...FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING & REPORTING LECTURE 1: Link Between Business and Accounting Dr. Namasivayam Lecture 1 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Define accounting & explain why accounting information is important. 2. Identify users of accounting information. 3. Explain the contents of the 3 basic financial statements. 3. Explain the relationship between accounting equation and the balance sheet. 5. Analyse business transactions using the accounting equation. Lecture 1 2 WHAT IS ACCOUNTING? It is the way business people set goals, measure results, evaluate performance, and communicate results to various users. Lecture 1 3 ACCOUNTING LINKS … Lecture 1 4 USERS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION • Managers • Potential buyers • Trade creditors • Employees • Customers • Tax inspectors • Business owners • Potential partners • Bank institutions • Competitors • Auditors • Society Lecture 1 5 SHORT EXERCISES You as user of accounting information: i. Identify several ways in which you currently use accounting information in your life as a student or individual. ii. Identify several situations in which you might be required to supply financial information about yourself to others. Lecture 1 6 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS A quantitative report which describes the financial health of a business. This includes: An Income Statement; A Balance Sheet; A Cash Flow Statement. Lecture 1 7 THE...
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...Accounting in Action 3-5 Financial Accounting and Reporting AC501-01NA July 20, 2010 Accounting in Action 3-5 a) Name at least two advantages to Chieftain from having no long-term debt. Can you think of disadvantages? a. One advantage is that the company is more solvent. When a company carries a high level of long-term debt relative to assets, it has a lower solvency than a similar company with a low level of long-term debt. Companies with higher debt are relatively more risky, because they will need more of their assets to meet these fixed obligations. Another advantage is that the company has a short-term liquidity ratio. This ratio indicates whether the company will have the resources to pay its current and maturing obligations. Since the company has no long-term debt, it has more resources to pay obligations. A disadvantage is that if the company has no long-term debt, it does not have any long-term investments. When a company invests in securities, such as bonds, common stock, or long-term notes, the company is anticipating its long-term life. For example, bonds are a long term debt that are cashable at a certain point in time; if a company has bonds, the company will have expected cash in the future. b) What are some advantages to Chieftain from having this large cash balance? What is the disadvantage? b. One of the advantages is that the company has a high liquidity, and does not necessarily need to pay on account when pursuing transactions...
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...BKAF3063: FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING III (A132) TUTORIAL 1: ACCOUNTING FOR LEASES DUE DATE: 2/3/2013 BEFORE 12.00PM QUESTION 1: On 1 January 2013 Ayman Bhd. entered into a lease agreement to lease machine from Harry Bhd. The terms of the agreement included: (i) non-cancellable lease term of nine years, with an option to buy the machine at the end of lease term for RM7,000; (ii) lease rental of RM34,000 per year to be paid semiannually by Ayman Bhd. on 1 July and 1 January each year of the nine years; and (iii) the lease rental was calculated and mutually agreed upon based on 8% rate of return to Harry Bhd. The machine is expected to have an estimated useful life of 10 ten years. Both companies use the straight line method to depreciate all of their fixed assets. REQUIRED: (Round up the figures to the nearest RM) (a) Compute the minimum lease payments and the present value of the minimum lease payments for Ayman Bhd. (3 Marks) (b) Show relevant journal entries for Ayman Bhd and Harry Bhd on 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2013. (7 Marks) Table 2: Periods (n) | Present value of 1 | Present value of an ordinary annuity of 1 | Present value of an annuity due of 1 | | 4% | 8% | 4% | 8% | 4% | 8% | 5 | 0.82193 | 0.68058 | 4.45182 | 3.99271 | 4...
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... Auditing and accounting principles in the United States of America are considered strong and sophisticated. Transparency and disclosure are really emphasized in American companies, and because of this the downfall of Andersen and Enron still raises questions. This has since become a case of reference in review of issues concerning financial reporting and auditing. It has also been used to explain about regulations on auditing and accounting inside and outside America. This case has brought about huge implications on corporate governance to other countries. Enron Corporation declared its bankruptcy in the year 2001. Afterwards, Anderson’s downfall occurred in 2002. It has been a big question, outside America, on what brought about this failure. The General Accepted Accounts Principles, in the US, are very well developed. These principles require clear disclosures of financial statements that are audited. They also require an established federal agency and a commission to monitor financial reporting. Cases have been written, from the failures of Enron and Andersen, for the exploration of accounting, auditing and financial reporting issues in the US. The head of auditing of Enron Corporation was fired during the company’s downfall for destroying important documents, upon realizing that the company’s accounting methods were being investigated by the commission of Securities and Exchange. The destruction of the accounting documents compromised with accounting standard principles...
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...Corporate Financial Accounting and Reporting Tim Sutton second edition Corporate Financial Accounting and Reporting We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in business and finance, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market. Under a range of well-known imprints, including Financial Times Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and electronic publications which help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work. To find out more about the complete range of our publishing please visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk Corporate Financial Accounting and Reporting Second Edition Tim Sutton Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published 2000 Second edition published 2004 © Financial Times Management 2000 © Pearson Education Limited 2004 The right of Timothy G. Sutton to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United...
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...consolidation perspective, what would be the likely overall effect of adopting IFRS on the company’s financial statements? From the consolidation perspective, the likely overall effect of adopting IFRS on the company’s financial statements would preserve and strengthen the company’s global financial competitiveness. Moreover, it will simplify the accounting and consolidation process significantly and reduce financial reporting costs. 2) What potential effect would arise if Klugen were to select the option under IFRS 3 to value non-controlling interest at the proportionate share of its subsidiaries’ net identifiable assets? For business combination, the buyer can control without buying all of the equity, the remaining , so-called the non-controlling, equity interests are measure either at fair value or at the non-controlling interests’ proportionate share of its subsidiaries’ net identifiable assets. Under IFRS 3, the potential effect would arise is that it will result in benefits for users by improving comparability and will increase the relevance of information provided. Moreover, it identifies and evaluates the main costs and benefits for users. 3) Do you believe that an impairment of goodwill would be more likely under IFRS or under U.S. GAAP? Why or why not? There is a difference in goodwill impairment measurement. Under U.S GAAP, two-step approach is used. It looks to the reporting unit. However, under IFRS, one-step approach is used. It is based on the value in use and...
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...Implications and Consequences: +Provides an opportunity for earnings management. + Reflect the current period’s true and fair results. -Requirements for annual impairment testing of goodwill and other non-amortised intangible assets. -Difficulties surrounding the identification of a cash-generating unit. -Challenges in projecting cash flows and estimating various assumptions for the testing of value in use. Kolb’s TEL with Paul’s Critical Thinking Components: IAS 36 Impairment of assets-assess of key features Objects/Events: To prescribe the procedures that an entity applies to ensure that its assets are carried at no more than their recoverable amount. An asset is carried at more than its recoverable amount if its carrying amount exceeds the amount to be recovered through use or sale of the asset. If this is the case, the asset is described as impaired and the Standard requires the entity to recognise an impairment loss. To also specifies when an entity should reverse an impairment loss and prescribes disclosures. (IASC Foundation Education) Worldviews: Institutional Investor: likely to know the long term stability of business by reviewing the current true worth of assets. Standard Setters: To ensure that assets are carried at no more than their recoverable amount, and to define how recoverable amount is determined. (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, 2009) Assertions: Option2 =the reversal of an impairment loss...
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...“Why Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting is—And Should Be—Different” The paper “Why Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting is—And Should Be—Different” compares governmental accounting and financial reporting to that of the approach used in for-profit business enterprises. It also states specific reasons why governments should be different. There are environmental differences between governments and businesses that call for a different approach. First, governments have different purposes for their operations. For-profit entities strive to create wealth and to meet return on investment goals. While governments on the other hand are actually trying to enhance or maintain quality of life with services that are dictated by public policy goals. They also must consider efficiency, effectiveness, and economy when they evaluate public policy. Secondly, governments and for-profit business entities differ in the way they generate revenue. Governments generate income through involuntary taxes. Customers of for-profit business entities have a choice of what services they purchase and where they buy. The same does not apply for the governmental customer. The users of their reports also differ. Citizens and their elected representatives are users of government reports. They are as interested in the “why” as they are the “how much” when they read a financial report. They use governmental financial reporting to support their discussions of public policy such as what...
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...Brazilian Accounting System: Inflation, Taxation, and the Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards Introduction As the business world evolves to a higher level of integration with the increased ability to conduct business globally, international accounting is a subject that is becoming more relevant and increasingly more important to understand. Doupnik and Perera (2012) define International accounting on three levels through the standards and guidelines of supranational organizations, at the company level, and third through the standards, rules, and guidelines that exist within each country. Brazil is one of the top five countries to be considered an emerging market (Top 30 Emerging Markets 2012-2017). It is estimated that Brazil’s GDP will grow by roughly 22.3% between the years 2013 to 2017 making the country attractive to investors (The Top 20 Emerging Markets, 2013) . Brazil ranks as one of the top 4 countries for growth in the manufacturing and industrial industries, telecommunications, technology and media, professional and business services, financial services, consumer products, pharmaceuticals and healthcare, energy and resources, automotive, chemicals, and transportation industries (Top 30 Emerging Markets 2012-2017). In addition Brazil will be a destination for world class events such as the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games that will bring thousands of visitors to the country. As Brazil continues to grow in popularity as a location for trade...
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...A Comparison and Contrast Analysis of United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) This paper examined the relationship between United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and found merging both accounting standards into a worldwide standard is ideal for investors. Corporate financial statement requirements depend on location. The two accepted accounting standard systems are GAAP and IFRS. The differences between GAAP and IFRS are GAAP is rules-based and IFRS is principle-based. How can a worldwide accounting standard benefit the world economy? The answer depends on political will, culture, countries history, and business structure. Research indicated there are only slight differences between GAAP and IFRS. These slight differences must be explored further to predict the impact on companies, economic, and financial markets. GAAP and IFRS have to be reconciled as a worldwide accounting standard to efficiently allow investors to compare foreign companies. GAAP set the accounting standard for the United States since its inception in 1929. GAAP evolved over the last 60 years (Măciucă, Ursache, Moroşan, & Apetri, 2014). IFRS was established in 1973 (Smith, 2012). IFRS used GAAP as a source document for its standards, either to imitate, modify, or omit (Chevis, 2014). The European Union established IFRS as the standard in 2005 (Smith...
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...Accounting scandals back in the early 2000, including that of Enron and WorldCom, led to the passing of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). SOX aims to reduce corporate governance concern and ultimately seek to increase the credibility of the financial reporting. Agoglia, Doupnik, and Tsakumis (2011) looked at two aspects related to the strength of the financial reporting: the influence of standard precision and the role of audit committee. This article had and referred to with particularly focus on the circumstance in US with regards to their rules-based approach of accounting. The more precision based accounting standards in US is suppose to dampen the executives' ability to manipulate financial results as well as increase comparability across all firms. However, all the accounting scandals brought to the attention of the public has began to question whether the rules-based standards are serving their purpose better than the other option: principle-based. Originally, the view was principle-based accounting standards offers more room for flexibility and interpretation in the view of the executives and therefore more prone to manipulation because it allows for differences in judgment. This also implies of reduced comparability across firms because of the variations permitted. However, research from the article suggests otherwise. Results from the experiment showed that under the precise standard, or the rules-based standards, preparers are more likely to make aggressive financial...
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...Accounting Concepts, Assumptions, Principles, Elements Key Things to Know Objectives of Financial Reporting: 1. Provide useful information to investors and creditors for decision making (assume users have a “reasonable understanding” of business). 2. Provide information to access the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of cash inflows and outflows. 3. Provide information about resources (assets) and claims to resources (liabilities). Recognition: An item should be recognized in the financial statements when it meets all 4 of the following criteria: 1. Definition: meets the definition of an element 2. Measurability: measurable with sufficient reliability 3. Relevance: makes a difference in the decision 4. Reliability – representationally faithful, verifiable, neutral Accounting Underlying Assumptions - Basis for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) Entity Assumption - each business is its own “accounting” entity. Periodicity Assumption - divide economic activities into time periods for reporting. Going Concern Assumption - the company will remain in business and will...
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...Chapter 1 The Canadian Financial Reporting Environment Prepared by: Dragan Stojanovic, CA Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto The Canadian Financial Reporting Environment Role of Financial Reporting • Financial statements and financial reporting • Accounting and capital allocation •Stakeholders Objective of Financial Reporting •Management bias •Users’ needs Standard Setting • Need to develop standards • Parties involved in standard setting • Standard setting in a political environment GAAP • GAAP hierarchy •Professional judgement • Role of ethics Challenges Facing Financial Reporting • Globalization of companies and capital markets • Impact of technology • Changing nature of the economy • Increased requirement for accountability 2 The Canadian Financial Reporting Environment Role of Financial Reporting • Financial statements and financial reporting • Accounting and capital allocation •Stakeholders Objective of Financial Reporting •Management bias •Users’ needs Standard Setting • Need to develop standards • Parties involved in standard setting • Standard setting in a political environment GAAP • GAAP hierarchy •Professional judgement • Role of ethics Challenges Facing Financial Reporting • Globalization of companies and capital markets • Impact of technology • Changing nature of the economy • Increased requirement for accountability 3 Characteristics of Accounting 1. Identification, measurement, and communication of financial information about; 2...
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...[pic] SOUND FINANCIAL REPORTING IS A GOOD THING FOR BRINGING CONFIDENCE BACK TO THE CORPORATE WORLD Submitted By: Ahmed Shafiul Huq 801414063 Principle of Accounting (EIB505) Section: B Executive Master of Business Administration Submitted To: Mr. Mohammad Rakib Uddin Bhuiyan Assistant Professor Department of International Business Faculty of Business Studies EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A company’s financial reporting amalgamates important documents to create an effective spreadsheet to simplify the financial data of an organization. It captures much of the information that organizations prepare, publish, and use. Financial reporting plays an integral role in the capital markets and economic stability and growth, and efforts to enhance its quality are vital. A Sound Financial Reporting provides us relevant, meaningful, reliable, accurate and comprehensive reporting of management stewardship whether in the form of numbers or other operating data. It is increasingly important for businesses to be financially transparent and for governments to establish a sound regulatory environment for corporate financial reporting. Sound financial reporting can benefit business by some ways just like valuing business, easy to identify...
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...Intermediate Financial Accounting (ACCT 3200) • M-W-F 2:30-4:20 in AE 208 • Important Dates – – – – – Intermediate Financial Accounting Friday May 13, 2016 – First Midterm (25% of grade) Monday May 23, 2016 – No class Friday May 27, 2016 – final date to withdraw Friday June 3, 2016 – Second Midterm (25% of grade) Friday June 17, 2016 – Final Exam (1:30-4:30) (45% of grade) • Quizzes will be announced the class prior Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 1 Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Welcome! Welcome! A little about me… 2 A little about YOU!… Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 3 Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 4 1 09/05/2016 INTERMEDIATE ACCOUNTING How to be successful in this class TENTH CANADIAN EDITION Kieso • Weygandt • Warfield • Young • Wiecek • McConomy • This is a summer session class = quick • This is a 3rd year class = challenging – Quick + challenging = be organized • Do the assigned homework (min. 1:1) • Read the chapter beforehand • Come to class CHAPTER 1 The Canadian Financial Reporting Environment • Exams will have – Multiple choice & matching questions – Short answer questions – Problems – mini cases Prepared by: Dragan Stojanovic, CA 5 Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. As edited by Jeff Kent, CPA,CA M.B.A. The Canadian Financial Reporting Environment CHAPTER 1 The Canadian Financial Reporting Environment ...
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