Doing Business in South Africa For years, South Africa’s Afrikaner Nationalist Party was conducting all types of racial attacks that were raising ethical issues. Along with the South African government, they reshaped racial laws and regulations, continuing with violence against blacks. Nonwhites outnumbered whites by about 5 to 1. Violence consisted of the Sharpeville massacre, the Soweto Street death demonstration, and the death of black leader who was in police custody. Through such acts, South Africa’s direct investment rose dramatically. In 1960, the Pan-African Congress allowed blacks to be free of passbooks, which listed their name, birth place, tribal affiliation, arrests, contained their picture, serial number, and a receipt that was signed by their employer. Once they were without them, they were allowed to roam the streets. In March of 1960, blacks descended upon police stations, demanding to be arrested. They were unarmed and were not participating in violent acts. At the Sharpeville police station, 20,000 blacks turned up, surrounding the police station and barricaded themselves behind a fence. The 20 police officers were reinforced with 130 other officers with armored cars. Along with the officers were Sabre jets and Harvard Trainers that flew toward the crowd, hoping to scatter it. In response to this attempt, the crowd began to throw stones. During this time, 3 police officers were injured. Not long after the incident, officers tried to seize someone. When this happened, people in the crowd began to scuffle. Within minutes, the officers began firing and the unarmed crowd began to stumble. Hundreds lied dead and wounded. “Liberia’s President William Tubman called the Sharpeville massacre ‘the vilest, most reckless and unconscionable action in history” (The Sharpeville Massacre, 1960). In 1977, the founder of the South African Student Organization, Stephen Biko died in police custody within a prison cell. This news captured the attention of people all over the world. According to the article, the Death of Stephen Biko, “The Port Elizabeth security police were known for their brutality. On the morning of September 6, what would be described by the policeman as a "scuffle" erupted between the policeman and Biko. Daniel Siebert led the interrogation, flanked by Harold Snyman, Gideon Nieuwoudt, Rubin Marx, and Johan Beneke. Amidst the physical struggle, the policemen punched Biko, beat him with a hosepipe, and ran him into a wall, after which he collapsed. The policemen then shackled Biko upright to a security gate with his arms spread out ("spread-eagled") and his feat chained to the gate, in a crucifixion position. They left Biko chained to the gate (later laying him on the floor) and did not call for a doctor for 24 hours” (The Death of Stephen, n.d.). The South African security police was accused by blacks of brutally taking Biko’s life during the times of apartheid. They believed that the torture and abuse of political detainees were covered by the system. In order to fix the problem the divestment tactic was used. Religious organizations and universities opted to sell their stock in organizations that were doing business in South Africa. Their goal was to oppose the system of the apartheid. If the firms decided to leave South Africa, the institutions would allow their investment to stay with the company. The divestment strategy was supported with a legislation enactment in the United States that enforced the divestment in public pension funds of stock in the companies. Shortly after the legislation, more than half of the United States adopted it. As a result to the support of the United States, more than half of the United States had implemented the policy. In comparison to the business in South Africa, corporate sales in the United States had grown substantially. Many privately owned businesses began to prosper. South Africa’s sales were on the decline. This process is a demonstration of capitalism, which displayed principles of individual rights. In conclusion, for many years nonwhites in South Africa had ethical issues against the whites. Although whites held superior positions within South Africa, they were outnumbered by blacks, yet they still managed to overpower them.
Another incident that rose eyebrows was the death of Stephen Biko, the leader of the South African Student Organization. “In the black freedom struggles in the Republic of South Africa in the 1960s and 1970s, launching of protests by black students also marked a turning point and the onset of a new phase of the larger anti-apartheid movement” (Franklin, 2003). His death became world news. Accused of placing him to rest were the Port Elizabeth security police. They brutally beat Biko and chained him to a gate as if he was in a crucifixion and did not seek medical care for him until the next day.

References
Franklin, V. P. (2003). Patterns of Student Activism at Historically Black Universities in the
United States and South Africa, 1960-1977. Journal of African American History. Retrieved on May 1, 2015 from http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=41&sid=b82c7a17-4c12-40c4-9871-41eb6a185004%40sessionmgr110&hid=115.
Kline, J. M. (1997). Doing Business in South Africa: Seeking Ethical Parameters for Business and Governmental Responsibilities. Case Study for the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs.
Routh, G. (1965). African Nemesis. Retrieved on May 1, 2015 from http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=15&sid=b82c7a17-4c12-40c4-9871-41eb6a185004%40sessionmgr110&hid=115. The Death of Stephen Biko. (n.d.). Overcoming Apartheid Building Democracy. Retrieved on
May 1, 2015 from http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/sidebar.php?id=65-258-4.
The Sharpeville Massacre. (1960). Time Inc. Retrieved on May 1, 2015 from
http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=25&sid=b82c7a17-4c12-40c4-9871-41eb6a185004%40sessionmgr110&hid=115&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=54200579.