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Fiber Identification

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Fiber Identification: Solubility Test

A. Specimen Preparation The identification of an unknown fiber by solubility test can be established without pretreatment. B. Procedure
1) For a test at room temperature, place a small sample of the fiber in the test tube and chemical solvent are added into the tube with a 10 ml graduated pipette. (Remark: About 1 ml of solvent per 10 mg of fiber).
2) If the test is conducted at the boiling point of the solvent, first boil a beaker of water on a Bunsen burner. Place the fiber sample in the test solvent in a test tube and immerse in the heated water bath. Keep watch so that the solvent does not boil dry.
3) For the Dimethyl-formamide solvent or its mixture with formic acid, the test should be conducted in the fame cupboard.
4) Start the test at the left end of the ladder structure showed in Figure 1, i.e. treatment with cold acetone.

Fiber Identification: Burning Test

A. Specimen Preparation Prepare the sample by twisting the fiber sample to a long thin form of about 5 - 8 cm. If the sample is yarn, double it to a thick ribbon of suitable length. If the sample is in piece form, cut a strip of 1/2 cm wide and suitable length.

B. Testing Procedure
1) Set up a small non-luminous bunsen-flame. If bunsen-flame is unavailable, a candle flame or other may be used.
2) Hold the sample by means of a pair of tweezers or simply by fingers, and approach the flame slowly. Observe the change.
3) Withdraw the sample slowly away from the bunsen-flame and observe the behavior and odor or smell given out. (Do not inhale the odor too much due to the possibility of toxicity).
4) Leave the sample on the bench for 1 - 2 minutes and then observe the shape and color of the residue and then feel and press it by finger.
5) Note the result with reference to Table 1.

Cotton
Cotton
Viscose Rayon
Viscose Rayon
Insoluble
Insoluble
0Soluble
0Soluble
HCL (conc.) 5' 40-50°C
HCL (conc.) 5' 40-50°C
Insoluble
Insoluble
Soluble at boil 10'
Soluble at boil 10'
Acrylic
Acrylic
Insoluble
Insoluble
Dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide
2nd
Acetate
2nd
Acetate
Wool
Wool
Nylon 66
Nylon 66
Soluble
Soluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
Formic acid (95%) 5' Boil
Formic acid (95%) 5' Boil
Silk
Silk
Unchange
Unchange
Brown or Black ppt.
Brown or Black ppt.
A few drops of 4% Lead Acetate add to solution
A few drops of 4% Lead Acetate add to solution
Soluble
Soluble
NaOH (5%) 10' Boil
NaOH (5%) 10' Boil
Soluble
Soluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
Figure 1. Identification of Common Textile Fiber by Solubility Method
*Put a minimum amount of fiber sample into a test tube. (Too much fiber sample may mislead the result). Add 2 ml of solvent and treat under specific conditions. If heating is required, work the test tube in a water bath. Use a fresh sample when changes of solvent.
Figure 1. Identification of Common Textile Fiber by Solubility Method
*Put a minimum amount of fiber sample into a test tube. (Too much fiber sample may mislead the result). Add 2 ml of solvent and treat under specific conditions. If heating is required, work the test tube in a water bath. Use a fresh sample when changes of solvent. Acetone 10' Cold
Fiber Identification: Staining Test

A. Specimen Preparation
Multifiber fabric and fabric samples of different fiber types are prepared.

B. Procedure (for Test Fabric Stain No.2)
1) Dissolve 100 mg of Indicator No.2 in 100 cc hot water.
2) Set up the water bath and bring the 100 cc staining solution to boil.
3) Add 0.5 cc - 1 cc of a 10% solution of Acetic Acid (56%).
4) Enter all testing materials (including multifiber fabric and fabric samples) into the staining solution and boil for 5 minutes.
5) Rinse by deionized water for 3 times at 120°F, extract and dry.
6) Note the results by comparing the color of the fabric samples with the standard (multifiber fabric)

Table 1 - Burning test results for common fibers Fiber | Approaching Flame | In Flame | Removedfrom flame | Odor | residue | Cotton Viscose | Scorches;Ignites readily | Burn quickly;Yellow flame | Continues to burn rapidly; has afterglow | Burning paper | Light, feathery, greyish; black ash denotes mercerized cotton | Silk & Wool | Smoulders | Burns; melts;Small, slow flickering flame; Sizzles and curls | Supports combustion with difficulty, ceases flaming | Like burning feathers or hair | Round, crisp, shiny black beads; easily crushed
(Wool: Irregular shape) | AcetateTriacetate | Fuses away from flame;Turn black | Flames quickly; fabric puckers, sputters, melts, drips like burning tar | Continues to burn and melt | Like vinegar | Brittle, hard, irregular black ash, difficult to crush | Acrylic | Fuses and shrinks away from flame | Flames rapidly; fabric puckers, sputters, melts | Continues to burn and melt | Faintly like burning meat | Brittle, hard, irregular black beads | Nylon | Fuses and shrinks away from flame | Burns slowly with melting | Flame diminishes, tends to die out | Quite like celery | Hard, round, tough, grey beads | Poly-propylene | Fuses and shrinks away from flame | Melts; burns slowly | Burns slowly with difficulty | Faintly like burning asphalt | Hard, round, light tan beads | Polyester | Fuses and shrinks away from flame | Burns slowly with melting | Burns with difficulty | Slightly sweetish | Hard, round, brittle, black beads |

Colorfastness Test: Rubbing Test (ISO 105-X12:2002)

A. Principle Specimens of the textile (usually colored textile) are rubbed with a dry white cotton cloth and with a wet white cotton cloth in warp, weft or oblique direction under specified conditions. The staining of the undyed test cloths is then assessed with the standard grey scale.

B. Apparatus
1) 5cm (undyed, bleached and free from finish cotton) rubbing test cloths
2) Crockmeter
3) Grey scale for color staining assessment

C. Specimen Preparation
1) If the textile to be tested is a fabric, two pieces not less than 50 x 140 mm are required for dry rubbing and two for wet rubbing. Usually, the warp direction and weft direction of the textile would be tested.
2) If the textile to be tested is yarn or thread, knit it into fabric to provide specimens at least 50 x 140 mm or form a layer of parallel strands by wrapping it lengthways on a cardboard.
3) Before testing, condition the specimen and rubbing cloth for at least 4 hours in an atmosphere of 20 ± 2°C and 65 ± 2% RH by laying them separately on a screen or shelf.

D. Testing Procedure
Dry Rubbing
1) Place the conditioned rubbing cloth flat over the end of the finger of the crockmeter with the weave parallel to the direction of rubbing finger.
2) Mount the dry specimen on the base of the crockmeter.
3) At a rate of one cycle per second, rub to and fro in a straight line along a track 10 cm long on the specimen for 10 times (forward and backward = 1 time) in 10 seconds and with a downward force on the finger of 9 ± 0.2N.
4) Note the staining result of the rubbing cloths by using the grey scale.

Wet Rubbing
1) Soak the conditioned rubbing cloth in distilled water and ensure take-up 95% to 100%. Repeat the steps of dry rubbing. Air-dry the wetted rubbing cloth.
2) Note the staining result of the rubbing cloths by using the grey scale.

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