...(IASB) first issued IFRS 9 Financial Instruments in November 2009, which dealt with the classification of financial assets and aspects of their measurement (Anna-Maija Lantto, Petri Sahlstrom, 2009). Consequently, the AASB first issued AASB 9 Financial Instruments in December 2009. After that, the IASB re-issued IFRS 9 in October 2010, setting out requirements for the classification, and aspects of measurement, recognition and derecognition of both financial assets and financial liabilities. Most of the requirements for financial liabilities were carried forward unchanged from IAS 39. However, some changes were made to the fair value option for financial liabilities to address the issue of own credit risk. The AASB re-issued AASB 9 Financial Instruments, which incorporates IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, in December 2010.本文由优质文化有限责任公司整理提供。阅读更多原创的文章，请点击www.youzhiwenhua.com专业的毕业论文代写论文代写代写论文留学生论文代写代写留学生论文代写法语论文代写日语论文代写韩语论文文化网站QQ527510459 TEL15982106398 The requirements in AASB 9 (as issued in December 2010) arise from the completion of the first phase of the IASB’s project to replace IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, which is incorporated in AASB 139 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (Houston, R.W. Peters, M.F. and Pratt, J.H., 1999).The objective of this whole project is to improve the usefulness for users of financial statements by simplifying the classification and measurement requirements for financial instruments. So, we will be wondering...
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...Financial Instruments in Cohesion Policy 2014-2020 COHESION POLICY 2014-2020 The European Commission adopted legislative proposals for cohesion policy for 2014-2020 in October 2011 This factsheet is one in a series highlighting key elements of the future approach Table of contents What is the aim? What is proposed? What has changed from 2007-2013? What are the practical effects? Cohesion Policy Financial instruments represent a resource-efficient way of deploying cohesion policy resources in pursuit of the Europe 2020 Strategy objectives. Targeting projects with potential economic viability, financial instruments provide support for investments by way of loans, guarantees, equity and other risk-bearing mechanisms including policy-based guarantees for the European Social Fund (ESF), possibly combined with interest rate subsidies or guarantee fee subsidies within the same operation. Besides the obvious advantages of recycling funds over the long term, financial instruments help to mobilise additional public or private co-investments in order to address market failures in line with Europe 2020 and cohesion policy priorities. Their delivery structures entail additional expertise and know-how, which helps to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of public resource allocation. Moreover, these instruments provide a variety of incentives to better performance, including greater financial discipline at the level of supported projects. Financial instruments have been...
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...New financial instruments are necessary tools because of our ever-changing financial environment. Factors such as industry and financial markets globalization, tax asymmetries, technological advances, etc. have created a need for various types of financial instruments. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief description of how financial instruments relate to the field of Finance and Seminar in Finance, and to also examine more thoroughly six particular instruments that have been developed. Financial instruments belong in the Investments and Corporate Finance sub-fields of Finance. As we have learned, the Investments sub-field has one objective—to maximize an investor’s return/wealth. Financial instruments have the ability to accomplish this goal. In fact, numerous instruments/innovations have been developed for this purpose, a few of which will be mentioned in the latter portion of this paper. Instruments are also vital to the sub-field of Corporate Finance. The goal of Corporate Finance is to maximize shareholder wealth. By developing instruments that will help a corporation with its costs, shareholder wealth can possibly be increased. Many times instruments are designed by financial engineers to obtain funds that are essential to the operation of businesses, which makes firms more efficient. “The nature of financing required or cost considerations dictate a special instrument…or a combination of instruments to be used in concert.” (Marshall) The...
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...Question 1. Gaining exposure to the S&P 500 index by ETF or S&P 500 futures contracts, rather than constructing a portfolio of shares that replicates the S&P 500 index. Using the ETF or futures contract would be more cost effective than replicating the S&P 500 index with shares. Using shares would be a more costly exercise as each transaction buying and selling of shares to construct the portfolio would incur a commission charge. The ETF or Futures contract will incur a commission charge only on the purchase and sale of the S&P 500. Like stocks ETF’s and Futures can be traded intraday, so you still maintain the flexibility. The ETF or futures contract allows investors trade the entire market as though you are trading just one stock. Using this method can be seen as more of a ‘hands off ‘approach for the investor as you do not have to keep a eye on each stock if you were to construct a portfolio of shares. This can be a timely exercise if you were to take this approach as you would constantly need to review your portfolio of shares to ensure you have the correct share allocation that would reflect the S&P 500. As new companies outside the S&P 500 are added and other companies drop out of the S&P 500 you would need to be aware of this if you were to construct a portfolio of shares, which would once again result in staying well informed and being kept up to date regularly. With the ETF and Futures this would be done automatically. The ETF...
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...Critical assessment of four financial instruments in the Islamic financial markets Raja Shahridatul Dewa Binti Raja Musa C070187 This project paper is a partial fulfillment of Module IB2001of Part 2 of Certified Islamic Finance Professional (CIFP) INCEIF September 2008 Critical assessment of four financial instruments in the Islamic financial markets Raja Shahridatul Dewa Binti Raja Musa Abstract There has been remarkable growth in the Islamic finance industry and seen double-digit growth in recent years. Increasing numbers of Islamic financial institutions are attempting to penetrate the international markets in meeting the global demands for Islamic finance. This calls for the development of innovative Islamic financial instruments which are shariah compliant that represent as alternatives to conventional instruments covering areas of Islamic banking, Islamic insurance, Islamic equities and Islamic bonds/sukuk. A parallel development of Islamic financial markets should also take place that look into the aspect of liquidity and cash flow management. At the same time legal and regulatory requirements are needed to ensure the smooth functioning of Islamic financial institutions. Given the uniqueness of the operations and transactions comprising contractual arrangements and instruments, it is critical for Islamic financial institutions to identify specific...
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...Accounting for Financial Instruments: Valuation and Reporting Samuel Kifle*, K.V. Siva Prasad and* K.Lakshmana Rao* Abstract The valuation and Reporting of financial instruments receive special attention in the course of Financial Reporting. The paper discusses the initial measurement, subsequent recognition of gain and losses on the financial instruments and their balance sheet presentation as prescribed by Accounting Standards of The institute of chartered Accountants of India (AS 30, 31 and 32), UK’s reporting standard and the International Reporting Standards. ____________________________ *Research Scholars, Department of Commerce and Management Studies, Andhra University, Vsiakhapatnam-530003. Definitions of Financial Instruments A Financial Instrument can involve very simple things like cash, or something far more complicated, such as a derivative. AS 31 define Financial Instrument as any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. The Financial Reporting Exposure Draft (FRED) 30 of the UK and the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 32 similarly define a financial instrument as any contract that gives rise to both a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. A financial asset is any asset...
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...I UVOD Pojam akcije (share, stock) poznat je jos od XVI veka. Smatra se daje prvo korišćen u Engleskoj, i to da bi označio udeo u finansiranju dugih plovidbi trgovačkog karaktera (Indija, Kina itd. ). Po povratku sa takvih puteva profit koji bi se ostvario prodajom donesene robe djelio se prema udelu, nešto kasnije akcija dobija drugo značenje. Sa razvitkom proizvodnje od zanatske preko manufakturne pa sve do industrijske razvijala se i dobijala na značaju i akcija. Potreba za širenjem posla i uvođenjem novih mašina zahtevala je velika finansijska sredstva. Ta finansijska sredstva mogla su biti pronađena jedino u vidu kredita, ali uslovi kreditiranja nisu uvek tako povoljni, pa se morao pronaći drugi izvor dugoročnog finansiranja. Zato su se odlučivali na varijantu zajedničkog ulaganja i stvaranja akcionarskih društava. Tako organizovane kompanije imaju svoje prednosti, jer su u stanju da mobilišu veći kapital, ali i rizik pojedinca je manji jer za poslovanje odgovara visinom svoga uloga, ali ne i svojom ličnom imovinom. Kako kod partnera kao po pravilu brzo dode do konflikta, tako su se pojedini akcionari odlučivali da prodaju svoje udele. To bi mogao biti jedan od scenarija začetka sekundarnog tržišta akcijama. Pisati o akcijama, a ne spomenuti berze bilo bi nemoguće. Berze su mesta na kojima se pored ostalog trguje i akcijama, međutim one su nastale mnogo pre akcija. I-1. POJAM I KARAKTERISTIKE AKCIJA Postoje brojne vrste hartija od vrednosti medutim...
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...CHAPTER 2: ASSET CLASSES AND FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS PROBLEM SETS 1. Preferred stock is like long-term debt in that it typically promises a fixed payment each year. In this way, it is a perpetuity. Preferred stock is also like long-term debt in that it does not give the holder voting rights in the firm. Preferred stock is like equity in that the firm is under no contractual obligation to make the preferred stock dividend payments. Failure to make payments does not set off corporate bankruptcy. With respect to the priority of claims to the assets of the firm in the event of corporate bankruptcy, preferred stock has a higher priority than common equity but a lower priority than bonds. 2. Money market securities are called “cash equivalents” because of their great liquidity. The prices of money market securities are very stable, and they can be converted to cash (i.e., sold) on very short notice and with very low transaction costs. 3. (a) A repurchase agreement is an agreement whereby the seller of a security agrees to “repurchase” it from the buyer on an agreed upon date at an agreed upon price. Repos are typically used by securities dealers as a means for obtaining funds to purchase securities. 4. The spread will widen. Deterioration of the economy increases credit risk, that is, the likelihood of default. Investors will demand a greater premium on debt securities subject to default risk. 5. Corp. Bonds Preferred Stock Common Stock ...
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...Joseph Won ACCT 351 Research Case 2 February 11, 2015 Financial Instruments – Other-Than-Temporary Impairment 1. For the following investments, determine if OTT should record an other-than-temporary impairment as of December 31, 20X1, and if so, for what amount: • Happy New Year & Co. * Since the fair value of investment is less than its cost, the Company should proceed to step 2 for identifying and accounting for impairment. However, there is no indication that OTT does not expect the fair value of the security to fully recover before the expected time of sale. The Company actually does not believe the decline in price to be permanent. In addition, it does not intend to sell this investment in the future. So, no record is needed. (FASB 320-10-35-24 and 33) • Beary Beary. * Since the fair value of investment is less than its cost, the Company should proceed to step 2. An other-than-temporary impairment should be considered to have occurred because the Company intends to sell the note. Since OTT requires the sale of this security when the fair value declines below $90, the impairment should be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. Therefore, the amount recorded should be $7. (FASB 320-10-35-24, 33A, and 34B) • Buy-A-Lot Company. * Since the fair value of investment is less than its cost...
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...have heard of the DiVito’s Bakery and how many have shopped there and if so how recent do they stop in this store. What do you already know about these changes? I already know that we have to make changes to perform survey’s to find out more information about the different cultures and what types of bakery foods are the types that they eat the most. It is important to know this so that we can change and supply these products so that they will come to this bakery and become regular customers it might be a good idea to have coffee and tea to allow people to stop in and taste the many products to make decisions on if it is somewhere that they would frequent to buy the products that they use the most. Develop effective research instruments- Instrument is the generic term that researchers use for a measurement device such as a...
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... Abstract Financial derivatives as the most central part of the financial innovation, from its birth to the present, has gone through a process of rapid development, more and more enterprises have been used. The emergence of financial derivatives in order to avoid risks, In addition, financial derivatives are lower financing costs, optimize the financing structure, and enhance enterprise value has made a huge contribution, it is because of this, financial derivatives in such a short such rapid development in the period of time. On one hand, the colorful change of the international financial markets due to the development of financial derivatives, on the other hand, we also feel the financial derivatives for its own high-leverage, high complexity and characteristics of the financial markets of the enormous risk. This paper introduces this article research background and the significance, the research content, method and so on; introduces the mainly part of derivative financial instruments, such as the connotation development of background knowledge are introduced, analysis of the financial derivatives in the role of the financial crisis and the conduction mechanism; introduces the derivative financial instruments development of the impact of China's economy, and give some suggestions about the post-crisis era financial derivatives development proposals. Key words： Post-crisis era；Financial derivatives；Financial innovation ...
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...commission of any predicate offence with an intention to conceal or disguise the illicit origin of the property or smuggle money and property earned through legal and illegal means abroad. 2.to conduct, or attempt to conduct a financial transaction with intent to avoid a reporting requirement under this act. 3.to do or to do attempt to do such activities as the illegitimate source or the money or property may be concealed or disguised or knowingly assist to perform or to conspire to perform such activities. 1.banks 2.financial institution 3.insurence companies 4.money changer 5.companies or organizations remitting or transferring money 6.other organizations running business with the approval of Bangladesh bank 7.such other organizations as may be declared by bb with the approval of government by notification in the official gazette from time to time 8.high court division means the high court division of supreme court 9.suspisus or unseal transaction means A. that substantially deviates from the usual transaction B. that have reasonable cause to suspect that the transaction have involvement with any proceeds of crime. C. property means- any kinds of asset , whether tangible or intangible moveable or immovable Cash, documents , or instrument in any from including electronic or digital which indicates evidential title to, or interest in such asset. MLPA 2) Punishment for violation of freezing or attachment order: Punishment for violation of freezing or...
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...NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT, 1881 STRUCTURE 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Objectives Introduction Meaning of Negotiable Instruments Characteristics of a negotiable instrument Presumptions as to negotiable instrument Types of negotiable Instrument 1.5.1 Promissory notes 1.5.2 Bill of exchange 1.5.3 Cheques 1.5.4 Hundis 1.6 Parties to negotiable instruments 1.6.1 Parties to Bill of Exchange 1.6.2 Parties to a Promissory Note 1.6.3 Parties to a Cheque 1.7 1.8 Negotiation 1.7.1 Modes of negotiation Assignment 1.8.1 Negotiation and Assignment Distinguished 1.8.2 Importance of delivery in negotiation 1.9 Endorsement 1.10 Instruments without Consideration 1.11 Holder in Due Course 1.12 Dishonour of a Negotiable instrument 1.13 Noting and protesting 1.14 Summary 1.15 Keywords 1.16 Self Assessment Questions 1.17 References/Suggested readings 1.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this lesson, you should be able to• • • • Understand meaning, essential characteristics and types of negotiable instruments; Describe the meaning and marketing of cheques, crossing of cheques and cancellation of crossing of a cheque; Explain capacity and liability parties to a negotiable instruments; and Understand various provisions of negotiable instrument Act, 1881 regarding negotiation, assignment, endorsement, acceptance, etc. of negotiable instruments. 1.1 INTRODUCTION The Negotiable Instruments Act was enacted, in India, in 1881. Prior to its enactment, the provision of the English Negotiable Instrument Act were...
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...Short essay on the negotiable instruments in business law The law relating to “negotiable instruments” is contained in the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. The Act extends to the whole of India. The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, has been amended for more than a dozen times so far. The latest in the series are: (i) the Banking, Public Financial Institutions and Negotiable Instruments Laws (Amendment) Act, 1988 (effective from 1st April, 1989), and (ii) the Negotiable Instruments (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2002 (effective from 6th February, 2003). The provisions of all the Amendment Acts have been incorporated at relevant places in Part IV of this book. The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, as amended up-to-date, deals with three kinds of negotiable instruments, i.e., Promissory Notes, Bills of Exchange and Cheques. Definition: The word negotiable means ‘transferable by delivery,’ and the word instrument means ‘a written document by which a right is created in favour of some person.’ Thus, the term “negotiable instrument” literally means ‘a written document transferable by delivery.’ According to Section 13 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, “a negotiable instrument means a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payable either to order or to bearer.” “A negotiable instrument may be made payable to two or more payees jointly, or it may be made payable in the alternative to one of two, or one or some of several payees”...
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...Negotiable Instruments | | | | | Definition | | | | A negotiable instrument is a document guaranteeing the payment of a specific amount of money, either on demand, or at a set time. Under section 13 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, “a negotiable instrument” means a promissory note, bills of exchange or chequ payable either to order or to bearer”. According to Judge Willis: “A negotiable instrument is one the property in which is acquired by every person who takes it bonafide and for value, not withstanding any defect of title in the person from whom he took it.” It is a document contemplated by a contract, which (1) warrants the payment of money, the promise of or order for conveyance of which is unconditional; (2) specifies or describes the payee, who is designated on and memorialized by the instrument; and (3) is capable of change through transfer by valid negotiation of the instrument. As payment of money is promised subsequently, the instrument itself can be used by the holder in due course as a store of value; although, instruments can be transferred for amounts in contractual exchange that are less than the instrument’s face value (known as “discounting”). Types of Negotiable instruments a) Promissory note: A written, dated and signed two-party instrument containing an unconditional promise by the maker to pay a definite sum of money to a payee on demand or at specified future date. b) Bill of exchange: Bills of exchange are financial documents...
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