...Finance has a close relationship to a number of other business disciplines. It is important that we understand why a finance major needs these other skills and abilities. Let's take them one at a time: 1. Economics provides the theory that finance uses. The field of finance is a very new discipline, beginning formally around 1920. Before that, financial problems were referred to as "economic problems" or (even earlier) "problems in political economy." During the 1920s, finance broke away from economics and became a discipline of its own. Think of finance today as being applied economics. In other words, economics provides the theory; finance takes that theory and applies it to real world situations. 2. Accounting is sometimes called "the language of business" and it is certainly true that it is a language that finance practitioners need to be familiar with. Finance majors work with numbers generated by the accounting profession: income statements, balance sheets, cash flow statements, etc. Although finance practitioners don't need to know the intricate details of how these numbers were determined, they do need to know enough accounting to properly use these numbers in an analysis of financial problems. 3. Management provides the communication and organizational skills that all finance personnel need. Finance practitioners spend most of their day interacting with other people, so the ability to work effectively with others is crucial. 4. Marketing skills...
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...Understanding Financial Concepts – Assignment I 1. Explain why market prices are useful to a financial manager Managers are interested in market prices for reasons better explain by market of economic theory. The classic market of economic theory is a call auction market where all market participants meet in one place at one time to arrive at a market clearing price through open outcry of bids and offers. In agricultural societies, these markets were often held annually, at harvest time, but the development of futures contracts has spread commodities trading over the year. Financial markets have traditionally been open each business day. As volume in many markets has grown, efficient continuous markets - some operating on a twenty-four-hour basis - have become the norm in currencies and in a few widely held securities. In general, market forces have dealt effectively with the reallocation of price and rate risk and have provided liquidity through securitization and the allocation of capital to market making. Market forces have not yet dealt adequately with the risk of market discontinuities. 2. Discuss how the Valuation Principle helps a financial manager make decisions. The concept of value is at the heart of financial management, yet the introductory case demonstrates that valuation of companies is by no means an exact science. Inability to make precisely accurate valuations complicates the task of financial managers. The financial manager controls capital flows into...
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...Corporate Finance Basics Topics 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Capital Budgeting Cost of Capital Measures of Leverage Dividends and Share Repurchases Working Capital Management Financial Statement Analysis Capital Budgeting Introduction The Capital Budgeting Process is the process of identifying and evaluating capital projects, i.e., projects where the cash flow to the firm will be received over a period longer than a year. Capital budgeting usually involves the calculation of each project’s future accounting profit by period, the cash flow by period, the present value of the cash flows after considering the time value of money, the number of years it takes for a project’s cash flow to pay back the initial cash investment, an assessment of risk, and other factors. 5 Key Principles of Capital Budgeting 1) Decisions are based on cash flows, not accounting income (Incremental cash flows are to be considered, not sunk costs) 2) Cash flows are based on opportunity costs 3) The timing of cash flows is important 4) Cash flows are analyzed on an after-tax basis 5) Financing costs are reflected in the project’s required rate of return Net Present Value (NPV) The NPV is the sum of present values of all expected incremental cash flows if a project is undertaken. The discount rate used is the firm’s cost of capital. For a normal project with an initial cash outflow, flowed by a series of cash inflows (after tax), the NPV is given by:- For independent projects, the NPV decision rule is to...
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...Ch 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN FINANCE • Finance is the study of how resources are valued and allocated in time. • Outcomes of financial decisions are spread out over time and not known with certainty in advance • Three key concepts in finance are : Time value of money Asset Valuation (stocks, bonds, derivatives,...) Risk management 1.1: Interest and return • Income almost never matches consumption desires exactly. Either one will need to borrow to purchase more than one can afford or save excess income. • Costs / benefits of financial decisions are spread over time. So one needs to compare values of cashflows which mature at different times. Time value of money: 1ZAR in the hand today is worth more than the expectation of 1ZAR in the future. Why? • Opportunity cost: To give up consumption of your 1ZAR today, you would expect to be rewarded with a greater amount in the future; the promise of consumption at a higher level in the future motivates one to save. The desire to receive surplus on savings leads to an interest rate called the pure time value of money. • Inflation: Prices of goods rarely stay the same over time. The purchasing power of 1ZAR now is (usually) greater than 1ZAR later. Investors expect a higher rate of return to compensate for inflation. • Uncertainty: One may not receive the expected sum - this is referred to as investment or credit risk. • Opportunity cost: Pure time value of money give rise to pure rate of interest. • Inflation: The rate of...
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...Finance The study of money and how it is used. Finance considers the relationship of money to time and risk. One of the main subsets of finance is the study of credit and banking, as this involves money, time, and risk all together. Finance may deal with personal or corporate issues, such as how will an individual or company acquires the money needed to perform a certain act. Debt. A debt is an obligation to repay an amount you owe. Debt securities, such as bonds or commercial paper, are forms of debt that bind the issuer, such as a corporation, bank, or government, to repay the security holder. Debts are also known as liabilities. Bond. Bonds are debt securities issued by corporations and governments. Bonds are, in fact, loans that you and other investors make to the issuers in return for the promise of being paid interest, usually but not always at a fixed rate, over the loan term. The issuer also promises to repay the loan principal at maturity, on time and in full. Because most bonds pay interest on a regular basis, they are also described as fixed-income investments. While the term bond is used generically to describe all debt securities, bonds are specifically long-term investments, with maturities longer than ten years. Security 1. An instrument that, for a stock, shows ownership in a firm; for a bond, indicates a creditor relationship with a firm or with a federal, state, or local government; or signifies other rights to ownership. 2. Collateral used to guarantee repayment...
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...27 THE BASIC TOOLS OF FINANCE WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION: There are two new In the News boxes on “A Cartoonist’s Guide to Stock Picking” and “Is the Efficient Markets Hypothesis Kaput?” LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: the relationship between present value and future value. the effects of compound growth. how risk-averse people reduce the risk they face. how asset prices are determined. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 27 is the third chapter in a four-chapter sequence on the level and growth of output in the long run. In Chapter 25, we discuss how capital and labor are among the primary determinants of output and growth. In Chapter 26, we addressed how saving and investment in capital goods affect the production of output. In Chapter 28, we will show some of the tools people and firms use when choosing capital projects in which to invest. Because both capital and labor are among the primary determinants of output, Chapter 28 will address the market for labor. The purpose of Chapter 27 is to introduce the students to some tools that people use when they participate in financial markets. We will show how people compare different sums of money at different points in time, how they manage risk, and how these concepts combine to help determine the value of a financial asset, such as a share of stock. KEY POINTS: Because savings can earn interest, a sum of money today is more valuable than the same sum of money...
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...Essential of Finance – Glossary Accounts payable (A/P). Money owed by the firm to agencies and suppliers. Accounts receivable (A/R). Money owed to a company for goods or services sold. The figure is important in determining a business's ability to meet its financial obligations. Accrual accounting. An accounting method whereby income and expenses are booked when they are incurred, regardless of when they are actually received or paid. Revenues are recognized during the period in which the sales activity occurred; expenses are recognized in the same period as their associated revenues. Accruals. An amount incurred as an expense in a given accounting period—but not paid by the end of that period. An example would be the electricity bill for a given quarter. Acid-test ratio. See quick ratio. Activity-based costing (ABC). An approach to cost accounting that focuses on the activities or cost drivers required to produce each product or provide each service. ABC assumes that most overhead costs are related to activities within the firm and that they vary with respect to the drivers of those activities. Allocation. The process of spreading costs from one expense category to several others, typically based on usage. For example, such corporate overhead expenses as rent and utilities may be charged to departmental units based on square feet. Amortized expenses. The costs for assets, particularly intangible assets such as intellectual property, which are depreciated (expensed)...
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...Ch26-Basic Tools of Finance 1. The future value of a deposit in a savings account will be larger a. the longer a person waits to withdraw the funds. b. the higher the interest rate is. c. the larger the initial deposit is. d. All of the above are correct. 2. Edgar has four savings accounts. Which one has the most in it? a. $100 deposited 1 year ago at an 8% interest rate. b. $100 deposited 2 years ago at a 4% interest rate. c. $100 deposited 4 years ago at a 2% interest rate. d. $100 deposited 8 years ago at a 1% interest rate. 3. Suppose that the price of a bond is equal to the sum of the present value of its future payments. Suppose further that this bond pays $50 in one year and $1,050 in two years. What is the price of the bond if the interest rate is 5 percent? a. $1,050.00 b. $1,045.35 c. $1,000.00 d. $945.35 4. Prospect theory says that a. people should follow their gut feelings and purchase stocks they think have good prospects. b. people will tend to sell off winning investments too quickly and hold onto losing ones too long. c. people tend to be overly pessimistic about developments in the stock market. d. during a speculative bubble most people are thinking that they won’t be able to get out of the market before the bubble bursts. 5. Al, Ralph, and Stan are all intending to retire. Each currently has $1 million in assets. Al will earn 16% interest and retire in two years...
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...Basics of Corporate Finance May 1994 Basics of Corporate Finance Warning These workbook and computer-based materials are the product of, and copyrighted by, Citibank N.A. They are solely for the internal use of Citi-bank, N.A., and may not be used for any other purpose. It is unlawful to reproduce the contents of these materials, in whole or in part, by any method, printed, electronic, or otherwise; or to disseminate or sell the same without the prior written consent of the Professional Development Center of Latin America Global Finance and the Citibank Asia Pacific Banking Institute. Please sign your name in the space below. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: Basics of Corporate Finance Course Overview........................................................................................xi Course Objectives ...................................................................................xiv The Workbook...........................................................................................xv Unit 1: Financial Statement Analysis Introduction...............................................................................................1-1 Unit Objectives ........................................................................................1-1 Balance Sheet.........................................................................................1-2 Assets ....................................................................................
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...A Basic guide to finance and accounting This article will explain the importance of finance and accounting in a start-up business and also demonstrate the means that business’ can source money internally and externally. The start-up idea I will be relating this too is a car dealership in Yorkshire Mikes wheels. Internal finance is money that can be sourced from inside the business. The business in question is a small start-up business so the sources of finance are limited in terms of selling assets to free up cash; the premises are fixed assets as they are vital to the business. The cars are current assets as it is easier to turn them into cash therefore due to the nature Mikes Wheels selling cars is the objective. Profits retained from start-up businesses are usually minimal, as an owner personal savings and input are the main internal source unless a bank loan is secured. An external source of finance is the phrase used to describe funds acquired outside the business, usually used in contrast to internal sources of finance the finance is acquired from a party separate to the business e.g a) Owners who invest money in the business over a long period of time. The owner of Mikes Wheels will find himself needing to inject money into the business for a couple of years as Mikes business grows. b) Loans from a bank or from family and friends. c) Debentures are loans made to a company. d) A mortgage, which is a special type of loan for buying property where monthly payments...
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...Table of Contents 1. Introduction & Methodology Tasked to determine if Treats Inc. is correctly priced, the team first determines the intrinsic value using the Corporate Valuation Model and compares it with the current price. Next, financial ratios of Treats are compared across its peer groups to determine its relative performance in the industry. Lastly, a Sensitivity Analysis is conducted to understand the impact of deviations of assumptions made in the model. 2. Assumptions On top of the given assumptions found in Appendix 1, we assume (1) Depreciation expense each year is calculated by straight-line method with reference to previous year’s Fixed Asset book cost. (2) Treats Inc. is a company engaged in business retailing of food, general merchandise and it operates a series of hypermarkets and supermarkets around the world. (3) The return of the MSCI ACWI is taken as the market benchmark return. 3. Deriving the Intrinsic Value per Share (i) Using SLOPE function in EXCEL, β=0.55943882 (ii) WACC=rD*1-TC*DV+rE*EV rE=rf+βrM-rf=0.072466329 WACC=0.06632138 (iii) CFFA=OCF-NCS-ΔNOWC Year | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | CFFA ($, In 000s) | 1,099,500 | 1,052,438 | 996,743 | 931,457 | 855,517 | (iv) Terminal value represents value of firm at the point that growth becomes constant. TV=CFFA2019WACC-gCFFA=855,5171.0150.06632-0.015=$16,919,842,000 (v) Discounting Treats’ CFFA and TV by WACC, PV of Treats’ future operating cash flows=$16...
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...Leah Dolce ECO 103 Mortgage Project While doing this project, I kept finding myself to be very indecisive as to what I wanted in a home and what things would be important to me if I were to purchase one. This project helped me understand the basics of buying a home such as: where I would want my kids to go to school, how many bedrooms, how many bathrooms, property, neighborhood reputation, and much more. I had very little knowledge about most of the surrounding area so now I know what kind of research I would have to do to make sure I know exatcly what I want when purchasing a home. I did know I wanted it to be at least 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, and have an updated kitchen. I was able to find those things in the home I selected but what I didn't realize was what the cost would be. There is a huge financial difference between a 15 year fix and a 30 year fix mortgage. For the home I selected it was a $522.76 difference in the monthly payment and a $91,271.79 difference in the amount of interest I would be paying for the life of the loan. If I was abel to afford such a hefty, monthly payment I would choose the 15 year mortgage because in the long run it would be cheaper. The lesson learned here, though, is find a more affordable house and make updates as you go along. All -in-all I had fun doing this project and it helped me understand the process into buying a home and gave me great internet resources to do...
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...SYNOPSIS TITLE OF THE PROJECT HOSTEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROBLEM STATEMENT This project needs to create the Hostel Management System (HMS) to organize the rooms, mess, student’s record and the other information about the students. All hostels without HMS are managed manually by the hostel office. And hence there is a lot of strain on the person who are running the hostel. This particular project deals with the problems on managing a hostel and avoids the problem which occur when carried manually. INTRODUCTION In hostels without a HMS all the things have to be done manually. The Registration form verification to the different data processing are done manually. Thus there are a lot of repetitions which can be easily avoided. Identification of the drawbacks of the existing system leads to the designing of computerized system that will be compatible to the existing system with the system which is more user friendly and more GUI oriented. We can improve the efficiency of the system, thus overcome the drawbacks of the existing system. Hostel management gives on idea about how the students details, room allocation, mess expenditure are maintained in the particular concern. The hostel management system also includes some special features like How many students can live in a room, and the students of the hostel can be recognized from their ID number. The administration has the unique identity for each members as well as students details. The stock management...
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...(L) SUK H207 AHCC1113 (P) V207 AHCC1113 (P) M102 (L) FAI DKB AELE0343 (P) SUK CC205 JS AHCC1163 (P) FAI M003 AELE0343 (T) SUK H207 JS AHCC1163 AHCC1153 (L) WYL DKB AHCC1153 (P) WYL LAB 2 AHCC1163 (P) FAI V207 AHCC1153 (P) WYL LAB 3 AELE0343 READING AND WRITING AHCC1153 BASIC SOFTWARE APPLICATION I AEPD1013 STUDY SKILLS AHCC1163 DRAWING BASIC AHCC1103 ART APPRECIATION AHCC1113 GRAPHIC DESIGN BASICS School of Social Science and Humanities Certificate in Graphic Design - Year 1 1st semester 2013/2014 8 9 10 AHCC1103 (T) HAR V102 11 AHCC1113 (L) JS DK 6 Tutorial Group: M1CGD2 12 1 2 3 4 AEPD1013 (L) PRA H209 5 6 7 8 9 Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat AHCC1103 (L) HAR DK AB1 AELE0343 (L) SUK H207 AEPD1013 (T) PRA H207 AHCC1163 (L) FAI DKB AELE0343 (P) SUK CC205 AHCC1153 (L) WYL DKB AHCC1113 (P) V304 AHCC1113 (P) V207 AELE0343 (T) SUK H207 JS JS AHCC1163 (P) FAI V208 AHCC1153 (P) WYL LAB 2 AHCC1153 (P) WYL LAB 2 AHCC1163 (P) FAI V202 AELE0343 READING AND WRITING AHCC1153 BASIC SOFTWARE APPLICATION I AEPD1013 STUDY SKILLS AHCC1163 DRAWING BASIC AHCC1103 ART APPRECIATION AHCC1113 GRAPHIC DESIGN BASICS School of Social Science and Humanities Certificate in Graphic Design - Year 1 1st semester 2013/2014 8 9 AEPD1013 (L) PRA H209 10 11 AHCC1113 (L) JS DK 6 Tutorial Group: M1CGD3 12 1 2 3 AHCC1103 (T) HAR V104 AELE0343 (L) SUK H207 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mon Tue Wed AHCC1103 (L) HAR DK AB1 AHCC1163...
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...GE117 Composition I | A 4 credit hour Composition course This course covers phases of the writing process, with special emphasis on the structure of writing and techniques for writing clearly, precisely and persuasively. Prerequisite or Corequisite: TB133 Strategies for the Technical Professional or equivalent GE127 College Mathematics I | A 4 credit hour Mathematics course This course will include, but is not limited to, the following concepts: quadratic, polynomial and radical equations, linear functions and their graphs, systems of linear equations, functions and their properties and triangles and trigonometric functions. Activities will include solving problems and using appropriate technological tools. Prerequisite: GE184 Problem Solving or TB184 Problem Solving or GE150 Survey of the Sciences or equivalent; Prerequisite or Corequisite: TB133 Strategies for the Technical Professional or equivalent GE184 Problem Solving | A 4 credit hour Science course This course introduces students to problem solving techniques and helps them apply the tools of critical reading, analytical thinking and mathematics to help solve problems in practical applications. GE192 College Mathematics II | A 4 credit hour Mathematics course This course will include, but is not limited to, the following concepts: exponential and logarithmic equations and functions, graphs of trigonometric functions, trigonometric equations, polar coordinates, oblique triangles, vectors and sequences. Prerequisite:...
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