...When the author of our textbook uses the term “the feminization of poverty”, I think that he is referring to the fact that women represent a disproportionate percentage of the world’s poor. Our text tells us “According to information from the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2009, over 55% of all people living in poverty in the United States were female” (Crapo, 2013). I also believe that we need to look beyond just financial poverty and see that women suffer from lack of choices and opportunities. Women are more vulnerable to living in poverty because of several factors. Single mothers usually have the highest risk for poverty because they do not make enough money to raise their children. The lack of income also means that they have less access to resources that could aid them in raising their income like education and health care. In some parts of the world, cultural and social factors exclude women from having much earning potential outside of the household. Women in poverty contend with many issues that compound their status. For example, poor women are often more vulnerable to different forms of violence, including police brutality, and many women in prison come from poor communities. Poor women are also vulnerable to violence and crime in their neighborhoods. Also, in many parts of the world, poor women come from a particular racial, ethnic or religious group that is discriminated against by the dominant group. In addition, poor women also face the additional burden of governmental...
Words: 275 - Pages: 2
...that men have always been superior to women. Women didn’t have the same rights that men did. Women couldn’t have a job or vote. Women finally got the right to vote in 1929. Now even though women have pretty much the same rights as men do, inequality is still greatly noticed. Women still don’t get treated as equals. Women get higher prices in auto shops and hair salons. Because men don’t think of women as equals when in an auto shop, women are taken advantage of and given higher than average prices. In hair salons or barber shops women are given higher prices than men, even for the same haircut, because women will generally pay more to have the look that they want. Women also get the “credit” for poverty. Poverty is usually feminized completely. If a family is at or below the poverty line, the woman in the house is blamed for it. Inequality in America is not gone, it is just under the surface where not many people may see the truth behind it. In America the average price for a woman’s haircut is $44, but the average price for a man’s haircut is $28. (Risen) Some would blame the difference in price on the difference in price on the length of hair. The price for a woman to get a haircut is almost double what a man’s haircut price is all over the nation. The most expensive haircut in the nation for a woman is $73. This price is the average for New York. The most expensive haircut for a man is $49. This price is the average for San Francisco. Minneapolis holds the lowest average...
Words: 1413 - Pages: 6
...In the United States alone, more than 16 million children, approximately 22% of all children, reside in families with salaries below the federal poverty level; $23,550 a year. On average, families require an income of about double that given amount to cover the necessities. According to this, 45% of children belong to a low-income family. Moreover, people of color have an especially high rate of child poverty. Among African American children, 39.1% are poor, 35% are Hispanic children and 12.4% among non-Hispanic white children. Even more so, all poor people aged 18 and older 58% of them are women and 48% of them are men. This results in feminization of poverty, defined as the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor. The feminization of poverty is a consequence of a larger trend: the...
Words: 561 - Pages: 3
...ANT101: Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Locating Scholarly Resources Worksheet Week 2 Assignment: Locating Scholarly Resources Citation 1: Bianchi, S.M. (1999). Feminization and juvenilization of poverty. Trends, relative risks, causes, and consequences. Annual Review of Sociology,25, 307-333. Retrieved from the JSTOR database Thesis: First, are "feminization" and "juvenilization" best assessed by trends in the percentage of the poverty population that is female (or juvenile), by the absolute poverty rates of women and children, or by the relative risks of poverty for different groups (i.e., men versus women, adult versus children)? Second, what factors are implicated in the heightened poverty levels of women and children, and what factors seem to be correlated with changes overtime in their relative risks of poverty? Finally, and perhaps most importantly, what are the effects of poverty, particularly for those who grow up poor? Citation 2: Murphy, F. (2011). Archives of Sorrow. An exploration of Australia's stolen generations and their journey into the past. History and Anthropology, 22 (4). 481-495. Retrieved from EBSCOhost database Thesis: This article examines the role of the archive in the lives of Australia's Stolen Generations (Aboriginal Australians who were removed from their families and institutionalized from 1910 until the mid-19470s), and argues that returning to the archive is both an attempt to confront and negotiate past traumas...
Words: 303 - Pages: 2
...Journal of Management and Social Sciences Vol. 9, No. 2, (Fall 2013) 09-22 Women Empowerment Through Microcredit: Step Towards Alleviating Feminization of Poverty Sara Wali Qazi* Sindh Madressatul Islam University (SMIU) Karachi Dr. Manzoor Isran* SZABIST Karachi Dr. Samina Isran* Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Dr. Nadeem A. Syed* SZABIST Karachi ABSTRACT Purpose - The study explores and evaluates the women‟s experiences with microcredit facility for the purpose of women empowerment. While there is a mutual understanding and general consensus on closer nexus between women empowerment and microcredit, women are disempowered for variety of reasons such as lacks of financial resources, being a member of patriarchy society, misinterpreted religious concepts about her role and position in the society, and cultural restraints. However, microcredit, globally promoted as a “miracle cure” for the financially weak, especially women who face so many problems accessing microcredit for variety of reason, which have been discussed in detail in this study. Methodology/Sample - This is qualitative study with inductive approach, and interpretive philosophy which allow the existence of multiple subjective perspectives and construction of knowledge. Women who availed microcredit from microfinance institutions (MFIs) were selected for the research study. The data was congregated through in-depth interviews and stopped at saturation level. Through phenomenological analysis...
Words: 4679 - Pages: 19
...POVERTY AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS AND WHITES IN LATIN 2 AMERICA AND THE UNITED STATES Abstract This article reports the relationship between the United States immigrant and African- American families presented by Daniel Patrick Moynihan in his 1965 report to President Lyndon Johnson remains the most popular folk model for explaining success, failure and mutual aid in “poverty.” The Moynihan model is an enduring part of popular discourses on race, intensified by contemporary immigrant successes narratives. The participant observation research among homeless African-American families and Latin American families had participated in a small business creation in New York City which happened more than three years ago. When kinship norms are typically American, it is said that certain immigrant family forms are more suited to mutual aid crisis. The African- American family is misused as being dysfunctional. It gives an overview of the demographic of “poverty” and how these demographics have changed since 1979. It also considers trends that have emerged over the last few decades and reconsiders the successes and failures of past public policy. It also identifies the growing feminization of poverty and the growing Latino population as the primary challenges currently facing public makers...
Words: 2585 - Pages: 11
...Factors which are seen as contributing to the increase in poverty in recent years: 1. Many of the groups most vulnerable have grown larger. As people live longer there are more elderly. As more people divorce there are more lone parent families; and there are more unemployed people. All these groups have many individuals who are dependent on welfare. 2. Poverty is also increasing among those who do not depend on welfare, such as families dependent on a low wage earner. The difference in earnings between those in well paid secure jobs and those in low paid often insecure jobs has widened since 1979. 3. The incomes of the poor have not kept up with the majority. Child Poverty Action Group claim that the income of the poorest tenth of the population fell by 6% in real terms between 1979 and 1988/9, while the average income rose by 30%. 4. Benefits have fallen behind both prices and average earnings. Groups as likely to be poor: 1. The unemployed - official statistics estimate 2.9 million at the end of 1992. 2. Low wage earners (below two thirds of median male earnings) - according to the Low Pay Unit 36% of workforce in 1979, but 41% in 1989. 3. Families - people with children tend to be worse off than childless couples. Real value of child benefit has declined. Family Credit only has a 40% take up rate. According to Family Expenditure 1990 the average income of the poorest 25% of the single population was £155 a week, while for the poorest 25% of lone parents it...
Words: 1968 - Pages: 8
...Evaluate the impact of SEEDS in the implementation of MDGs in Nigeria Analyze the impact of Globalization on the economic Development of Nigeria The incidence of the Niger Delta militants groups and its consequences to entrepreneurial development in Nigeria Evaluate the power, composition and functions of NDDC Assess the impact of the multinationals in the Nigerian Economy with regard to FDI and FPI Youths and entrepreneurial Development: Realty or Myth Evaluate the implementation of MDGs and the realization of the objectives by 2015. The effect of entrepreneurial development on poverty reduction The impact of privatization on Nigerian economic development and growth. Evaluate the impact of different reforms in the Nigerian reforms on the Nigeria economy. Women entrepreneurial development (WED) and poverty: what a paradox The impact of women entrepreneurs in SMEs on poverty alleviation Evaluate the cultural factors in Nigeria and entrepreneurial development. Evaluate the financial factors in Nigeria and entrepreneurial development. Evaluate the environmental factors in Nigeria and entrepreneurial development. Gender, entrepreneurship and globalization: Barriers and prospects. Intrapreneurship and achievement of organizational objectives Evaluate intrapreneurship as a motivational concept in an organization Assess the impact of entrepreneurship and youth development. Assess the functions and activities of Nigerian Opportunities Industrialization Centre...
Words: 1100 - Pages: 5
...Feminization of poverty is self-defined, meaning that most of the poor are females. In the article, the women who become mothers was offered “on average $11,000 less than childless women and $13,000 less than fathers” and that “low-income women lost 6 percent in wages per child”. This means that the women who are earning the low-income salary to begin with are now earing less when they become mothers. This does not help the household, to maintain a family, or if the woman is a single-mother to support the child and herself. Also, as women are taking a loss on their salary, men are getting bonuses for becoming fathers. The reason for this is because employers see men wanting to work harder to maintain their family rather than women, who are not focused on...
Words: 619 - Pages: 3
...SOAN 225 | Gender and Poverty | | | Roy Roosevelt Fattouh | 10/4/2014 | | More than one billion in the world today, the great majority of whom are women, live in unacceptable conditions of poverty, mostly in the developing countries. Women represent 70 percent of the world's poor. They comprise more than 50 percent of the world's population but own only one percent of the world's wealth. Their lives are a litany of injustice, discrimination and obstacles that get in the way of achieving their basic needs of good health, safe childbirth, education, and employment. The sequence of discrimination that a woman may suffer during her entire life is unacceptable but all too common. Low income is the major cause that places women at high risk of poverty, and lone mothers are usually at the highest risk for extreme poverty because their income is insufficient to rear children. As the number of unmarried women increases, the diverse causes affecting their poverty must be examined. Poverty is multidimensional, and therefore, economic and socio-cultural factors overlap and contribute to the establishment of poverty. It is a phenomenon with multiple root causes and manifestations. Lack of income is a principal reason for women's risk of poverty as it deprives women of their basic needs and capabilities. As women disproportionately earn less income than men, they are deprived of basic education and health care. This deprivation passes on from one generation of women to...
Words: 2397 - Pages: 10
...Programme SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ELIMINATION DIVISION WP 5 GENDER AND POVERTY* Nilüfer Cagatay May 1998 WORKING PAPER SERIES *The responsibility for opinions in these articles, studies and other contributions in this series rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the United Nations Development Programme or the institutions of the United Nations system. Table Of Contents Introduction I. Women And Poverty: Are Women Poorer? II. From Women and Poverty to Gender and Poverty A. Engendering Poverty Analysis B. New Conceptualizations of Poverty C. From Consumption/Income Poverty to Human Poverty D. Are Women Poorer?: Revisiting the Question from a Human Poverty Perspective E. Assessing Gender Differences in Poverty: Quantitative versus Qualitative Approaches F. Do Gender Inequalities Increase Overall Poverty? III. What Is To Be Done? What Is Being Done? A. Gender Mainstreaming at UNDP B. Engendering Anti-Poverty Projects and Programmes Figures Figure 1: A Pyramid of Poverty Concepts Boxes Box 1: Chile: Targeting Female Headship for Combating Poverty Box 2: Gender and Poverty in Guinea: Human Poverty versus Consumption Poverty and Participatory Approach to Poverty Assessment Box 3: South Asia Poverty Alleviation Program (SAPAP): The Case of India Social Mobilization through Self-Help Groups 1 “The causes and outcomes of poverty are heavily engendered and yet traditional...
Words: 9679 - Pages: 39
...Secretariat FS07/05-06 FACT SHEET Causes of Women's Poverty 1. Introduction 1.1 A review of the literature on poverty has indicated that there are clear links between gender and poverty in that more women than men live in poverty. 1 Statistics from the United Nations show that the majority of the 1.5 billion people living on US$1 (HK$7.79)2 a day or less are women.3 There is a consensus among nations that the gap between women and men caught in the cycle of poverty has widened in the past decade, which is now referred to as "the feminization of poverty". In fact, the Platform for Action adopted by the Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing in 1995, identified the eradication of the persistent and increasing burden of poverty on women as one of the 12 critical areas of concern requiring special attention and action by international communities, governments and civil societies. 1.2 There has been an increase in the number of female-headed households due to divorce, widowhood and other reasons. Female-headed households do not have income from male earners and the single mothers have to fulfil both the roles of an earner and a carer. Therefore, these female-headed households bear a higher risk of living in poverty. More importantly, unless the economic status of these women improves, the accompanying problem of child poverty cannot be properly tackled.4 1.3 Poverty is a multi-dimensional problem. While some causes of poverty are common to both men and women, some apply specifically...
Words: 1701 - Pages: 7
...living under the poverty line* (Bureau U. S., 2014). That same year it was estimated that women accounted for 30.6% of those living in poverty, while men only accounted for 15.7% (Bureau U. S., 2014). Women living in poverty have become a prevalent trend due to the feminization of poverty* and the glass ceiling* that they face when attempting to achieve upward social mobility*. As a result women and children often account for majority of those who are poor. A whopping 50.7% of those living in poverty today are women and children (Bureau U. S., 2014). Occurrences such as racial discrimination, low educational skills, single parenting, low paying jobs, and lack of opportunities...
Words: 540 - Pages: 3
...Most of the people who inhabit this world live in poverty. However, women are more likely than men to be impoverished. This is called the feminization of poverty.[1] In the 1970s, feminists and agents of development came up with an approach to address this problem called the Women in Development [WID] approach. As the years went by, this approach was criticized. A new approach emerged out of this critique called Gender and Development [GAD] approach. This paper makes two arguments: that GAD is the best approach to address the inequalities women experience in developing countries, and that the WID approach must also play a supportive role in addressing these inequalities. A crucial difference between the GAD approach and the WID approach is that GAD focuses on gender whereas WID focuses on women[2]. Although many people may think this is the same thing, they are mistaken. Gender is a cultural construct. It is the set of dispositions, behaviours, and roles that a given culture considers appropriate for each sex. Sex, on the other hand, is different from gender. Sex is the physical and biological attributes that differentiate between males and females. The category of women, as focused on by the WID approach, is clearly a category of sex and not gender. This is a major flaw in the WID analysis, for it assumes that women will have common, homogeneous interests simply because of their sex. This ignores that women have varied and often conflicting...
Words: 476 - Pages: 2
...What Are The Real Reasons Behind Poverty In The Middle East? "Poverty: The state of being extremely poor" by Oxford Dictionaries Introduction With the recent revolutions in the Middle East demanding word and social justice, and the high levels of unemployment in the region. The Middle East is still suffering from a high poverty rating, and a huge wage gap between the social classes. Rich people literally are getting richer while the poor are facing more problems and disasters as time goes by. Many questions remain unanswered: What are the reasons behind poverty in the Middle East? Why do rich people get richer while the poor get poorer? How do the rich people benefit from the current situation? How laws are fixed to protect only the rich? Are governments involved in these acts? Poverty rate in MENA has been slightly declining since 1990 to 2005, 17 percent of the region's population live below $2/day in 2005. The region faces various challenges in poverty reduction, such as the persistency of poverty, as poverty in this region is impacted by a hasty economic growth, which is above 2 percent per capita. This is a result of the nature of poverty, which is concentrated on groups that benefit the last ones from that economic growth: the uneducated, rural residents, families with a lot of members. Another challenge the region is facing is the increasing inequality, which is increasing steadily. Which has serious implications for reducing poverty. Inequality is experienced during...
Words: 2553 - Pages: 11
