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Fingerprints

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Submitted By caroluvs
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Emma Elliott
CRJ 202
Mr. Scott
March 11, 14

Fingerprints
For over a century, law enforcement agencies, forensic laboratories, and penal courts worldwide have used fingerprint impressions as reliable and conclusive evidence to identify perpetrators of criminal activity. Although fingerprint identification has been repeatedly proven as one of the most robust and definite forensic techniques, a measure of the rate at which latent fingerprints degrade over time has not been established effectively. Ideally, criminal investigators should be able not only to place any given individual at a crime scene but also be able to date the moment any latent fingerprints were deposited at the location. The present report aims to determine particular visual patterns of degradation of latent fingerprints exposed to certain monitored laboratory conditions simulating those in the field. Factors considered include temperature, relative humidity, air currents, composition of fingerprint depositions (sebaceous and eccrine), various exposures to daylight (direct, penumbra, and darkness), and type of physical substrate (glass and plastic) over a period of 6 months. The study employs a titanium dioxide-based powder as developer. Our results indicate that, contrary to common belief, certain latent fingerprints exposed to direct sunlight indoors degrade similarly to those in the dark where environmental conditions are more constant. While all sebaceous latent fingerprints on glass are still useful for identification after 6 months, diverse results are obtained with impressions on plastic; these demonstrate a much higher and faster degree of decay, making identification difficult or impossible, especially for eccrine depositions.
(De Alcaraz-Fossoul, J., Mestres Patris, C., Balaciart Muntaner, A., Barrot Feixat, C., & Gené Badia, M., n.d.)
Fingerprint is one of the oldest, reliable and mature biometric technologies and is considered one of the best, cheapest and legitimate proofs of identification. A correlation between physical characteristics like fingerprints and blood group was demonstrated in previous studies. This study was carried out in 2010 on 305 Libyan medical students of Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi, University, Zawia, Libya and were selected randomly having different ABO blood groups, with the objective to a) Study distribution of fingerprint pattern among the subjects having different ABO and Rh blood group b) Correlate any relation between their characters and blood group. The data from the study showed that male: female ratio was 1.2:1. Majority of subjects (48.9%) in this study were of blood group O followed by blood group A (33.1%), B (12.8%) and AB (5.2%). Rh-positive cases constitute about 87.2% of all studied cases. The general distribution of pattern of finger showed high frequency of Loops registering 50.5%; followed by whorls (35.1%) and arches (14.4%). In Rh+ve cases of blood group A and O loops incidences were the highest (52% and 54.3% respectively) then whorls (33.4% and 30.6% respectively), while in blood group B whorls were predominance in both Rh+ve and Rh−ve cases. In all blood groups there were high frequency of loops in thumb, index and little fingers. (Fayrouz, I., Farida, N., & Irshad, A. H., n.d.)
In response to criticism of latent fingerprint evidence from a variety of authoritative extra-legal inquiries and reports, this essay describes the first iteration of a guide designed to assist with the reporting and interpretation of latent fingerprint evidence. Sensitive to the recommendations of these reports, we have endeavored to incorporate emerging empirical evidence about the matching performance of fingerprint examiners (i.e. indicative error rates) into their testimony. We outline a way of approaching fingerprint evidence that provides a more accurate—in the sense of empirically and theoretically justified—indication of the value of fingerprint evidence than existing practice. It is an approach that could be introduced immediately. The proposal is intended to help non-experts understand the value of the evidence and improve its presentation and assessment in criminal investigations and proceedings. This first iteration accommodates existing empirical evidence and draws attention to the gap between the declaration of a match and positive identification (or individualization). Represented in this way, fingerprint evidence will be more consistent with its known value as well as the aims and conduct of the accusatorial trial. (Edmond, G., Thompson, M. B., & Tangen, J. M., n.d.)
References:

De Alcaraz-Fossoul, J., Mestres Patris, C., Balaciart Muntaner, A., Barrot Feixat, C., & Gené Badia, M. (2013). Determination of latent fingerprint degradation patterns-a real fieldwork study. International Journal Of Legal Medicine, 127(4), 857-870. doi:10.1007/s00414-012-0797-0

Fayrouz, I., Farida, N., & Irshad, A. H. (2012). Relation between fingerprints and different blood groups. Journal Of Forensic & Legal Medicine, 19(1), 18-21. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2011.09.004

Edmond, G., Thompson, M. B., & Tangen, J. M. (2014). A guide to interpreting forensic testimony: scientific approaches to fingerprint evidence. Law, Probability & Risk, 13(1), 1-25.

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