...Process Costing: The First-In, First-Out Method 1 FIFO Method of Process Costing In this supplement to Managerial Accounting we will illustrate the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method of process costing using the data for MVP Sports Equipment Company, which was given in Exhibit 4–4 in Chapter 4 of the text. Unlike the weighted-average method, the FIFO method does not commingle costs from two or more accounting periods. As the illustration will show, the costs from each period are treated separately. Step 1: Analysis of Physical Flow of Units The physical flow of units is unaffected by the process-costing method used. Therefore, step 1 is identical under the weighted-average and FIFO methods. See Exhibit 4–5 in the text. Step 2: Calculation of Equivalent Units A table of equivalent units, under FIFO process costing, is presented in Exhibit 4–A.* It is identical to the table prepared under the weighted-average method except for one important difference. Under the FIFO method, the equivalent units of direct material and conversion represented by the March 1 work-in-process inventory are subtracted in the last row of the table. By subtracting the equivalent units in the beginning work in process, we are able to determine the new equivalent units of activity accomplished in March only. The 20,000 physical units in the March 1 work in process have all of their materials, so they represent 20,000 equivalent units of direct material. However, these units are only 10 percent...
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...Chapter 17 Process Costing ➢ Process Costing – the method of assigning total cost to many identical or similar units. Each unit receives the same or similar amounts of direct material costs, direct labor costs, and indirect manufacturing costs. Unit costs are computed by dividing total costs incurred by the number of units of output from the production process. The main difference between process costing and job costing is the extend of averaging used to compute unit costs of products or services. o Focus on individual units o Focus on cost components (Beginning WIP and Currently added. o Focus on when costs are introduced into the process. o Focus on beginning and ending inventories and percentage of completion. o This system in the assembly department has a single direct-cost category (DM), and a single indirect-cost category (conversion costs: DL and MOH). Assuming that we only use direct materials are added at one time and conversion costs are added evenly after that ➢ Equivalent Units of Production (EUP) – a derived amount of output units that (1) takes the quantity of each input (factor of production) in units completed and in incomplete units of work in process and (2) converts the quantity of input into the amount of completed output units that could be produced with that quantity of input. EUP is calculated separately for each input (DM, DL or MOH (CC). Ex: If 50 physical units were...
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...throughout the world. With our unique experience of anticipating consumers’ needs and creating solutions. Nestle contributes to your well-being and enhances your quality of life.” COST ACCOUBTING INFORMATION SYSTEM OF NESTLE INPUT MEASUREMENT BASIS STANDARD COSTING Nestle is using STANDARD COSTING as a base for input measurement Standard costs are usually associated with a company’s costs of direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. Rather than assigning the actual costs of direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead to a product, nestle’ like many manufacturers assigns the expected or standard cost. This means that its inventories and cost of goods sold will began with amounts reflecting the standard costs, nor the actual costs, of a product Nestle’, of course still has to pay the actual costs. As a result there almost always differences between the actual costs and the standard costs, and those differences are known as variances, REASON FOR USING STANDARD COSTING Nestle is currently using Standard costing method because the related variances are valuable management tool. If a variance arises, management becomes aware that manufacturing costs have differed from the standard (planned. expected) costs. • If actual costs are greater than...
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...Question 1 CCS manufactures pencils. All direct materials are added at the beginning of the production process. During January, the accounting department noted that there was no beginning inventory. Direct materials purchases totaled $30863 during the month. Work in process records revealed that 1047 units were started in January, 464 units were completed, and 36 units were spoiled as expected. Ending work in process units are complete with respect to direct materials costs. Spoilage is not detected until the process is complete. What is the direct material cost assigned to good units completed? Select one: a. $13678 b. $30863 c. $14739 d. $33258 e. None of the other options is correct Feedback Your answer is incorrect. The correct answer is: $14739 Question 2 Which of the following correctly reflects what units passed inspection this period? Assume beginning work in process was completed and ending work in process was started during the period Select one: a. | INSPECTION POINT | | 10% | 50% | 100% | BWIP (30% complete) | No | No | Yes | b. | INSPECTION POINT | | 10% | 50% | 100% | BWIP (5% completed) | Yes | Yes | Yes | c. | INSPECTION POINT | | 10% | 50% | 100% | Started and completed | No | Yes | Yes | d. | INSPECTION POINT | | 10% | 50% | 100% | EWIP ( 40% completed) | Yes | No | Yes | e. None of the other options is correct Feedback Your answer is incorrect. The correct answer is: | INSPECTION POINT...
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...circling the letter of the best answer. 1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a process costing system? a. Costs are accumulated by process rather than by job. b. Goods are relatively homogeneous. c. Only one work-in-process account is needed. d. There may be differences in the timing of the various inputs. e. Different cost flow assumptions are allowable. 2. Which of the following is not a step in the preparation of a cost of production report? a. Compute the unit costs. b. Measure the quality of the units transferred. c. Calculate the equivalent units. d. Analyze the flow of the physical units. e. Reconcile the costs. 3. A firm using a “just-in-time” philosophy: a. cannot utilize a process costing approach. b. cannot use either job-order or process costing since there are no inventories. c. has too varied of a product line to make process costing feasible. d. would not be concerned with unit costs. e. should have an insignificant level of inventories. 4. Equivalent units of output are necessary for process costing when: a. there are no beginning or ending inventories. b. a job-order costing system is used. c. ending inventories exist. d. the FIFO method is used, but not when the weighted average method is used. e. the weighted average method is used, but not when the FIFO method is used. 5. Weighted average and FIFO equivalent units would be the same in a period when: a. no beginning inventory exists. b. no...
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...CHAPTER 17 PROCESS COSTING 17-1 Industries using process costing in their manufacturing area include chemical processing, oil refining, pharmaceuticals, plastics, brick and tile manufacturing, semiconductor chips, beverages, and breakfast cereals. 17-2 Process costing systems separate costs into cost categories according to the timing of when costs are introduced into the process. Often, only two cost classifications, direct materials and conversion costs, are necessary. Direct materials are frequently added at one point in time, often the start or the end of the process. All conversion costs are added at about the same time, but in a pattern different from direct materials costs. Conversion costs are often added throughout the process, which can of any length of time, lasting from seconds to several months. 17-3 Equivalent units is a derived amount of output units that takes the quantity of each input (factor of production) in units completed or in incomplete units in work in process, and converts the quantity of input into the amount of completed output units that could be made with that quantity of input. Each equivalent unit is comprised of the physical quantities of direct materials or conversion costs inputs necessary to produce output of one fully completed unit. Equivalent unit measures are necessary since all physical units are not completed to the same extent at the same time. 17-4 The accuracy of the estimates of completion depends on the care and skill of the estimator...
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...I الجامعة اإلسالمية -غزة كليــــــة التـــجــــــــارة قســــم المحــاسبـــــــــة Islamic University – Gaza Faculty of Commerce Department of Accounting A Graduation Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of Commerce The Islamic University of Gaza Prepared By Mosa zuhair al-nassan Mosbah al-shaghnobi Mohammed Nabaheen 120091941 120092552 120102597 Supervisor's name Mr. Salah Shubir 3102 I I A Holy Qur'an Verse A Holy Qur'an Verse } وَقُل اعْمَلُوا فَسَيَرَى اللَّهُ عَمَلَكُمْ وَرَسُولهُ وَالْمُؤْمِنُونَ{ سورة التوبة– اآلية 105 صدق اهلل العظيم I Dedication Dedication We dedicate this work to our lovely Palestine, to second home of Islamic university, and to our parents, who sacrificed everything in their life for us, and also we thank them for pushing us to success. For all of Those, Who are inspiring us and see us on our way. II II Acknowledgement Acknowledgement In the beginning, we thank Allah for giving us the strength and health to let this work see the light and our parents for their help and support. Our Prophet Mohammed said: “Who doesn’t thank people he doesn’t thank Allah”. We want to thank everyone help and participated in making this study starting from our honorable: Mr. Salah Shubair. Who put a lot of faith in our capabilities and encouraged us to complete this study. We thank all of our teachers in the faculty of commerce and our colleagues...
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...1.) Costs assigned to the building of a house should appear on the income statement when Answer | a. | the purchase order to manufacture the house is received. | | b. | the house is sold. | | c. | cash is collected for the sale of the house. | | d. | the house is completed. | 2.) The basic document for keeping track of costs in a job order costing system is a Answer | a. | labor time card. | | b. | job order cost card. | | c. | process cost report. | | d. | materials requisition form. | 3.) The following information is available at the end of May: Balance in work in process on May 1 | $141,800 | Direct materials costs for May | 174,500 | Direct labor costs for May | 162,500 | Overhead applied at rate of 140% of direct labor dollars | | | Jobs completed during May: | | | | Job 84 | $198,780 | | Job 85 | 102,520 | | Job 86 | 119,450 | | Job 87 | 93,150 | | | | Job 88 was not complete at the end of May. | | | | If $72,400 of materials were charged to Job 88's job cost card, how much overhead was applied to Job 88? Answer | a. | $70,000 | | b. | $120,000 | | c. | $72,400 | | d. | $35,100 | 4.) Unit costs for each job are computed by dividing Answer | a. | estimated total costs by planned units to be produced. | | b. | actual costs by actual units sold. | | c. | cost of direct materials, direct labor, and overhead by number of units produced. | | d. | estimated...
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...CHAPTER 17 Process Costing Overview This chapter explains how process-costing systems determine the cost of products or services. In the simplest case, a process has no beginning or ending work-in-process inventory. Considerable complexity is added when a process has both beginning and ending work-in-process inventory; this case necessitates selecting an inventory costflow method. The chapter illustrates two of these methods: the weighted-average method and the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Many detailed exhibits are included in the chapter because process costing is highly procedural. The chapter also explains how operation-costing systems determine the cost of products. The Appendix to the chapter describes the standard-costing method of process costing. Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Beginning Inventory No No Yes Ending Inventory No Yes Yes 3. Case 1 is simple because there is no workin-process inventory in the Assembly Department. That is, all units of SG-40 are started and completed during the accounting period. The unit cost of the 400 units of SG-40 in this case is computed as follows: Direct material costs $32,000 ÷ 400 Conversion costs $24,000 ÷ 400 Cost per unit $ 80 60 $140 Highlights 1. In a process-costing system, the unit cost of a product (or service) is obtained by assigning total costs to many identical or similar units of output. A process-costing system separates costs into cost categories according...
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...Interpreting Cost of Goods Sold and Inventory ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 1. Inventory often is one of the largest amounts listed under assets on the balance sheet which means that it represents a significant amount of the resources available to the business. The inventory may be excessive in amount, which is a needless waste of resources; alternatively it may be too low, which may result in lost sales. Therefore, for internal users inventory control is very important. On the income statement, inventory exerts a direct impact on the amount of income. Therefore, statement users are interested particularly in the amount of this effect and the way in which inventory is measured. Because of its impact on both the balance sheet and the income statement, it is of particular interest to all statement users. 2. Fundamentally, inventory should include those items, and only those items, legally owned by the business. That is, inventory should include all goods that the company owns, regardless of their particular location at the time. 3. The cost principle governs the measurement of the ending inventory amount. The ending inventory is determined in units and the cost of each unit is applied to that number. Under the cost principle, the unit cost is the sum of all costs incurred in obtaining one unit of the inventory item in its present state. 4. Goods available for sale is the sum of the beginning inventory and the amount of goods purchased during the period. Cost of goods...
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...Chapter4&4A Department accumulates costs and then the costs are assigned equally to all products that flow through the department. We need to calculate the cost per unit (to do this we need to calculate costs and number of units - equivalent units). We need to calculate equivalent units because a department usually has some partially completed units in its beginning and ending inventory Two half completed products are equivalent to one completed product. For example, 80% of 1000 units complete are equivalent to 800 complete units. There two ways to calculate equivalent units: The weighted-average method: Blends together units and costs from prior and current periods. No distinction between work done in prior or current periods. We add together the units of transferred out and the equivalent units in ending work in process inventory. FIFO More accurate than weighted average method The calculation of equivalent units is different. The way in which the costs of beginning inventory are treated in the cost reconciliation is different. Better way to look at cost control. In a lean production environment, FIFO and weighted-average methods yield similar unit costs. When considering cost control, FIFO is superior to weighted-average because it does not mix costs of the current period with costs of the prior period. Steps to completing question: 1. Use the equation Beginning Inventory WIP + Units Started = Units transferred + Ending Inventory WIP to figure out the...
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...Systems Design: Process Costing Similarities Between Job-Order and Process Costing • Both systems assign material, labor and overhead costs to products and they provide a mechanism for computing unit product cost. • Both systems use the same manufacturing accounts, including Manufacturing Overhead, Raw Materials, Work in Process, and Finished Goods. • The flow of costs through the manufacturing accounts is basically the same in both systems. Differences Between Job-Order and Process Costing • Process costing is used when a single product is produced on a continuing basis or for a long period of time. Job-order Jobcosting is used when many different jobs are worked on each period. • Process costing systems accumulate costs by department. JobJob-order costing systems accumulated costs by individual jobs. • Process costing systems use department production reports to accumulate costs. Job-order costing systems use job cost Jobsheets to accumulate costs. • Process costing systems compute unit costs by department. JobJob-order costing systems compute unit costs by job. Quick Check Process costing is used for products that are: a. Different and produced continuously. b. Similar and produced continuously. c. Individual units produced to customer specifications. d. Purchased from vendors. Quick Check Process costing is used for products that are: a. Different and produced continuously. b. Similar and produced continuously. c. Individual units produced...
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...exact science” The role of judgment • Timing decisions that affect revenue/expense recognition • Which decision you take depends on the objective Public vs. private accounting • When reporting to the public, a firm must follow GAAP. • In resolving internal disputes this may not always be true. Inventory 7 Overview In today’s class we will cover inventories: • Understanding the Inventory Equation • LIFO and FIFO cost-flow assumptions • LIFO tax conformity rule • Inventory accounting: IFRS vs. GAAP • Disclosures regarding cost flow assumptions 8 Two Main Issues Inventory accounting has two fundamental components: 1) Product Costing Decision: What costs are included in each product's inventory account? (Product costing is discussed in depth in managerial accounting). 2) Cost Flow Decision (LIFO/FIFO): Once costs are in the inventory account (i.e., on the Balance Sheet), when are costs transferred to the Income Statement? 9 Inventory Account Beginning inventory + Additions – Cost of goods sold _________________________ Ending Inventory 10 Coke’s Financial Statements...
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...steps in determining inventory quantities. • Explain the basis of accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods under a periodic inventory system. • Explain the financial statement and tax effects of each of the inventory cost flow assumptions. • Explain the lower of cost or market basis of accounting for inventories. • Compute and interpret the inventory turnover ratio. • Describe the LIFO reserve and explain its importance for comparing results of different companies. Study Objective 1 - Describe the Steps in Determining Inventory Quantities 1. Merchandising Inventory (items held for sale to customers): a. In a merchandising company, inventory consists of many different items. These items have two common characteristics: i. They are owned by the company, and ii. they are in a form ready for sale to customers. iii. Only one inventory classification, merchandise inventory, is needed to describe the many different items that make up the total inventory. 2. Manufacturing Inventories: a. In a manufacturing company, some inventory may not yet be ready for sale. Inventory is usually classified into three categories: i. finished goods inventory—items that are completed and ready for sale, ii. work in process—that portion of manufactured inventory that has been placed into the production process but is not yet complete, and iii. raw materials inventory—the basic goods that will e used in production but have not yet ...
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... The Daltry Tractor Company manufactures small garden tractors on a highly automated assembly line. Its costing system uses two cost categories, direct materials and conversion costs. Each tractor must pass through the Assembly Department and the Testing Department. Direct materials are added at the beginning of the production process. Conversion costs are allocated evenly throughout production. Daltry Tractor uses weighted-average costing. Data for the Assembly Department for April 2012 are: Work in process, beginning inventory 400 units Direct materials (100% complete) Conversion costs (30% complete) Units started during April 1,200 units Work in process, ending inventory: 250 units Direct materials (100% complete) Conversion costs (50% complete) Costs for April 2012: Work in process, beginning inventory: Direct materials $230,000 Conversion costs $220,000 Direct materials costs added during April $700,000 Conversion costs added during April $1,175,000 What are the equivalent units for direct materials and conversion costs, respectively, for April? Select one: a. 1,600 units; 1,600 units b. 1,600 units; 1,475 units c. 250 units; 125 units d. 1,350 units; 1,350 units Question 2 Answer saved Marked out of 4 Question text A manufacturing company uses process costing with an average cost flow assumption in its two processing departments. On August 1, the subsequent department had zero units. During August, 25,000...
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