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Financial Crisis Impact of World Economy

In: Business and Management

Submitted By sunrong31
Words 282
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金融危机对世界经济的影响

论文关键词:金融危机;经济;措施

论文摘要:金融危机的影响愈演愈烈,形成一种“蝴蝶”效应,引发了国际金融风波。已波及到许多国家的金融机构和银行,其损失和危害正在逐步显露。其最主要特点是,给世界经济带来重大和持续的破坏性影响。 2008年,美国陷入严重的次贷危机,次贷危机及其引致的国际金融危机使我国出口加工业面临严峻形势,包括我国在内的许多企业纷纷大量裁员。 于是,2008年11月美国纽约时报网站报道,内忧外患的美国银行业巨头花旗集团亦在金融危机导致华尔街又一轮的裁员风暴愈演愈烈的情况下继续裁员,其宣布将再次裁掉24000名员工,这使花旗将在短短几个月里的裁员总数达到52000名。IT界亦然逃不脱金融风暴的席卷,美国著名职业咨询公司Challenger,Gray&Christmas发布的研究数据显示,受金融海啸的影响,到2008年年底,全球IT产业将有18万人失业,这些被裁员工来自雅虎、惠普、北电 摩托罗拉等多家知名IT企业。这也是自2003年以来IT产业裁员人数最多的一年。微软今年1月发布的截至2008年12月31日的2009财年第二财季财报显示,净营收166.3亿美元,同比增长仅2%;净利润为41.7亿美元,同比下滑达11%,所以,微软全球CEO鲍尔默给全体员工发了一封邮件,宣布将启动最多3600人的第二轮裁员计划。 接下来,一系列裁员效应开始,直到今天,2009年八月的香港大公报亦然登出即使全美裁员现象相对好转,但系仍然持续,金融危机尚未结束,“美国七月新增裁员人数32.8万人超预期”,“金融危机使美国人存多花少”并且,众多金融界,经济领域,甚至金融分支的股票行业专家分析:美救市短期内无法止跌股市。 众所周知,金融市场有初级市场和二级市场。初级市场由公司通过发行新的股票和债券来筹集资金,而二级市场则能够不仅让投资者可以迅速从事交易以及买到不同风险和收益特征的证券,亦能使金融机构对市场资金效果以及日后证券发放利弊进行评判。所以,一级市场本身就出了问题,接下来二级市场便会如滚雪球一样不断堆积与反馈。西格尔认为,真正的原因在于:金融机构以借贷的资金购买,并且持有大量与抵押贷款相关的高风险资产,以及相应的保险。讽刺的是,这些金融巨头没有必要持有这些证券,所以创造,打包并销售这些证券,如此他们已经赚得盆满钵满了。然而,当AIG的CEO们开着法拉利保时捷叫嚣自己的薪水太低,待遇不公的时候,可否想过,成千上万的市民因为持有这种风险资产与垃圾债券,引发出的多米诺效应若不加与控制,终究会影响到他们自身的利益。另外,本次金融危机集中暴露了美国民众借贷消费生活模式的弊端,相对容易地获得贷款使得美国居民可以在不断扩大自身的财富约束的同时,却亦诱发各种不良资产甚至次贷风险的潜在因素。 具体来说,各种金融非金融风险包括外汇风险、信用风险、流动性风险、市场风险、国家或主权风险、成本因素和经营风险,甚至破产风险等等。在既已发生的金融海啸的国际环境下,市场、政府和企业发生连锁反应,市场低迷直接导致国际需求的变化,同时提升了汇率风险和信用风险;政府通过贸易政策设置壁垒,企业的成本因素受到冲击,经营风险加大,正是由于这些因素的复合作用,出口加工业成本上升、融资困难、外需不振、议价力低的四种压力导致企业大量裁员甚至破产。美国经济学家Fisher(1933)提出的债务—通货紧缩理论首开金融危机理论研究先河。该理论指出未预期到的物价下降在债务人与债权人之间再分配财富,使债务人变得更加富有而使债权人变得更加贫穷。于是过度负债和通货紧缩的相互作用,导致金融危机的周期性。Kindleberger(1978)他认为对金融资产的疯狂投机行为导致了20世纪30年代的大危机,并推出了“泡沫金融”理论,提出“过度交易”诱发金融危机。货币主义的代表Friedman等(1963)提出,货币供应量视角的普适性对于经济大萧条可以做出剖析,弗里德曼认为导致“金融大危机”的答案是美联储的失职(错误的货币政策)以及及其所导致的银行体系危机。

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