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Film Analyze About Italian Neo-Realism

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意大利新现实主义电影的经典代表作,也是导演维托里奥享誉最隆的一部电影。故事背景是第二次世界大战前后的罗马,在百废待兴之际,男主角好不容易才找到一份张贴海报的工作,不料第一天上班便被人偷了他工作上必须的脚踏车,于是跟他的小孩子踏破铁鞋到处找车,最后无可奈何地下手偷别人的车,却被逮个正着。全片故事简单,但拍得有笑有泪,将战后罗马的社会面貌鲜活地反映出来。非职业演员的两父子演得十分生活化,好些场面令人感动得无话可说。

《偷自行车的人》Ladri di Biciclette 意大利影片。1948年生产。C.柴伐蒂尼根据同名小说改编,V.德·西卡导演。该片为新现实主义电影的代表作之一。它通过第二次世界大战后意大利工人的悲凉遭遇,反映了当时意大利的社会状况。影片情节简练,笔触细腻,无论是思想内容还是艺术形式,都对当时及后世的电影艺术产生了深远影响。影片的写实手法不仅表现在实景拍摄上,如主人公破旧的服装、简陋的住房、罗马脏乱的街道、匆匆往来的行人等,还表现在采用了直接叙述的方法,以丢失的自行车为线索,深入到社会的各个角落,表现出社会的贫困、危机以及它们带来的后果:失业、黑市、卖淫、人的自私等。并通过这些表象去揭示政治的 、经济的甚至哲理的深层内容。该片获得1949年第22届美国奥斯卡金像奖最佳外语片奖,第6 届好莱坞外国记者协会金球奖最佳外国影片奖和英国影视艺术学院最佳影片奖,1958年,在布鲁塞尔国际博览会上,评为电影史上12部最佳影片之一。

《偷自行车的人》,意大利新现实主义开山之作,导演维托西奥-德-西卡,1947年出品,中国于1954年由上海电影制片厂配音复制,片头打着“进步电影”的标签,说是控诉了什么。本片还开了电影史上首次全部使用非专业演员的先河。荣获第二十二届奥斯卡最佳外语片奖、金球奖特别奖。 之所以拿这部老电影来“娱乐”,是因为自行车(以下有时简称为“车”)今天在中国还是最广大的人民群众的根本交通工具,自行车与我们的喜怒哀乐还发生着撕不开的关系:看啦,《偷自行车的人》所荟萃的影像我们还是多么眼熟啊。 战后,意大利经济一片萧条,罗马城里有大批失业的贫困者。五尺男儿安东尼奥终于通过职介所找到了一份沿街刷广告的工作,这份工作必须有一辆自行车,而他的自行车已送进当铺。在他的老婆又当了许多条床单等东西后,我们看见安东尼奥将那辆新赎出来的自行车扛在肩上走进了那家广告公司。街市景物流动,安东尼奥的路重新与未来相通了,但是工作开始不到1个小时,一个小偷就将他的车偷跑了。 “一个穷人他的车被偷了,他就不得不到处去找。”安东尼奥说着这句话,马上付出了实际行动。车等于工作。工作等于命。因此车等于命。 随着安东尼奥找车的过程,我们看见了二手车市上与各种自行车配件为伍的小贩,在骤雨中骑车奔跑的群众,教堂里为了那碗免费菜汤才去听弥撒的“教徒”……都是一些富于贫穷趣味的事物,莫不与我们悠远而温馨的回忆有关,或切近正在体验着的现实,但通过影像看见,也有 安东尼奥抓住了偷他车的小偷,但没有证据,反遭羞辱。影片的高潮部分到了。一大片自行车停在那里(好像我们在老国营企业大门外看见的那种景像)。一辆自行车停在一面墙下。安东尼奥焦虑地徘徊着,又绝望地坐在路边。一辆辆自行车车轮从他脸前飞驰而过,那闪闪发光的幅条刺着他的眼睛。洪大的人流不知从哪里涌出来,涌向停车场,无不以萧洒自如的动作推了自己的车就走。而安东尼奥孤独地坐着! 墙边那辆自行车还安全地停在那里,安东尼奥走过去也推上就走。安东尼奥骑车飞驰,而又被人追上,可怜的安东尼奥也成了小偷。看到这里,小哥的心揪紧了。一个有尊严的大男人偷了一辆自行车,是一个让人揪心的过程,尤其是他又被当场抓获,而且又是当着他8岁的儿子的面! 自始至终,安东尼奥的儿子都随他一起找车,儿子牢记着车杠上的一个记号。儿子听父亲的话先坐公交车回家,忽然发现一伙人正扭送着父亲向某个地方走去,他撕心裂肺地叫着:“爸爸!爸爸!”他从地上捡起父亲的帽子,拍拍那伙人踩上去的土。 当安东尼奥的自行车丢了,小哥听到了洪大悲怆的配乐;当安东尼奥也决定偷车,我们又听到了洪大紧张的配乐,就像其他影片中描写一个英雄正要去完成一个壮举时放送在我们耳中的乐音一样。

意大利的新现实主义电影一改以往电影特别是好莱坞电影的宏大、奢华、刻意,以一种更贴近生活的现实的真实的视角来反映人民特别是低层人民的真实的生活状态,以及人民生活中最迫切的现实问题,给人带来更深的触动。

维托里奥·德·西卡拍摄于1948年的电影《偷自行车的人》是意大利新现实主义最经典的影片。影片讲述了一个失业两年的工人,好不容易找到了一份张贴广告的工作,但做这个工作必须要有一辆自行车。于是他把妻子陪嫁的被单送进当铺,赎回了早先当出去的自行车,但第一天工作自行车就被人偷了。他同儿子找了整整一天也一无所获。情急之下,他决定也去偷一辆自行车,结果被人抓住,遭了一顿打。在1950年第22届奥斯卡金像奖颁奖典礼上,影片《偷自行车的人》获得特别奖(相当于现在的最佳外语片)。 影片《偷自行车的人》在拍摄风格上不用搭制的布景,而是完全在真实环境中进行拍摄。同时,影片选择了街头的一位失业工人担当主角,而非职业演员。这种“宁肯要现实而不是浪漫故事,要世俗而不是闪闪发光,要普通人而不是偶像”的做法在学术上称为“整体审美”,即将现实看作一个不可分割的审美的整体,通过镜头来实现对现实的各个方面深入的观察和细致的分析。巴赞认为“新现实主义是通过对事物的整体性认识对现实做整体性描述”。因此,在新现实主义电影中,除去所反映的事件的真实,还需要在布景、演员、情节甚至镜头运用上都尽力追求真实。因此,在《偷自行车的人》中,德·西卡运用了很多长镜头,摄影机随着人物而运动,并没有进行传统的场面调度。影片既遵循了新现实主义的创作原则,又将其风格提炼得更为完善,从而使影片的思想深度和艺术造诣更上一层楼。 上面讲到的真实与整体审美,正是新现实主义影片创作中的两大特色。 当然,相比于罗塞里尼电影的纯粹真实,德·西卡的电影在创作时会相对重视影片的艺术效果。比如影片中在表现主人公打算偷车时心中的矛盾状态,导演特意采用了同一镜头的重复拍摄,来表现主人公的犹豫不决。在影片结构上,《偷自行车的人》也是完整地讲述了一个故事而非截取生活中的片段。 在新现实主义电影的创作过程中,一直贯彻着真实与整体审美的思想。这两种思潮在电影中可具体表现为以下几个方面: 纪录性。纪录性是指影片的纪实性,也就是在电影作品中忠实于真实事件与人物的再现,叙事状态如同新闻报道。当然,这里所说的“真实事件与人物”是指现实生活的本身风貌,而非绝对真实的事件与人物。 实景拍摄。实景拍摄是纪录性在拍摄手法上的体现。人物活动与真实的社会环境而非人为搭建的摄影棚相结合,忽视传统的场面调度,打破了以往电影的空间观念,真正做到了“扛着摄影机上街”,到街头巷尾纪录发生在街头巷尾的故事。 长镜头的运用。长镜头一直是真实纪录的典型。毕竟我们在日常生活中用眼睛来纪录的影像几乎都是“长镜头”,而极少会有剪接或“蒙太奇”。长镜头的本质在于它所展示的事物是不可分解的,从前台到背景都是一个整体,都是真实而自然的。一个片段的人工雕琢都可能破坏影片的真实性。因此新现实主义影片会采用大量的长镜头,以连贯的拍摄来获取真实的效果。 非职业演员的运用。将非职业演员与职业演员混用,可以使演员之间相互影响、相互渗透,从而获得一种绝妙的真实性。这种真实性巧妙地结合了生活中的真实与艺术上的真实,使得影片在表现时能更好地体现出生活中的真实事件中蕴涵的戏剧性。而且,影片中的很多对白也都是非职业演员依靠他们对于自身生活的深切体验而即兴创作完成的。 线性而松散的结构形式。线性而松散的结构形式是剧情安排的需要。因为新现实主义影片总是尽可能地按事件发展的内在逻辑来自然地展开情节,而并不去刻意编织,所以在剧情结构上很少会有环环相扣、高潮迭起以及倒叙、闪回等艺术手法。最优秀的新现实主义电影的结构也一定是简单却动人的。 地方方言的运用。地方方言的运用在《偷自行车的人》中没有很好地体现出来,但仍是新现实主义电影的主要特征之一。在维斯康蒂导演的《大地在波动》中,演员均采用西西里岛方言,以致即使意大利人也需要配合字幕才能看懂影片。对地方方言的运用不仅是追求真实性的做法,更隐含着深刻的政治寓意。那个年代的意大利有75%的人都使用方言,其中大部分都是底层民众。因此导演在拍摄中采用方言,便意味着将话语权交还民众。导演是站在民众的立场上,为民众拍摄电影。这也扩大了影片的受众面。 意大利的新现实主义电影运动是电影史上持续时间最长的电影美学运动,开创了电影艺术审美的新局面,深刻地改变了世界电影的走向与格局。如果仅用一个词来概括新现实主义电影的特征,那毫无疑问会是真实。而采用著名新现实主义理论家西柴烈·柴伐梯尼的定义就是“表现事物的真实面目,而不是表面看上去的样子;使用事实而不用虚构;描绘普通人而不是那些油头粉面的英雄;揭示每天的事件而不是例外的事件;表现人与他的事实社会关系而不是他的浪漫主义梦幻”。这句话,便是对意大利新现实主义电影的特征的最好的概括和注释。 意大利电影现实主义 记录性 实景拍摄 长镜头
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一句话评论

《偷自行车的人》作为一部官方认可的经典之作,同样经得起时间的考验,事隔这么多年之后再次重看,你会发现它依旧是如此鲜活生动、震撼人心。 ——芝加哥太阳报 《偷自行车的人》是纯电影的最初几部典范之一。不再有演员,不再有故事,不再有场面调度。就是说,最终,在具有审美价值的完美的现实纪景中,不再有电影。 ——安德烈·巴赞《电影是什么》 把《偷自行车的人》称为经典实在还是保守的说法。 ——英国《音影》杂志 如果《偷自行车的人》看得越多,就会发现这个男人越迟钝,而德·西卡镜头中的城市影像显得越有诗意、成熟和完美。 ——大卫·汤普森David Thomson 德·西卡所要讲述的似乎并不是一个绝望的人变成窃贼的过程,《偷自行车的人》一方面带有趣闻秩事的质地,一方面又是朴素不过的生活本身;而他的故事和主人公也藉此避免了贫穷的道德意味和狼藉的哭声。 ——万象杂志
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幕后制作

新现实主义代表作品 1949年获得奥斯卡特别荣誉奖,历年来在大大小小的评选中都能入围最伟大的电影之一,在任何意义上都可以说是新现实主义电影的代表作,一部简单但有力量的作品。影片上映至今已有近60年历史,导演维托里奥·德·西卡相信每一个人都能演好一个角色——那就是他自己。剧本最先是由意大利首席编剧塞萨·柴伐蒂尼创作出来,他联合了多位从1940年代至1970年代活跃于影坛的重要欧洲导演。在柴伐蒂尼的日记中,记载了他和德·西卡是如何为了这部电影而参观了一家妓院以及后来看面相女人的房间,这个女巫后来也成为影片中的一个角色。我们从这些记载中认识到,德·西卡以及编剧,完全的低成本制作,所有场景在罗马街头实地拍摄,以平民化的剧情推进,既不说教,也不升华,最彻底地接近那些战后的特殊时期,即意大利经济瘫痪、陷入困境的大时代背景,从中获得创作灵感。
一个看似简单的故事
《偷自行车的人》故事很容易就能复述出来,剧本最初源于一则两行文字的新闻:一个失业工人和他的孩子,为了寻找他们丢失的自行车在罗马街头奔波24小时,结果一无所获。而在这部电影当中所要讲述的其实也就这么简单。 里奇是一个整日在等到工作的男人,这一天,他得到了一份工作,条件是必须要有一辆自行车。实际上里奇没有车。为了这份来之不易的工作,妻子玛丽亚便把家里所有的床单拿出去典当。有了自行车之后,里奇从事的工作就是到处张贴海报,在电影院的广告栏里粘贴了巨大的丽塔·海华斯的电影海报,这就形成了非常鲜明的对比,一个是好莱坞光鲜亮丽的世界,一个是新现实主义的日常生活。玛丽亚于是去感谢预言里奇能够找到工作的巫婆。在外面等候她的里奇,把自行车放在门口也上楼去看。此时德·西卡和我们开了一个玩笑,大家都以为当里奇回来的时候自行车已经被盗,但是它仍然还在。 随后,毫无疑问,车还是被偷了,被另一个需要工作的男人。里奇和他的儿子布鲁诺四处寻找自行车。在大城市罗马这是一项几乎不可能完成的任务,就连警察局也爱莫能助。终于里奇决定放弃了,他对布鲁诺说:“你必须活着同时忍受着痛苦。” 此时他已被绝望折磨得精疲力竭后,他问儿子:“想不想来点批萨?”于是他们烈士般地走进一家餐馆,安东尼奥甚至给自己要了点酒。稍后不久,里奇意外认出了偷车贼然后追踪他进了一家妓院。一群非常丑陋的围观者。警察的到来也没有起作用。终于在影片最著名的这段场景中结束,里奇妄想为自己偷一辆车,延续了偷车和贫穷的循环。
非职业演员的经典演绎
新现实主义,作为一个电影学术语,可以有很多方面的意义,但是它通常指的是电影中工人阶级的生活,设置在贫穷的文化背景之中,并且暗示这样的信息如果财富能够平分社会将更加合理。主演朗培尔拖·马奇奥拉尼是一名非职业演员,扮演一位每天早晨都加入到求职大军的行列中并且非常绝望的男人里奇。根据德·西卡的介绍,在筹拍《偷自行车的人》的时候,有一位美国制片商愿意提供数百万美元的资金来赞助他,但提出的条件是必须启用好莱坞当时大紫大红的演员加里·格兰特来出演男主角。德·西卡没有答应,他决定不用任何的职业演员。
德·西卡在罗马的就业市场中寻找到一位当时真正处于失业之中的工人来扮演他的安东尼奥,一个在街上看热闹的男孩来出演安东尼奥的儿子,他的妻子则由一位新闻记者来扮演。值得一提的是,炼钢工人朗培尔拖·马奇奥拉尼在影片中精彩演绎了这样一个日后成为永恒经典的角色之后,又回到了罗马的就业市场中重新陷入失业的危机之中。有一位德·西卡的同行这么评价他:“他是宁可要现实,不要浪漫;要世俗,不要闪闪发光;要普通人,不要偶像。”

場面調度

電影中不乏導演狄西嘉巧妙的場面調度(Mise en Scene)將主角瑞奇和他兒子布魯諾(Bruno)與妻子瑪麗亞(Maria)的種種心聲在鏡頭下一一呈現表露無疑。首先, 先來簡單闡述場面調度的定義-----Every thing that is in the frame-----所有在鏡頭底下的事物, 不論比重大或小都是場面調度的一份子。場面調度憂關四項要點: 1.在台上的動作及演出 2.實體的背景佈置和裝飾 3.所有的元素是如何被放置在鏡頭下 4.所有的元素是如何被攝影。 這四大點可以說是場面調度的ㄧ大範疇, 包含在場面調度裡的尚有場景的空間感、寬銀幕(wide screen)的運用、鏡頭的近拍或遠拍、場景的景深與否…等; 種種因素都將影響呈現在觀眾眼前的畫面合諧、不協調感、神秘感…等感受產生新衝擊或是迎合觀眾的期待。 接著讓我們來看在單車失竊記中的實例更瞭解場面調度的意義。

瑞奇(Ricci) & 框(frame)

鏡頭本身已是一種框住主角和其他元素的外框, 第一張圖片是瑞奇懷滿期待的拿了錢要買工作所需的那輛腳踏車。 雖然從瑞奇的臉中身為觀眾的我們感受到他對未來的期盼和希望, 但是現實和導演似乎在跟瑞奇開玩笑, 鏡頭底下的瑞奇被左右的窗框擠到只剩微小的佔地, 上下左右的窗框將瑞奇牢牢的框住, 對照瑞奇臉上的欣喜和堅固不可拔的窗框呈現出一種諷刺的對比。

在第二張圖片中, 呈現出瑞奇在腳踏車遭竊後在雨中迫切尋找腳踏車的情景, 導演設計“雨”景似乎更澆熄瑞奇對於腳踏車尋回的希望, 更甚者而熄滅他對未來的期待。 瑞奇被逼迫到角落躲落但可悲的是, 就算瑞奇在那塊小小的佔有地下, 背後無數的"窗框"更表露出不管他身處在何處都無法脫離這種悲慘和無能為力的命運。 無數的窗框已橫或縱穿過瑞奇的腦袋, ㄧ種被生活和現實壓迫的窘態也表現出他內心的澎湃和說不出口的壓力。 兩張照片在導演的場面調度下, 呈現出瑞奇的期待和幻滅極大的反差, 以及再框下無法逃脫的命運...。

搖攝 (Pan Shot) & 實體象徵
搖攝屬拍攝手法中為了使觀眾跟隨著角色的腳步而更深入劇情中所衍伸出的ㄧ種方法。 下圖是瑞奇和妻子瑪麗亞在一系列搖攝後所停下來的場景。 在這張圖片中瑪麗亞所在的位置使用了深焦鏡頭(deep focus) 清楚的將背後事物呈現, 而瑞奇則是又ㄧ次的被擺放在鐵絲網的框前, 導演ㄧ在的使用許多手法和實體象徵表現出瑞奇被牢牢框住的人生。 在另一方面導演也刻意使瑞奇的臉部表情不明又低下頭, 更在瑞奇身上添上一股陰霾。 而圖中由紅色畫筆框起來的圓柱成了一個標物(Pole), 瑞奇和妻子被刻意的分離成兩部份, 也隱射著他與妻子心情上的違和感(瑞奇滿心期待&瑪麗亞的不看好) 和拍攝手法上的運用讓觀眾去猜測瑞奇未來可能的不祥命運。

單車失竊記也同時也呈現了人無法戰勝命運的現實,命運一次次的捉弄瑞奇,甚至連他的腳踏車的名子都要叫Fidas,命運,片中的一個小角色更重複講了一次「你永遠不可能贏」的台詞,似乎都在取笑著瑞奇。失去的腳踏車對瑞奇來說可能代表了尊嚴與金錢的失去,實則在暗指整個義大利的命運造成了人民失去了過理想生活的權利,他們仍受法西斯統治時期的荼毒影響,因經濟殘破而謀生不易。
雖然單車失竊記充滿了絕望,導演仍安排了一絲希望來照亮整部電影。如果說瑞奇的無能是法西斯政權荼毒的悲慘成果,他的兒子布魯諾的善良及能幹代表的就是新時代所造就充滿希望的未來主人翁。片中瑞奇和布魯諾之間的感情最為動人,瑞奇總是盡其所能的要給布魯諾他想要的卻始終沒有達到,然而布魯諾卻一次次的救了爸爸並忠心的幫助爸爸,我們對瑞奇的遭遇深感痛心也為他難過,但布魯諾卻給我們了絕處逢生的希望,這是導演對未來義大利社會的期望。最後一幕父子倆在絕望中牽手向前走的背影,他們的未來仍是未知,這就像現實生活中不管發生了什麼事,生活還是要繼續走,不會因為喜劇或悲劇而終止

所有的场景都是实景拍摄的,在街头而非摄影棚里,当然这与当时意大利的客观环境有关,作为新现实主义电影大师的德西卡,并没有通过本片展现什么令人赞叹的场面调度或者剪辑手法,相反,不论是从用光,场面调度,拍摄手法,以及剪辑手法这些电影技术或者技巧上,我都看不出来这里有什么像戈达尔的电影那样颠覆性的东西。但就在这些平实的手法之下,德西卡从一个人的境遇透视出了整个社会的境遇。导演并不是在用手法解释电影,手法在这里只是手段,这部片子也没有用任何职业演员,同样的,演员也只是手段,而整个片子中最重要的就是导演对于细节的把握与情节的掌控发挥到了极致。借用安德烈巴赞对于此片的一番评价:正如演员的“消失”是突破了表演风格的结果一样,场面调度的消失是叙事风格辩证发展的成果。如果说事件本身是自足的,导演无需利用摄影机角度或方位再加阐释,这是因为导演已经达到了这种完美的程度,它足以使艺术能够最终揭示出酷似艺术的大自然原貌。因此,《偷自行车的人》给我们的印象始终是最真实的印象。不再有演员,不再有故事,不再有场面调度,就是说,最终在具有审美价值的完美现实幻影中:不再有电影。

剧情并不能代表任何东西,而这部影片所处于的时代给与了观众一种很深的心理刺激,影片的背景是发生在1940年代后期意大利刚刚解放之后的时间,这与德意志零年的影片背景基本相同,不同的是这部片子是发生在意大利,

但是从警察的对话中看到,他们对于丢失自行车这件事情是漠不关心的,当然,这是一种习惯,每天都会有很多人丢自行车。

但是,电影中所有偶然的细节都是场面调度的必然。他们追逐那个人是偷车贼的老头进了教堂,如同进入工会一样,我们反复的反复的听到:保持安静。工会的人关心的仅仅是他们的说教,他们的社会主义理想,而教会的人,关心的仅仅是他们的宗教仪式,他们的所谓的庄严。在教会的场景是对宗教的深刻讽刺,一开始的那些为教会做善事的中产阶级或者资产阶级妇女们关心的是进入教会做礼拜的人是否干净,是否仪表整齐,而教会中的神职人员由于主人公情绪激动地与那个老头对话从而认为他是在作礼拜的过程中捣乱,想把他赶出去,最具讽刺意义的是主人公找到开粥厂的地方询问那里的人有没有看到一个老头的时候,他得到的答案只有:请回去,还没到施舍的时间呢。是的,他们关心的是如何将礼拜,将施舍进行下去,至于所标榜的善良,那只是一种吸引教众的说辞罢了。

主人公本身就是一个工人,而孩子更是从街上看热闹的人群中一下子相中的。

写实主义的场景、非职业演员扮演角色、隐蔽的实景拍摄、自然光线的运用、全景和长镜头的运用、开放式构图和不规则的镜头运动、直白简单的流水结构方式等等。撰写过《偷自行车的人》等经典新现实主义影片剧本的编剧柴伐蒂尼就总结出了新现实主义“创作六原则”:一是用日常生活事件来替代虚构的故事,二是不给观众提供出路的答案,三是反对编导分家,四是不需要职业演员,五是每个普通人都是英雄,六是采用生活语言。从整部电影的制作方面整体看来并非细腻,而且略带粗糙,

If this supreme naturalness, the sense of events observed haphazardly as the hours roll by, is the result of an everpresent although invisible system of aesthetics, it is definitely the prior conception of the scenario which allows this to happen. Disappearance of the actor, disappearance of mise en scene? Unquestionably, but because the very principle of Ladri di Biciclette is the disappearance of a story.

The film tells the tragic story of Antonio Ricci, who sells his sheets to afford a bike that he needs for his new job, which he has been searching for tirelessly. A thief, however, steals his bicycle shortly thereafter. Ricci strives valiantly, though to no avail, to regain possession of the bicycle, and at the film’s conclusion resorts to unsuccessfully attempting to steal another man’s. The Bicycle Thieves paints a picture of an urban man’s alienation and economic struggle. De Sica makes this possible largely through his masterful use of mis en scene. He utilizes the mis en scene elements of set, prop usage, and costuming in order to emphasize themes of urban poverty and desperation.

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