Free Essay

Final Paper

In: Social Issues

Submitted By jadog
Words 1952
Pages 8
Neorealism – or structural realism – is a theory of international politics which is usually associated with Kenneth Waltz and his book, Theory of International Politics. The main objective of the book is to construct a very general framework for explaining recurring patterns of state behavior and state interaction in the international system. Neorealism is the bedrock theory of International Relations. Starting from a simple set of assumptions, it seeks to explain how states, in particular the most powerful ones, behave, and how they interact with each other on the international arena. It asserts that the nature of the international structure is determined by its principle of order, anarchy, and by the distribution of capabilities which is measured by the number of great powers within the international system.
The anarchic ordering principle of the international structure is decentralized, meaning there is no formal central authority; every sovereign state is formally equal in this system. These states act according to the logic of self-help, meaning states seek their own interest and will not subordinate their interest to the interests of other states. While neorealists agree that the structure of the international relations is the primary impetus in seeking security, there is disagreement among neorealist scholars as to whether states merely aim to survive or whether states want to maximize their relative power. These viewpoints are respectively of Kenneth Waltz and his defensive realism and John Mearsheimer and his offensive realism. The main purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the theories of three neorealists thinkers, namely, Kenneth Waltz, John Mearsheimer, and Robert Gilpin to identify to what extent they differ or overlap and determine which of their theories is likely to explain better world politics. I will first identify the core argument of each author and end with the similarities and differences of their theories.
Generally speaking, the basis of Mearsheimer’s offensive realism is the core elements of Waltz’s defensive realism. The aim of Mearsheimer's (2001) theory is to explain why relations between the great powers of the modern state system are fraught with conflict. Echoing Kenneth Waltz (1979), Mearsheimer argues that the structure of international politics is key in understanding this state of affairs. Specifically, Mearsheimer (2001) relies on five core assumptions shared more or less by most contemporary realists, which characterize the essential traits of international politics. One of the assumptions is that the great powers are the main actors in world politics and international politics is played out in an anarchical realm. He claims that“it is an ordering principle, which says that the system comprises independent states that have no central authority above them. Sovereignty, in other words, inheres in states because there is no higher ruling body in the international system” (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 30). This means that there is no 'government of governments' to enforce rules and punish perpetrators leading to anarchic system where the main purpose of states is their survival.
This view is shared by Waltz in book, Theory of International Politics (1979), that the anarchic nature of the international system encourages states to undertake defensive and moderate policies. The principle of survival is fundamental to both Waltz and Mearsheimer and the quest of power becomes the ultimate goal of states. Power plays a key role in Mearsheimer's thinking. Like most contemporary realists he follows Waltz (1979) and equates power not with outcomes but with material capabilities (Mearsheimer 2001), arguing that outcomes are a poor predictor of the balance of power since weak states may sometimes defeat their stronger opponents (2001). Unfortunately, measuring capabilities reliably is difficult and realists have hotly debated this issue. In The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, Mearsheimer contributes to the realist power debate by going to great lengths to clarify his views on the subject. Dividing state capabilities into latent (economy and population) and actual power (military), Mearsheimer argues that military power is most important when analyzing world politics because it is 'the ultimo ratio of international politics' (2001).

Mearsheimer’s definition of the international structure is in accordance with the modern realist research programme as outlined by Kenneth Waltz (1979). However, two of his assumptions are contrary to Waltz’s viewpoints. First, although, shared by most contemporary realist scholars, the rationality-assumption is controversial. For instance, Waltz argues that structural realism does not need any distinct assumption of rationality (Waltz 1979) although, he does admit, that states are rational in the sense that they are sensitive to costs. A generally accepted and important qualifier on the rationality-assumption is however, that the states chose the most efficient strategies on the background of imperfect knowledge. Second, Mearsheimer’s assumption that all states posses some offensive military capability is not generally regarded as a core assumption of Waltz’s programme. Furthermore, it is difficult to include such an assumption into a definition of international structure. This is because offensive military capability is a specific unit-level attribute associated with the individual states and not with the relations among them. However, even though Mearsheimer makes no explicit attempt to do so, one could argue that offensive military capability is a structural trait because even though military capability is a unit attribute the distribution of military capabilities across units is not.
Mearsheimers depiction of the international system as an arena of relentless competition for power clearly distinguishes his approach from Waltz's more benign version. Rather, the nature of Mearsheimer's pessimistic analysis resembles more closely Hans Morgenthau (1948). Mearsheimer also departs from Waltzian neorealism in another important respect by including an intermediary variable at the unit-level, that is, state location, into his theory of offensive realism. By doing so, he makes a clear break with Waltz's purely structural theory in which the international distribution of power capabilities is the only variable of consequence (1979). The inclusion of geopolitics, however, is far from alien to the broader realist tradition. In fact, geopolitics has been present in realist thought for centuries and geography also plays a prominent role in recent, so-called post-classical realist contributions that in addition to the international power structure take into account the effects of non-structural systemic variables.
By including state location in addition to the distribution of power, Mearsheimer also defies Waltz's curious analytical demarcation between theories of international politics and theories of foreign policy. Mearsheimer's theory explicitly tells us both something about aggregate international outcomes ⎯ for example, the frequency of wars and patterns of alliance formation ⎯ while at the same time it also provides us with explanations of individual state behaviour. This contrasts Waltz's extremely sceptical position concerning the possibility of theorizing about foreign policy because of the complex nature of variables at the unit-level and his firm rejection that his own structural theory has much to say about foreign policy at all (Waltz 1979). By explicitly taking structural realism into the sphere of foreign policy, Mearsheimer's offensive realism, thus, moves away from his otherwise Waltzian point of departure and towards a body of recent realist theories of foreign policy ⎯ the so-called neoclassical realism.
In essence, however, structure does most of the explaining in Mearsheimers' theoretical universe and his theorizing stays firmly within the structural realist mould. For instance, whereas the 'evil school' realists identified the causes of international power struggles within the corrupt nature of man or within the nature of 'bad' states, Mearsheimer, like Waltz, insists that causes at the structural level rather than the unit-level are the primary key to understanding world politics. Moreover, although location plays an important role in Mearsheimer's thinking this variable is wholly subordinate to the structural balance of power variable since different power constellations determine the impact of location on state behaviour. For instance, in Mearsheimer's theory geography tells us when and which states are likely to balance or buck-pass. However, it does not affect the basic structural incentives to maximize relative power. This represents a distinct difference between Mearsheimer's thinking and the recent writings of Kenneth Waltz who tend to relegate independent effects to non-structural variables. Thus, although Mearsheimer straddles insights from different strands within the broader realist tradition, he ultimately devotes primary importance to the effects of the international structure.
Robert Gilpin shares the core assumptions of modern realism, but his study of The Theory of Hegemonic War also attempts to cope with some of the criticism leveled at Waltz’s theory by focusing on the dynamics of system change. In doing so, Gilpin also seeks to avoid the criticism that the Waltz theory is largely ahistorical. Drawing upon both economic and sociological theory, his model is based on five core propositions. The first is that the international system is in a state of equilibrium if no state believes that it is profitable to attempt to change it. Second, a state will attempt to change the status quo of the international system if the expected benefits outweigh the costs. Related to this is the proposition that a state will seek change through territorial, political, and economic expansion until the marginal costs of further change equal or exceed the marginal benefits. Moreover, when equilibrium between the costs and benefits of further change and expansion is reached, the economic costs of maintaining the status quo (expenditures for military forces, support for allies, etc.) tend to rise faster than the resources needed to do so.
An equilibrium exists when no powerful state believes that a change in the system would yield additional net benefits. Finally, if the resulting disequilibrium between the existing governance of the international system and the redistribution of power is not resolved, the system will be changed and a new equilibrium reflecting the distribution of relative capabilities will be established. Unlike Waltz, Gilpin includes state-level processes in order to explain change. Differential economic growth rates among nations -a structural-systemic level variable - play a vital role in his explanation for the rise and decline of great powers, but his model also includes propositions about the law of diminishing returns on investments, the impact of affluence on martial spirit and on the ratio of consumption to investment, and structural change in the economy.

In a nutshell, although I am not supportive of Mearsheimer’s offensive realism, I would assume that it is the theory that account best the today’s world politics. Firstly, it can be said that Mearsheimer’s offensive neorealism provides an alernative complement to Waltz’s defensive neorealism. The theory adds to defensive neorealists’ argument that the structure of the international system constrains state behavior. Setting to rectify the status quo bias pertaining to defensive neorealism by arguing that anarchy can also generate incentives for states to maximize their share of power, offensive neorealism solves anomalies that Waltz’s theory fails to explain. Mainly, the theory is able to provide an explanation for the amount of conflict occurring among states in the international system.

Moreover, this complementarity could signify theoretical interrelation with the two theories working in alternation to explain state behavior, thereby allowing for a more complete structural realist theory that can more accurately account for both defensive and offensive state behavior. Secondly, these scholars uphold the argument that Mearsheimer’s offensive neorealism significantly contributes to foreign policy theory and alliance theory. More specifically, Mearsheimer’s theory goes a step further than structural defensive realism by successfully theorising both international politics and foreign policy. Contrary to Waltz’s rejection of defensive neorealism as a theory capable of explaining foreign policy on top of international politics, offensive neorealism includes explanations of both international outcomes pertaining to the systemic level of analysis and individual state behavior. Additionally, the inclusion of new variables such as geography alongside the distribution of power enhances offensive neorealism’s potential to make specific assumptions about states’ pursuit of aggressive actions and resort to balancing and buck-passing.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Final English Paper

...This year, in my English 1302 class, I have learned writing skills that I will utilize for the rest of my college career. Communication through text is a critical skill of modern day society and should rightfully take place as required curricula. I have grown through my efforts as a writer and my increasingly practical knowledge of essay construction, source integration as well as an understanding of the importance of this course. In my post-diagnostic examination, I received 56 out of 74. This was four questions less than my pre-diagnostic examination in which I received 60 out of 74. I feel I have grown as a writer further than just correcting the last minute grammatical and spelling errors in order to complete my final drafts. Instead, I have also blossomed in the skill of communication through my writing. I have learned the required structure of an essay, and how to construct a literature review as well as a researched argument. I still require practice in some areas of grammatical structure, such as comma splicing, as this was a recurring problem and an area of weakness for me. I have learned that a properly formed essay requires an introduction, body paragraphs and a conclusion. In the introduction, the thesis should be clear and is normally located at the end of the introduction. I learned the introduction requires an exigency describing why my topic is significant. In the body paragraphs, topic sentences are crucial. They should point back to the thesis and explain...

Words: 711 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Final Term Paper

...Unit 10 Research Paper Part 6: Final Draft of Research Paper Course Objectives and Learning Outcomes * Demonstrate mastery of the writing process, from invention to revision. * Apply principles of composition to evaluate the effectiveness of multiple rhetorical strategies. * Explain and employ the concepts of purpose, audience and tone in relation to compositions. * Locate, analyze, evaluate, and use information from a variety of sources, including the ITT Tech Virtual Library. * Formulate and execute a practical research plan. * Refine the research paper’s introduction and conclusion. * Revise and complete a final draft based on peer and instructor feedback. Assignment Requirements Use your research diary and the revised copy of your research paper to create your final draft. In your final draft, be sure to include: Introduction 1. Consider to whom you will be delivering this information. * If nothing really comes to mind, free-write about everything you know about your audience. 2. Overall, start broadly and narrow as you go. Consider your thesis as the target. * Other strategies also work well, but remember that the goal of an introduction is to help your reader understand why this information is important and/or interesting. 3. Decide which of the five introductory moves works best. * You may have to try a couple different methods here. Don’t be afraid to experiment with your writing. Talk it out with a...

Words: 1538 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Eng 122 Week 5 Final Research Paper

...ENG 122 WEEK 5 FINAL RESEARCH PAPER To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/eng-122-week-5-final-research-paper/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM ENG 122 WEEK 5 FINAL RESEARCH PAPER The final assignment for this course is a Final Research Paper. The purpose of the Final Research Paper is for you to culminate the learning achieved in the course by writing a persuasive research paper about a chosen topic of interest. The Final Research Paper represents 30% of the overall course grade. Focus of the Final Research Paper Before you submit the Final Research Paper, make sure that you have: 1. Reviewed the Research Paper Guidelines, available in your online course, to ensure your paper addresses all required components and develops a clear position in response to one of the writing prompts provided. 2. Incorporated a minimum of five scholarly sources. 3. Incorporated feedback or suggestions into your revisions. 4. Proofread your final draft for errors in grammar, mechanics, and style. 5. Written a paper that is approximately 10 pages in length, including a title page, a reference page, and eight pages (2000 to 2500 words) of text. 6. Formatted your paper according to APA style. Activity mode aims to provide quality study notes and tutorials to the students of ENG 122 Week 5 Final Research Paper in order to ace their studies. ENG 122 WEEK 5 FINAL RESEARCH PAPER To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/eng-122-week-5-final-research-paper/ ...

Words: 1151 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Edu 695 Week 6 Assignment Final Paper and Eportfolio New

...EDU 695 Week 6 Assignment Final Paper and ePortfolio NEW To Buy This material Click below link http://www.uoptutors.com/edu-695-ash/edu-695-week-6-assignment-final-paper-and-eportfolio-new Final Paper and ePortfolio You will create an ePortfolio that includes redesigned activities from prior coursework in the Masters of Arts in Education (MAED) Program that demonstrate your competency with the nine Program Learning Outcomes, which are also the Course Learning Outcomes for EDU 695. Additionally, you will write a narrative reflection of your experience with the program and the ePortfolio construction. The overarching goal of this Final Paper and ePortfolio assignment is to showcase learning from the MAED Program in a consolidated, web-based format that can easily be shared with anyone: colleagues, potential or current employers, friends, family members, and others. For the ePortfolio, you use a system called Pathbrite. Within this ePortfolio, you will tell the story of your educational journey and value of your personal MAED experience as it applies to the labor market. Remember, the ePortfolio is your chance to show what you know and are able to do in the practice of teaching and learning with technology. You will submit a link to your ePortfolio and attach your paper portion of the assignment in a Week Six discussion for preliminary feedback by peers and the instructor before the final submission. The earlier you submit in the Week Six discussion the more opportunity you have...

Words: 868 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Ntc 405 Week 5 Learning Team Final Learning Team Paper and Presentation

...NTC 405 Week 5 Learning Team Final Learning Team Paper and Presentation To Purchase this Tutorial Copy And Paste Below Link In Your Browser http://www.homeworkwarehouse.com/downloads/ntc-405-week-5-learning-team-final-learning-team-paper-and-presentation/ For Any Information or Any Class Which you Did not find on Our Website, Just Hit US Email On below address Visit : www.homeworkwarehouse.com Email Us : Homeworkwarehouse@gmail.com NTC 405 Week 5 Learning Team Final Learning Team Paper and Presentation Resource: University of Phoenix Material: Final Learning Team Paper and Presentation Submit the final Learning Team paper and presentation. NTC 405 Week 5 Learning Team Final Learning Team Paper and Presentation To Purchase this Tutorial Copy And Paste Below Link In Your Browser http://www.homeworkwarehouse.com/downloads/ntc-405-week-5-learning-team-final-learning-team-paper-and-presentation/ For Any Information or Any Class Which you Did not find on Our Website, Just Hit US Email On below address Visit : www.homeworkwarehouse.com Email Us : Homeworkwarehouse@gmail.com NTC 405 Week 5 Learning Team Final Learning Team Paper and Presentation Resource: University of Phoenix Material: Final Learning Team Paper and Presentation Submit the final Learning Team paper and presentation. NTC 405 Week 5 Learning Team Final Learning Team Paper and Presentation To Purchase this Tutorial Copy And Paste Below Link In Your Browser http://www.homeworkwarehouse.com/...

Words: 511 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Final Paper

...Final Project: The Role and Life of a Mental Health Counselor Books, television, and movies are full of stories revealing the day-to-day realities of various professions. These stories provide a behind-the-scenes look at the often unknown stress, joy, and effort involved in being a doctor, law enforcement agent, or even a chef. What do you think the day-to-day life of a mental health counselor is like? What constitutes a typical day for a mental health counselor, or is there no such thing? For the Final Project in this course, you uncover the hidden realities of the daily life of a mental health counselor. The Final Project requires you to interview (in person) a licensed mental health counselor who works with a population in a setting that interests you. For example, if you are interested in working as an in-home counselor with children diagnosed with mood disorders, interview someone who does this work. You then apply the information from this course, as well as in an interview you conduct, to your understanding of what it means to be a mental health counselor. *Please note that it is NOT acceptable to interview a psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, addictions specialist, school counselor, or other mental health provider for this assignment. Although the Final Project includes interview material, this is not the only component of this assignment. Please make sure to review the full project description below. The Final Project is a 7- to 10-page paper that...

Words: 1350 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Final Paper

...instructor, choose a topic for your final 7-10 page research paper that addresses a topic other than that of your Oral Presentation. While your paper may be on any topic related to course materials; it must synthesize material addressed throughout the semester. For example, if you decide to write about visual culture of hip hop, you should probably refer to Tricia Rose's arguments about "preferred transcripts" suggested by music videos and Todd Boyd's conception of "hyperreal" cinematic imagery. FINAL PAPER INSTRUCTIONS: Your paper should also incorporate research that extends beyond the boundaries of materials on our syllabus. You should also be sure to construct an argument and offer a critique of assumptions surrounding your argument. The most successful papers will allow the "messiness" of researching popular culture to foreground contradictions implicit in your arguments. For example, if you want to argue that misogyny is less of a concern in 2006 than it was in 1995 because many of the gangsta rap groups responsible for "bitch-ho" rhetoric have disbanded, you would probably want to underscore the pervasive lack of feminist female representation in any hip hop idiom in 2002. In other words, less gangsta rap has not meant more positive heterosocial conditions for the production of hip hop. This is a research paper, and it will be graded according to standards of college-level humanities writing. Your paper must be typewritten, double-spaced,...

Words: 269 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

It on Finance

...Overview of Paper Requirements Dr Gehling’s INFO2070 class The paper you turn in for this iNFO2070 class must be an original work, written by you. 1 The final paper you turn in to me should not have been submitted to another instructor (at AUM or any other school) for credit in another class for a past, the current, or a potential future term. If you are currently employed, your paper should not include any information that might be considered proprietary, confidential, or might jeopardize your job, your company's competitive advantage or our national security. If you paper describes a case study (i.e. how something is done), I prefer that you not mention the company or agency involved by name unless it directly relates to specific points reported in your paper. Instead I encourage you to try to use phrases such as "a southeastern law firm (or whatever type of business)" or "a software developer located in the Southeastern United States". You should indicate industry or type of business, but unless you receive written permission, you should not name the organization/business. Contact me if you have questions. Research Topic Selection I am not asking for a long paper, but your topic should be of interest to you AND in some way relate to the various topics we are covering in this class. Remember, you are going to have to "live" with the topic for the entire semester, so do not pick something that you are not interested in or will quickly become bored with. In addition, your...

Words: 1380 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Final Paper

...Final Paper Courtney George ISCOM/476 April 1, 2013 Debra Foland Final Paper The area that I believe that is important to any supply chain that will provide success in customer satisfaction is measuring performance. Setting up the appropriate metrics to measure the effectiveness of the supply chain will highlight areas needing improvement to meet the customers’ requirements. Metrics in the supply chain areas will certify an effective and efficient supply chain and room for improvements. With the market changing and competition increasing at such a fast pace it is imperative to have metrics set up to gain competitive advantage. Setting up appropriate metrics that align with the strategic plan will verify effectiveness of the supply chain or validate that improvements need to be made. These metrics can measure how the supply chain is functioning in different areas to make sure that it is functioning correctly and meeting demands. The processes in the supply chain must be mapped to the main metrics to control performance. There must a process that is in place to review the actual supply chain performance and redefine the metrics with changing business. A combined single view of supply chain performance across functions and chain of command is crucial to help management quickly conclude the causes of adversities. Measuring significance of the supply chain to profitability is the core drive why managers use metrics for supply chain performance. There is more to knowing...

Words: 544 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Religion

...Apologetics Application Paper: Part 1 (Grading Rubric) [pic] Late 10% or 6 points. TOTAL SCORE Apologetics Application Paper Instructions Choose a non-Christian target audience (see below for choices). Write a paper that demonstrates a solid working knowledge of the assigned course readings and accomplishes the following: 1. Summarize the worldview of that audience by using the main worldview categories discussed in the assigned course reading. This section of the paper must be approximately 1 full page. 2. Use Groothuis’ criteria for evaluating worldviews in order to reveal the significant ways in which the selected audience’s worldview fails in providing a livable, comprehensive system. This section of the paper must be 2–3 pages. 3. Discuss how Christianity can correct the selected worldview and offer a more reasonable alternative to the challenges faced. This section of the paper must be 3–4 pages in length. 4. Develop a plan to share and defend the Christian worldview with someone in the target audience. Take into consideration at least 2 of the following: the problem of evil; 2–3 theistic arguments; defense of the resurrection of Jesus; defense of objective truth and moral values. This section of the paper must be 3–4 pages. In addition to these requirements, the paper must have a proper introduction and conclusion and must follow the structure of a standard academic essay. When including both the proper introduction and...

Words: 1138 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Final Paper

...INSTRUCTIONS FOR FINAL PAPER REL/WST 390 SPRING 2014 Your major assignment for the semester is a research paper due on TUESDAY, MAY 6. The paper is to be 10 pages long minimum, PLUS endnotes and bibliography. All choices of topic must be submitted to me for approval, via e-mail, by midnight on Sunday, April 13. This is a firm deadline and no personal reminders will be given. You cannot consider your proposal approved until you receive an e-mail reply from me. I retain the right to approve or disapprove any choice. I will deduct points if topics are not approved on time, and I do not accept any paper that has not been discussed with me in advance. A preliminary bibliography and research notes are due by midnight on Sunday, April 20. This is just to give me an idea how you’re doing. You don’t have to have a full-out bibliography, just a few titles that will start you off on your research. And you don’t need a complete outline of the paper – though if you have that, it’s great. At least you need to submit a written paragraph describing your research strategy (e.g., what sort of sources you intend to search for, how you think you might end up organizing the topic) – basically the steps you’ll be going through as you work on the paper. If I see a problem looming ahead of you, I’ll intervene and we’ll work it out! The paper is to be submitted to Blackboard by Tuesday, May 6 at 5:00 p.m. -- note the earlier hour. Your work should be double-spaced; use a standard...

Words: 476 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Bus 250 (Corporate and Social Responsibility) Complete Class

...BUS 250 (Corporate and Social Responsibility) Complete Class IF You Want To Purchase A+ Work Then Click The Link Below , Instant Download http://hwnerd.com/BUS-250-Corporate-and-Social-Responsibility-Complete-Course-1402.htm?categoryId=-1 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At Contact.Hwnerd@Gmail.Com Week 1 Assignment Case Study A Brawl in Mickey's Backyard Case Study: A Brawl in Mickey's Backyard Read the Brawl in Mickey's Backyard Case Study at the end of Chapter One in your text. In one to two double-spaced pages, supported by evidence in your text and from other research, answer the following questions: Who are the relevant market and nonmarket stakeholders in this situation? What possible solutions to this dispute do you think might emerge from dialogue between SunCal and its stakeholders? Submit to your instructor no later than day 7 (Monday). Carefully review the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment. Week 1 DQ1 Business & Society In one paragraph, supported by evidence in your text and from other research, describe two forces that you believe shape the relationship between business and society. Provide two examples (one for each force you choose). Look for flaws and strengths in specific examples and applications. Respond to at least two of your classmates' postings Week 1 DQ2 Business & Accountability In one paragraph, supported with evidence from your text and from other research, provide...

Words: 1801 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Paper Final

...| Syllabus College of Natural Science BIO/100 Version 2 Introduction to Life Science with Lab | Copyright © 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course applies a broad, conceptual understanding of biology. Students are introduced to scientific ideologies and concepts that not only shape the biological world, but also shape humans. Students examine the scientific method, evolution and biodiversity, the biology of cells, physiology, the dynamics of inheritance, and the effect humans have on the environment. The text emphasizes methods and the theoretical foundations of ideas, while minimizing isolated facts. It stresses the integration of ideas, making connections that form an understanding of the living world. The weekly online labs add a practical component to the class. The labs build upon the concepts in the text and offer a chance to interact with the material and further their understanding. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have...

Words: 4924 - Pages: 20

Free Essay

Rpn to Rn Paper

...The final paper- what is the criteria for marking? Well I would ask you to review the course outline and the criteria should be very obvious....critical analysis, concrete plan for transition using the scholarly framework you are to follow for the paper, internal and external influences which will affect your transition and how you will create a successful transition managing these influences. Final Major Paper 35% Due July 30th, 2013 at 1200 hrs MAJOR PAPER: Due July 30th, 2013 by 1200 hours and submitted with hard copy to Instructor plus email your paper to the faculty member. Papers must be submitted in Word format. Other formats will not be accepted. Length of paper: 8 to10 pages, excluding cover page and references, double spaced in 12 point font. Papers exceeding this length will not be graded past the 10th page. APA 6th edition format is required. Deductions up to 10% (i.e. maximum of 4 marks) for inadequate use of this format may be applied. The paper will provide students an opportunity to craft a plan for achieving success in the transition from RPN to RN. Students are asked to apply the Transition Shock Framework that is presented in Duchscher (2008) to analyze the transition to practice from RPN to RN roles. Students will discuss in detail each of the 4 quadrants of Responsibilities, Knowledge, Relationships and Roles, as well as the overarching concepts of Doubt, Confusion, Loss and Disorientation. Students are required to demonstrate a deeper...

Words: 413 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Final Paper

...Shuo Sun – Anthro R5B - Final Paper Outline Abstract: In “The art of not being governed”, James Scott uses the example of the hill people living in the mountain region of Zomia and argued that instead of being primitive form of living, barbarians, or human beings leftover from pre-state era, these hill people deliberately move to inaccessible region to avoid state control. Scott states that the inaccessibility of the hills make them natural escape routes that can be used to avoid the sovereignty of state government. Scott briefly talks about the examples of how the defeated Kuomintang in the 1950s and the remnants from Taiping Rebellion both escaped to the mountains, but fails to talk about what happen to these people after that. In this paper, I would like to work on this missing information and find data to evaluate whether these people converted themselves to hill people permanently or did they use the resources in the hills to fight back against the state. The aim of this paper is to find out whether the primary or secondary sources concur with Scott’s arguments and discuss about the mechanism of using hills as escape routes in more details. Outline: 1. Introduction: The section introduces Scott and his book, “The art of not being governed” and points the reader to the specify topic that I will be focusing on in this paper. There will be a few sentences talking about the rationale and importance of this paper. (0.5 page) 2. Theoretical background: This section...

Words: 486 - Pages: 2