that women should be "free to choose." Fact #5: The right to not be killed supersedes the right to not be pregnant....

Words: 1572 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Life and What It Is

...When does life really begin? Is it when the first fluttering beats of the primitive heart of a fetus start, or when the child is pushed from the womb into the world? Does it all actually start at the moment of conception when the egg and sperm meet and mix their genetic code together to create a new being. Who can say really. No one knows because no one is sure of when life truely begins. There are many out there who say an unborn child isn't really a person, or even alive because it can not sustain it's own life. If this were true, then no one is a real person until they are living on their own away from their parents. When you stop and really think about this, without listening to the arguments about when life starts or if something is considered alive until a certain time, you would suprised at what you may find. When the primitive heart of a tiny fetus starts to beat for the first time, it is then that it starts to actually survive on its own, apart from its mother. Though at this time, most mothers-to-be don't know they are mothers yet, they begin to change their attitude to a more gentle caring way and doing what they can to protect the tiny life inside them in many different ways. Its that life growing inside them that started those mothering instincts. Its those instincts that protect it from harm until it is able to survive outside the womb and until it can live apart from its mother later in life. Even beyond that point, any mother will protect her young from everything...

Words: 504 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Organizational Behavior

...INFORMATIVE SPEECH OUTLINE Topic: | Music | Title: | Effects of listening to music towards human beings | General purpose: | To inform | Specific purpose: | To inform my audience that listening to music can give many benefits that can affects human mentally and physically. | Central idea: | A speech that I am going to deliver is about the benefits of listening to music which is really helping in many aspects that affect human beings physically and mentally. | Organizational pattern: | Spatial order | I. INTRODUCTION | A. Attention getter: | Do you ever stressed over something? Or feeling depressed? If you have, how do you solve it? Did you know that music has a power of calming and healing certain ailments? | B. Background information of the topic: | Music does many things to human body whether physically or mentally such as slowing down and equalizing brain waves, balancing blood pressure, fights depression, relieves anxiety, boosts confidence, improves memory and speeds healing. | C. Preview of main points / central idea: | Today, music has become another alternative to help patient deal with their pain and also people release their stress by listening to music depends on their music taste either the fast rhythm song or slow rhythm song. | Transition to introduction: | Now, music has become a must to listen to, whether they are old people, adult, teenagers and babies. Different ages have different taste of music. Music is thought to link all...

Words: 838 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Abortions

...Abortion Hook: Should the United States Government continue to legalize abortion? I. Although, legalization of abortion has been an unresolved controversial issue all over the world for many years, the answer to this question is not far-fetched. This is because it involves two human beings; the dead baby and the confused mother. The United States Government should not continue to make abortion legal with these three points in mind: the unborn right to life, religion, and the psychological effects of abortion. II. The most important reason abortion should not be legal is the unborn baby’s right to life should be protected. A. Life starts at conception; immediately, the female egg is fertilized during intercourse when the sperm unites with the female egg. 1. The fertilized egg has the right to live because it is a human being and contains everything needed for human DNA. 2. This miracle has been proven both naturally and scientifically through gender difference of an innocent being. 3. As a result the union of two different cells from opposite sex formed an embryo with a different soul and body and has the right to life. B. No wonder Thomas Jefferson wrote “we are endowed by our creator with certain inalienable right” (Jefferson). 1. This constitutional right to one’s own life supports the notion that whenever that life starts, it should be protected. 2. As shown previously, human life begins at conception. The U.S. Government, therefore, should protect life rather...

Words: 674 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Case Study: Fetal Abnormality

...Case Study: Fetal Abnormality Grand Canyon University Author Note This research was submitted by for HLT-310V Spirituality in Health Care course. Case Study: Fetal Abnormality The moral status of a human being is defined as the characteristic in which humans are viable. The concept of human life raises the question…when is a fetus considered a human? When does a baby become “viable?” the answer to this question is; four week gestation. At four weeks the heartbeat is audible, from then on, no matter what the circumstance, that is a human life. “For you created my inmost being, you knit me together in my mother’s womb” (Psalm 139:13) (Bible, ESV). The case study theories are based on the fact that the baby has the possibility of not being able to develop arms and has a twenty five percent chance of developing Down syndrome. The doctor believes that the moral status is up to the mother to choose due to the risks of bringing a child with disabilities into the world. From his medical perspective, he wants the mother to weigh the costs of not being able to care for and have the finances to provide for a child with special needs. The husband wanted to break the news to his wife slowly to discuss what they wanted to do. The moral status from his perspective is working together to come up with what to do as future parents. Maria, the aunt, wants to use her faith and pray for healing and miracles. Maria’s perspective of moral status is that no matter what,...

Words: 445 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Stable Money Markets

...000. That equates to almost 26.79% return on her initial investment within one year. The alpaca market is stable, demand is high, and Betty has the assets to continue growth in the breeding business. Team B believes that Betty should make a capital improvement in purchasing two additional male and two additional female show quality Alpacas. Research reveals that alpacas, the llama look-alike, are easy to care for and require very low maintenance. Females become sexually mature between the ages of 12 to 18 months so purchasing ones that are at least twelve months old is key. Male alpacas become sexually active between 18 months and 3 years so purchasing two around 24 months would be ideal so the breeding could start whenever Betty wanted (Northwest Alpacas, 2014). The additional investment would be somewhere between $56,000 and $60,000 dollars for the additional four alpacas (two male and two female). With the additional alpacas come additional breeding and baby alpacas. If each female produces one baby a year, that would be an increase of $30,000 in revenue and a 50% ROI in just the 1st year. The normal gestation period is 11.5 month which means each female can produce one baby a year and most are re-mated 2-6 weeks after giving birth (Northwest Alpacas, 2014). In year two Betty could pay back her...

Words: 556 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Gender Identity

...of both. A person’s gender can be determined by the hormones produced during gestation. The combination of hormones determines if the sex of a fetus will be a boy or a girl. In some cases, “Some individuals are born with both ovarian and testicular tissues” (Spencer A. Rathus, 2011) When this occurs, a person is considered to be a hermaphrodite. Although an individual in such situation has parts of bot h sex, they usually consider themselves to be the sex that is assigned at birth. When a child is born a hermaphrodite, the gender at birth is determined by the combination of X and Y chromosomes. The X,X chromosomes combination produces female organs on the inside and external sexual organs that mimic those of a male. “The clitoris is enlarged and may resemble a small penis.” (Spencer A. Rathus, 2011) An individual who was born this way may have a hard time identifying with their gender identity. A hermaphrodite can be classified as a female based on the chromosome combination, but have a hard time identifying with the female gender because of the external sexual organs. According to the masculinity and femininity continuum, some individuals are considered to be more masculine and feminine than others. For example, a female who goes against a male for his position in the workplace would be considered more masculine. According to the text “A person who is highly masculine, whether male or female, may also possess feminine traits- and vice versa.” (Spencer A. Rathus. 2011) ...

Words: 747 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Animal Behavior on Tigers

...and kills with a bite to the neck. They are also very good swimmers and have been known to kill prey while swimming. Tigers essentially live solitary lives, except during mating season and when females bear young. They are usually fiercely territorial and have and mark their large home ranges. Males have larger territories than females. An adult male's territory will usually overlap several females' territories. The larger area contains more than enough food, water and shelter resources, but is larger to accommodate more females' territories. Therefore, females are the most coveted resource for males. Aggression amongst adult male tigers can be influenced by the number of tigers in a given density and whether there is a social disruption in which males are competing to take control of a territory. The intensity of aggression increased when there are high tiger densities for a given area because there is more competition of resources and mating opportunities. Resident male territory-holders may be challenged by other young males for possession of the territory or the young males may challenge each for ownership if the resident male has vacated or dies. The strongest male will take possession of the territory. These times of social disruption may also cause aggression between females. Tigresses' territories are smaller than that of males but focus on vital resources required for rearing young. Tigresses usually occupy territories adjacent to or take over parts of their mother's...

Words: 365 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Gammarus

...Gammarus Duebeni has a salinity tolerance and therefore can also be found in estuaries. The species cannot tolerate warm temperatures and will die in temperatures higher than 34C. The Gammarus Duebeni reproduces sexually. Mating occurs after the females molt and ovulate. The species is monogamous. Once the male makes bodily contact with a female, he “chases her, touches her with his divergent antennae and catches her by an appendage” (Sutcliffe). When the male ejaculates sperm, his female partner then puts it in her pouch. Once in there, her oviducts open and the eggs can begin to fertilize. After the mating, the males disperse while the females carry the eggs in their pouches until they hatch and the juveniles grow appendages. The gestation period is between one and three weeks and breeding usually takes place between April and November, depending on water temperatures. After the juveniles have grown appendages, they are released into the open water and the mother is relieved of her maternal duties. The offspring of some Gammarus Duebeni pairs can sometimes be either all males or all females. Juveniles of Gammarus Duebeni, “are sensitive to fluctuations in day length; more males develop after exposure to long daylight hours whereas more females develop at short daylight hours” (Sutcliffe). The Gammarus Duebeni is a motile creature. However it often holds onto vegetation or digs itself into the ground in order to avoid being swept away by strong...

Words: 452 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Gender Identity Paper

...Paper Male and female is a suggestion to a person’s gender. A person’s gender is whether they see themselves as a man or a woman. Gender identity is the way in which an individual self-identifies with a gender type, for example, as being either a man or a woman. For example when a man sees himself as a woman or a woman sees herself as a man. Misconceptions surrounding gender identity often begin with general confabulation of terms used to communicate about the issue ( Dragowski, Del Rio, Sandigorsky, 2011). Many researchers go by the theories that stand along the nature versus nurture field. Many people assume that sexual preference is a matter of choice but it isn’t (Pinel, 2009). Some people discover their sexual preferences; they don’t choose them. Sexual preferences seem to develop very early, and a child’s first indication of the direction of sexual attraction usually does not change as he or she matures (Pinel, 2009). Still many people debate that people sexuality is a choice. Even thought there has been some Gender development is believed to begin at the time of conception and determined by sex chromosomes (Dragowski, del Rio, Sandigorsky ,2011). It is believe that gender development begins at the time of conception and it is determined by sex chromosomes. When the fetuses began to developed, they begin with a set of undifferentiated gonads and two sets of ducts, Mullerian and Wolffian. Determining the fate of gonads between Weeks 6 and 12 of gestation is the sex- determining...

Words: 884 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Synthesis Of Gestation

...In a culture that is founded on the symbolic link between womanhood and reproduction, in a political climate where so many feminist political e orts of the past have been predicated on that link and with church and religion being always against any form of interference in the natural course of childbirth (Kaushik, 2014), the separation of gestation from a woman's body will have earth-shattering consequences for the contemporary feminist movement (Bake, 2014). Feminists have extensively considered what ectogenesis could mean for women's rights, the structure of the family, class and society. Feminist critique ranges from one extreme to the other in terms of whether ectogenesis will liberate or oppress women (Chemaly, 2012). It is a common belief...

Words: 350 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Mountain Lion

...lion is that their hind legs are longer than their front legs in which they utilize for running and jumping. The mountain lion has a long spinal column, which provides an increase lumbar flexation when they run. Adult mountain lions are a plain colored cat. Their color can vary from grey to dark brown to tawny and buff cinnamon red depending on the geographical location that they reside in. The tail is long, cylindrical with lots of hair. The muzzles are black located on the sides. Their upper lip, chin, and throat are whitish. The tail is the same color as body, except for the tip, which is either dark brown or black. Male mountain lions are usually larger than females measuring larger than 8 feet while females can measure greater than 7 feet total including the tail. Males can weigh between 130-150 pounds and females weighing 65-90 pounds. The mountain lion is connected to science because it’s connected to the wildlife and is a physiological aspect. Reproduction The mountain lion does not have a definite breeding season. Although, mountain lions...

Words: 710 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Creativity

...Creature Creation Project An Innovation to save the BLACKBUCK Group 5 Aashita Varma – 2011002 Avnika Suri – 2011138 Pragya Vatsa – 2011040 INTRODUCTION ABOUT BLACKBUCK The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is an antelope species native to the Indian subcontinent that has been classified as endangered by IUCN since 2003, as the blackbuck range has decreased sharply during the 20th century. The main threats to the species are poaching, predation, habitat destruction, overgrazing, and diseases, in breeding and sanctuary visitors. ABOUT CACTUS A cactus (plural: cacti, cactuses, or cactus[1]) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, within the order Caryophyllales. Most cacti live in habitats subject to at least some drought. Many live in extremely dry environments. Cacti show many adaptations to conserve water. Most species of cacti have lost true leaves, retaining only spines, which are highly modified leaves. As well as defending against herbivores, spines help prevent water loss by reducing air flow close to the cactus and providing some shade. In the absence of leaves, enlarged stems carry out photosynthesis. Cactus stems also store water, and are often ribbed or fluted, which allows them to expand and contract easily. OUR ANIMAL – CACUEER RATIONALE We proposed the idea of a hybrid of Blackbuck and Cactus named “CACUEER”. The rationale behind the idea was to protect the Blackbuck from various threats like predation, habitat destruction, over gazing...

Words: 629 - Pages: 3