...that factors such as racism, sexism, and class discrimination are all interwoven factors that lead to oppression, as these factors cannot be separated, but must be tackled together as a unit. Black feminists strive to liberate black women from oppression as they believe this will lead to freedom for all, as factors such as racism, sexism and class oppression will then be eliminated, freeing all people from the boundaries and constraints that oppression creates. This theory of feminism emerged as black women felt that they were subject to a harsher form of oppression than white women. This type of feminist movement was a response to the Feminist Movement, and the Black Liberation movement that was occurring at the time. They believed that the Feminist Movement solely helped white, middle-class women, and that it failed to focus on all women, as there were women — like the black women— who were being oppressed not only by gender, but also by race, and class. They too felt that the Black Liberation Movement focused only on the struggles of black men, and that they were sexually oppressed by this movement. They believed that both of these movements failed to recognized black women, as they were an invisible group. It is believed by the black feminists that they too, like the white feminists, struggle with issues concerning gender, but what differentiates them is that they are faced with being unequal on the basis of diversity, making their primary purpose to stop racism, sexism, and...
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...Question 1: Discuss in detail how feminist art challenged the existing conventions and expectations of art practice (practice) The feminist art movement began in the 1960’s as a result of various factors that based around the central premise of supporting women’s empowerment and equality and aims to equalise women in society. Feminist art practice challenged the conventions and boundaries established by previous art movements like Renaissance and Modernism, these were periods in art which were strongly male driven and male dominated. Feminism challenged this standard to various extents, as in many ways women in the art world were not entirely respected and their practice could not produce ‘fine art’. Instead females artists were only associated...
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...Intersectionality within feminist discourse has always been important to discussions of inequality and working towards solutions. Intersectionality is the way in which different identities, and therefore discriminatory systems, are intertwined and cannot be disconnected from each other. This is why it is so important to use intersectionality when employing the feminist perspective. From our class readings, most of the authors use many examples of intersectionality in their analyses. The books Lucky and Conquest, as well as the excerpt from Half the Sky, all include these examples. The author of Lucky makes very careful descriptive choices in her novel that utilize intersectionality. In the section “Prohibition and Prostitution” from Half the Sky, the authors devote their writing to another form of...
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...------------------------------------------------- Feminist Stances on Rape ------------------------------------------------- Causes, Activism and Prevention [Author] Abstract Understanding the many different studies and work done by feminists regarding rape and sexual violence. Table of Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………….3 Anti-Rape Movement………………………………………………4 Feminist Perspective…………………………..…………………..7 Amelioration Vs. Backlash……………………………………...9 Conclusion………………………………………………………….…11 Bibliography……………………………………………….…………12 Introduction The definition of rape has been something of dispute for the last number of years. Rape usually is understood to involve some sort of sexual penetration of a person by force or without consent. Rape is committed more by males, usually on a female. In the last three decades, feminist have worked and studied rape with the collective agenda to work towards changing rape in a social and legal manor. Feminist thought and activism have challenges the myth that rape is rape, showing that it is a common experience among girls and women. Although feminists have different theories on why rape occurs, and how to eliminate it, they share the notion that rape is wrong and work towards learning and teaching about rape prevention. This paper will touch on the anti-rape movement, the feminist perspective, and different hypothesis in learning about the different feminist theories of rape. Anti-Rape Movement Feminists have been working for decades towards raising...
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...Television series Charmed can be interpreted as a postfeminist text in popular culture. Yvonne Tasker and Diane Negra’s book “Interrogating Post Feminism: Gender and the Politics of Popular Culture” (2007) discusses the importance of post feminism in contemporary popular culture. In this book, Tasker and Negra focus mainly on film, television and advertising. According to the article “The Myth of Postfeminism”, the United States entered a postfeminist era around 1990. (Hall, J. E. (2003) p. 878) In America Charmed was television series which ran from 1998 up until 2006. Post-feminism, also known as third wave feminism emerged after second wave feminism and was a response to what second wave feminism excluded. The shows central characters are three sisters who are witches, the show is hailed as a feminist text because of its portrayal of strong female characters, and the fact the...
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...Disch, and Chapter 1 and 2 Comparison “The personal is political” is a notion that can relate many readings on women’ studies including our readings in class. The readings from Estelle Disch, and Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 of Women’s Voices Feminist Visions all discuss issues such as inequalities across different systems such as gender, race, education, sports, and more, how feminist ideas relate to inequality, intersecting identities, and the idea of privilege. There are inequalities across systems that can be seen in the way that women are viewed in society. An example of this is shown in chapter one in an article called “The Housewives Moment of Truth” by Jane O’Reilly. O’Reilly main point focuses on the notion that even through time women are still seen as being simple housewives. In today’s society women have obtained various professional jobs that go beyond the just being a teacher, and even with their success there are people that see women’s role as being in the household. O’Reilly article displays an example of gender inequality, and more importantly shows how there is still a lot progress that needs to be made. Besides gender inequality, the readings also point to other types of inequality like race. Race is very important when looking at women’s studies because everyone has to tackle their own problems every day. For instance, a black woman who is of a lower class, a single mother, a high school graduate, and tackling two jobs is viewed differently by people in society...
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...Feminism in Multicultural Societies An analysis of Dutch Multicultural and Postsecular Developments and their Implications for Feminist Debates Eva Midden A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements of the degree of PhD at the University of Central Lancashire May 2010 Student Declaration Concurrent registration for two or more academic awards I declare that while registered as a candidate for the research degree, I have not been registered candidate or enrolled student for another award of the University or other academic or professional institution Material submitted for another award I declare that no material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award and is solely my own work Signature of Candidate Type of Award School ___PhD_________________________________ ___Centre for Professional Ethics___________ 1 Abstract It was long assumed that both multiculturalism and feminism are connected to progressive movements and hence have comparable and compatible goals. However, both in academia and in popular media the critique on multiculturalism has grown and is often accompanied with arguments related to gender equality and/or feminism. According to political scientist Susan Moller Okin for example there are fundamental conflicts between our commitment to gender equality and the desire to respect the customs of minority cultures or religions. If we agree that women...
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...Feminist Movement Firstly, we would like to talk about the causes and the beginning of feminist movement. the About two centuries ago, human society has many changes and movements; the occurrence of human right and its acceptability, the attention of the importance of democracy, the change of production to industry, instead of agriculture, and the advance of technology. These changes and movements cause some women getting the chance of education as same as almost men, and make women working outdoor instead of doing household work. These phenomena cause people questioning about the original belief that proposes women are inferior to men, and the difference between men and women is natural matter which is unchangeable. People tried to find the reason why this belief occurred and has still endured for a long time. In addition, there is a social movement which tried to change this belief, including the condition of the inequality between men and women. This social movement is called feminism. This social phenomenon began, in 19th century, in the western side of the world, because women didn’t accept the original culture, their role in society, the inequality of gender, and the oppression of men. However, this contradiction in terms of gender has been argued up to the beginning of 20th century. Feminism has rapidly grown since the last forty years of 20th century. People become awakened to study about women in several measurements, especially in the study of the relationship...
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...any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. http://www.jstor.org Fri Jun 15 11:56:33 2007 BARGAINING W I T H PATRIARCHY DENIZ K A N D I Y O T I Richmond College, United Kingdom T h i s article argues that systematic comparative analyses of women's strategies and coping mechanisms lead to a more culturally and temporally grounded understanding of patriarchal systems than the unqualified, abstract notion of patriarchy encountered in contemporary feminist theory. Women strategize within a set of concreteconstraints, which I identify as patriarchal bargains. Different forms of patriarchy present women with distinct "rules of the game" and call for different strategies to maximize...
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...SAMPLE BIBLIOGRAPHY KEY POINTS TO NOTE WHEN COMPILING YOUR BIBLIOGRAPHY • Choose a topic on which you will not have to struggle to find enough material • Put a title on your bibliography, so that it is clear what subject you are writing about • Include your search strategy - how you selected your references. • Count your references and make sure that the number is within the limit of 40-50 • Arrange your references in alphabetical order • Cite them properly according to the MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) guidelines for referencing your work. These are laid out in Section 10 of the MHRA Style Guide. At http://www.library.soton.ac.uk/infoskills/referencing.shtml#MHRA you will find a link to the Style Guide. There you will also find links to documents containing MHRA-format examples from the Guide, and from the New College Humanities Programme Handbook. • Check and double-check for inaccuracies and inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation and spacing • Include as wide a range of types of information sources on your topic as you can find. The main ones are books, journal articles, electronic journal articles, conferences, theses, websites, and newspaper articles, reports and government publications (though the last two types are unlikely for the subject of this sample bibliography) • Choose references that are up to date, unless your topic has a historical slant, in which case older material will be appropriate ...
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...may choose a particular industry or occupation to illustrate your argument). Introduction to the feminist movement: In an constantly evolving society, theories of work organisations have undergone drastic changes over the past few decades (Tosi 2009). Organisational theory developed from the work of Taylor and Weber (Reed & Ross-Smith 1994) along with the management theory of Mintzberg (Bartram 2005). The application of these concepts needed to change to reflect the desires and expectations of the current working demographic. The ‘highly visible’ (Stanley & Wise 2000) feminist or women’s movements, particularly in developed countries throughout the past century, have allowed women to enjoy substantially increased levels of equality and the ability to enter male-dominated occupations which their predecessors could not. Modern philosophers such as Foucault and de Saussure (Kelemen & Rumens 2008) have been considering one facet of ‘poststructuralism’ (Tosi 2009, p. 263), leading to a new stream of though on the implications of language interpretation. Modern poststructuralist feminists such as McNay and Weedon (as cited in Kelemen & Rumens 2008) have been debating ways in which to instigate and enhance a shift from a male-centric organisation compositions towards a more female conscious approach. Modern philosophical approaches on structure have aided in the application of feminist theories to the organisational and managerial literature but as some critics argue: at the expense...
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...In Search of Her: A Postcolonial/ Feminist Enquiry into the Identity of Indian Woman Kochurani Abraham “The home was the principal site for expressing the spiritual quality of the nation’s culture and women must take the main responsibility of protecting and nurturing this quality. No matter what the changes in the external conditions of life for women, they must not lose their essentially spiritual (ie feminine) virtues; they must not, in other words, become essentially westernized.” - Partha Chatterjee, “The Nationalist Resolution of the Women’s Question”* “What was gradually and carefully constituted, brick by brick, in the interaction between colonialism and nationalism is now so deeply embedded in the consciousness of the middle classes that ideas about the past have assumed the status of revealed truths…It has led to a narrow and limiting circle in which the image of Indian womanhood has become, both a shackle and a rhetorical device that nevertheless functions as a historical truth.” - Uma Chakravarti “Whatever happened to the Vedic Dasi?: Orientalism, Nationalism and a Script for the Past.”* Who/where is the Indian woman? Since this conference focuses on the theme “Identity, Difference and...
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...avoidance of women was the belief that they could lead men astray: "From garments cometh a moth and from a woman the iniquities of a man" (Ecclus. 42:13). Indeed, men were often viewed as intrinsically better than women, for "better is the iniquity of a man than a woman doing a good turn" (Ecclus. 42:14).[4] In view of this low status of women, it is not surprising that they enjoyed few legal rights in Jewish society. Women were not even allowed to give evidence in a court of law. Moreover, according to the rabbinic school that followed Rabbi Hillel, a man could legally divorce his wife if she burned his dinner. It was in this oppressive context that Christianity was born. Many people - both men and women - have hailed Jesus as a feminist because of His elevation of women in a male-chauvinist society. Moreover, Paul's statement in Galatians 3:28 - "There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus" (NIV) - has been called "the Magna Carta of humanity."[5] Because of the Christian's standing in Christ, it is argued, the subordination of women that was (allegedly) caused by the Fall (Gen. 3) has been replaced with total equality of the sexes in Christ. Any apparent...
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...movement of (Eurocentric) feminism has been superglued to its privilege ever since the term “féminisme” was first coined in 1837 (source). Marked by its relentless, unapologetic, prioritization of the voices of middle-class, cisgender, heterosexual, white women over the experiences of queer women, women of color (third world women) , transgendered women; the movement has become an obstacle for equal rights in the broader sense. While “white” feminism is absolutely vital today and has produced outstanding achievements for women in the Western world, the byproducts of its undeniable privilege has been detrimental, to say the least, to women of third world countries in particular. Western feminism, whether intentional by the individual white feminist or not, has operated on the presumption that all women around the world are equally oppressed (define oppression identically) and seek the same ‘liberations’ as each other (Mohanty 1984 ). For example, the concept of family and the role women around the world carry in the family structure is regularly brought up for debate in Western feminism, but seldom do we witness a conversation that is free of the intention to define the identities of these third world women (in the family construct) (Amos & Parmar ). Family holds a different weight in every culture, therefore by seeking to define the role of the third world woman, Western values are automatically imposed and are considered the “ideal”. This approach, by default, forces the third world...
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...Most Effective Essay: “SlutWalks and the Future of Feminism.” by Jessica Valenti Slut. This attention-grabbing noun is used throughout the world in the continuing feminist protest that has started since May 2011: Slutwalks. It all began when Michael Sanguinetti, a Toronto police constable, made a statement on how women should not “dress like sluts” in order to be safe from being sexually assaulted at a safety forum in Osgoode Hall Law School on January 24th 2011. His words infuriated many, and Sonya Barnett and Heather Jarvis, Co-founders of Slutwalk Toronto, decided to take action to disaffirm the victim-blaming claim. Originally expected to be a small-scale protest, Slutwalk drew attention and became a worldwide phenomenon, which also triggered both positive and negative responses; Jessica Valenti, Gail Dines, Wendy J Murphy and Keli Goff all published articles to express their opinions. Valenti supported Slutwalk in her essay, “Slutwalks and the Future of Feminism,” whereas Dines and Murphy’s “SlutWalk is not sexual liberation” and Goff ‘s “Dear feminists, Will You Also Be Marching In N***erwalk? Because I Won’t.” opposed it. These writers are all famous feminists; Dines is a seasoned professor and author, while Valenti and Goff are new feminist bloggers who are described as “the pioneer in bringing feminist action online” and “a breath of fresh air,” respectively. Although all of these writers had clear stances, Jessica Valenti gives the most objective and convincing argument...
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