...Critically assess ‘Individual Transferable Quotas’ as a way of managing an Open Access Fishery Open Access Fisheries have long been susceptible to irrational over-exploitation by fishermen. The nature of such an open and accessible resource coupled with the issue of overfishing has resulted in a growing area of research and academia in sustainable management strategies. Economists became aware of the common property problems of the fishery through H. Scott Gordon in 1954 and have been concerned with effective measures of management ever since1. The economist, Parzival Copes 1986, pin points the problem that fisheries are absent of individual property rights. This, he argued, produces no incentive for fishermen to ‘husband the resource’ and invariably leads to excessive exploitation1. It is this exploitation that is a concern for governments worldwide as populations rise and the demand for such resources increase. This essay will look at one way of managing an Open Access Fishery, a strategy of Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ), and will assess the effectiveness of such an approach. An early output-limitation management strategy has been to impose a total allowable catch (TAC) in fisheries to try and prevent exploitation and conserve fish stocks. These limits on the amount that fishermen can harvest each season are aimed at allowing conservation objectives to be met, but in reality they resulted in a racing mentality, a ‘race for fish,’ as soon as the fishing season began...
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...years we have seen a great reduction in the populations of fisheries we depend on. Not only does over harvesting affect our way of life, it has an even greater impact on the ecosystem and various habitats , and the biodiversity found along our coast (Worm et. al, 2006). Marine protected areas (MPA’s) are designated stretches of coastline that have become important in terms of fisheries and ecosystem restoration (Palumbi, 2001). These reserves allow marine flora and fauna to have a chance to return to healthy populations to allow for sustainable harvest and rehabilitation of species that have been affected by overharvesting (Gleason et. al, 2010). MPA’s in California have been implemented by legislature for the purpose of preserving and rehabilitating our coasts. In 1999, the Marine Life Protection Act was passed, requiring an overhaul to the design of the MPA system to increase its success and efficiency (www.dfg.ca.gov, 2013; Gleason et. al, 2010)1. In California there are now a total of 124 protected areas, of which 119 are MPA’s and the remainder are recreational management areas. Approximately 9.4% of our coastal waters are now “no –take” zones, and 16 % of the state’s coastal waters are under some protection from the 1999 MLPA (www.dfg.ca.gov, 2013)2. Despite human dependence on marine resources, the preservation of the functionality and integrity of these environments are often perceived as conflicting with fishery demand (Klein,...
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...Shark Killing and the Ecosystem Introduction Sharks are fascinating creatures that come in all sizes and live in water all over the world. Arguably, these creatures play a very imperative responsibility in the ocean that a fish cannot. Apparently, sharks are the top food providers in the ocean almost in every part of the world. In this case, they assist in keeping the inhabitants of other fish species healthy and in suitable proportion for their ecosystem. However, shark population faces the threat of extinction in almost all parts of the world due to overfishing. Fishers us a technique called Bycatch, a process in which marine mammals or species of fish are unintentionally, caught while fishing for a specific target. Irrespective of the initiatives and laws put in place for overfishing, fishers have continued to hunt sharks for the fin soup, which is in high demand than their meat. On the other hand shark cartilage and shark liver oil are sold as cures for the hosts of aliments. Due to this disparity between meat and fins, it has led to a horrific practice of shark fining. As a result, there is need to create awareness on the importance of sharks in all parts of the world in order to save ocean ecosystem from extinction. Catching Techniques Many fishing techniques and gear are no selective and result in catching and discarding millions of marine life that is not always the target species. Most of the fishing methods like the long line typically are used to catch tuna. However...
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...PROPERTY RIGHTS REARRANGEMENT FOR SCALLOP FISHERY SUSTAINABILITY Terms of Reference This paper seeks to review how a property rights rearrangement can ensure scallop fishery is harvested at a sustainable level in New Zealand. An explanation behind the rationale behind the use of individual transferable quota will be given as well as an overview on the subject. An outline of the difficulties that authorities might expect to incur when setting up and managing an individual transferable quota will be undertaken as well as strategies that can be used to avoid or solve these difficulties. Terms: Self-governance, ITQ, OMS, transaction costs Executive Summary This paper addresses the benefits New Zealand can gain through implementation of an ITQ system over the local scallop sector. Following the individual transfer quota system is the most sustainable way forward for fisheries to ensure that future supplies will not be depleted. Strategies can be employed to ensure that sustainable practices are followed, such as rotational harvesting, which gives the fisheries a level of profitability with the least negative effect on all parties. Introduction The rationale for application of individual transferable quota (ITQ) for scallops will be reviewed in light of identifying the ITQ system as the better choice for New Zealand to follow when opposed to a regulatory approach. There have been sustainable practices in fishing on a governmental and commercial level for many years. Laws have...
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...Describe how the animal species richness found in the Galeolaria caespitose clump biotype could be affected by pollution Marine ecosystems are known to have rich biodiversity of species and therefore generally thought of as being stable and resilient to natural progressions of the earth (Johnson, Roberts, 2009) Disturbances in the habitat by unnatural means, such as pollution, can harm the balance of these ecosystems as the species are unable to adapt to the unusual contaminants that would not naturally encounter. One part of this ecosystem is the calcareous tubes secreted by the polychaete worm called Galeolaria caespitoa which are found in large clumps on pier pilings and in the intertidal zones of rocky shores (Ladiges et al. 2010). When viewing the calcareous tubes for the first time it appears that there is only one species, the Galeolaria caesplitoa, present but upon further inspection a diverse range of species can be found including annelids, molluscs and arthropods. These species all exist in this clump and benefit from the stability and protection that the clumps provide, but the introduction of a unnatural occurrence such as pollution can affect the way these animal feed, breed and breathe. The main source of pollution that comes into contact with marine ecosystems is sewerage which contains waste materials from everyday human activities such as slaughterhouse wastes, animal remains, domestic wastes, industrial wastes, faecal matter and many others (Islam, Tanaka...
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...Advantage: The fisheries and aquaculture sectors are significant contributors to the economy of Vietnam. Direct production value (at the farm gate or on the wharf) in 2003 was approximately Ð25 trillion ($1.7 billion) or approaching 4% of GDP. Export earnings from fish, shrimp and other seafood products totaled about $2.2 billion in 2003 of which 52% was shrimp 1) Natural and environmental factors : +) Vietnam has a land area of 329,200 km² , an exclusive economic zone of about 1 million km², and a coastline of 3260 km, with 28 provinces abutting with the The sea area of Vietnam can be divided into four main regions as shown in Table 1 Table 1 : Biomass and estimated MSY | Fish stock 000 tons | TAC 000 tons | Tonkin Gulf | 681.2 | 272.5 | Central Region | 606.4 | 242.6 | South Eastern | 2075.9 | 830.5 | South Western | 506.7 | 202.3 | Sea mounts | 10.0 | 2.5 | Total sea area | 300.0 | 120.0 | | 4180.2 | 1670.4 | MSY = maximum sustainable yield, TAC = total allowable catch Source: Fistenet based on RIMF 1997 estimates. +) Vietnam has a dense river network, including 2,360 rivers with a length over 10km. Eight have large basins with catchments of more than 10,000km². This river network includes many international rivers that originate in other countries. +) With some of the provinces in the Mekong delta , mangroves are central to the sustainability of many of Vietnam’s fisheries. => potential to develop in shores fisheries. +) Weather type...
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...Red Drum Fisheries Management of Coastal Florida Danny W. Lyles COMM/215 May 7, 2012 David Mumford Abstract This paper is intended to evaluate the success or failure of the fisheries management regarding Red Drum or Sciaenops ocellatus in the coastal Florida area of the United States. The Red Drum, or the common name “Redfish”, is a popular sport fish among anglers due to its reputation as a formidable adversary, and the value of it on the market for table fare. The advent of blackened recipes from the bayous of the southeast has also increased its popularity. Red Drum Fisheries Management of Coastal Florida The Red Drum inhabits inshore, near shore, and offshore waters throughout the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. The adults spawn in rivers, bayous, and tidal areas and the fry will reside there for up to four years. This species can reach lengths of forty five inches and weigh as much as fifty pounds. Spawning is triggered by cooling waters and a decrease in daylight hours associated with late summer and fall. In 1989, the Red Drum was considered overfished in large part due to the fishing pressure placed on the species by recipes of “Blackened Redfish” introduced in Louisiana Cajun style restaurants and the chef’s that enjoyed success from the new menu item. In an attempt to control and regulate the harvesting of the species, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) instituted a slot limit of eighteen to twenty – seven inches...
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...Coastal Resources Management, Policy and Planning In Bangladesh Md. Masudur Rahman, Zubair Ahmed Chowdhury and Md. Nasir Uddin Sada Department of Fisheries Bangladesh Rahman M.M, Z.A Chowdhury and M.N.U Sada. 2003. Coastal resources management, policy and planning in Bangladesh, p. 689 - 756. In G. Silvestre, L. Garces, I. Stobutzki, M. Ahmed, R.A. Valmonte-Santos, C. Luna, L. Lachica-Aliño, P. Munro, V. Christensen and D. Pauly (eds.) Assessment, Management and Future Directions for Coastal Fisheries in Asian Countries. WorldFish Center Conference Proceeding 67, 1 120 p. Abstract This paper reviews the coastal fishery resources of Bangladesh emphasizing the coastal environment, capture fisheries and management issues relative to the sector. Bangladesh’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an area of about 166 000 km2. This area has abundant natural resources such as fish, shrimps, crabs and other marine products. Shrimp and fish trawling is the most important economic activity in this area. The fishery sector makes a significant contribution to the national economy in terms of foreign exchange, income generation and employment. It is very important in nutrition, especially in providing animal protein. In 1997 - 99, the marine fisheries sector contributed 22% of the total fishery production of 1 373 000 t. However, the resources are being destroyed in many ways. The fisheries resources have declined and fishers are getting poorer. The decline is partly due to estuarine...
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...UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES (CoNAS) DEPARTMENT OF AQUATIC SCIENCE AND FISHERIES (DASF) FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION; AF 305 NAME OF STUDENT: NZOWA DENIS C. REGISTRATION NUMBER; 2010-04-04726. DEGREE PROGRAMME; BSC. IN AESC. COURSE INSTRUCTOR; DR. NDARO SUBMISSION; 19th APRIL 2013. ASSIGNMENT 3. Owing to the likelihood of occurrence of fishery collapse in near future, a fishery authority decided to carry out downsizing for the fishing company. Discuss the effects of such step on the welfare of the fishery community in the area. INTRODUCTION Downsizing refers to the permanent reduction of a company's workforce and is generally associated with corporate reorganization, or creating a "leaner, meaner" company. Downsizings such as these are also commonly called reorganizing, reengineering, restructuring, or rightsizing. Regardless of the label applied, however, downsizing essentially refers to layoffs that may or may not be accompanied by systematic restructuring programs, such as staff reductions, departmental consolidations, plant or office closings, or other forms of reducing payroll expenses. In essence...
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...resources, the natural resources sustainability is endangered by human behavior consuming. Thus, human should consider the environmental aspect when it comes to satisfying their needs and wants. Exceeded consumption of the natural resources will lead to breaking down the environment cycle and destroying those natural resources. One of those threatened natural resources is fisheries resources. Marine fisheries are supplying a major protein source to the world’s population, and they are supporting an industry that worth over $85 billion annually . Fisheries resources are facing one of the biggest issues that threaten it globally; overfishing. During the 20th century, the fishing expanded rapidly to the global scale as a result of motorized vessels, inexpensive oil, refrigeration, increasingly global commodity markets, and heavy government subsidies to increase fleets. Because of the overfishing, fish cannot sustain their population specially the large ocean fishes. The fish get fewer and fewer, until finally there are none to catch. Some people think that this issue affects only those who live from fisheries sector...
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...MUNICIPAL ORDINANCE NO. ____ Series 2015 AN ORDINANCE REGULATING FISHING AND/OR FISHERIES IN THE MUNICIPALITY. AUTHOR: HON. ____________________ CO-AUTHOR: HON. ____________________ Be it enacted by the Sangguniang Bayan, in regular session assembled, that; SECTION 1. This ordinance shall be known as the BASIC FISHERY ORDINANCE OF THE MUNICIPALITY and shall be enforced in conjuction with the decrees, orders, rules and regulations on fishing and/or fisheries already promulgated or that may later be promulgated. SECTION 2. DEFINITION OF TERMS - For purposes of this ordinance, the following terms shall mean as follows: a. Municipal Waters - include not only streams, lakes and tidal waters within the Municipality, not being the subject of private ownership and not comprised within national parks, public forests, timber lands, forests reserves or fishery reserves but also marine waters included between two lines drawn perpendicular to the general coastline from points where boundary lines of the municipality touches the sea at low tide and a third line parallel with the general coastline fifteen (15) kilometers from it. Where two (2) municipalities are so situated on the opposite shores that there is less than fifteen (15) kilometers of marine water between them, the third line shall be equal distant from opposite shores of the respective municipalities, pursuant to Section 131, (r)...
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...Human History of Fishery Exploitation and Marine Trophic Dynamics The World's Oceans cover approximately 70% of the Earth's surface; and has been an integral part of human history and development (Brett, Clausen). These large bodies of water are filled with marine life, and provide mankind with food as well as various ecological services. The vast resources and value of the world's oceans have been depended on by the human race virtually since its origin. In early history, marine vegetation and fish were harvested on a subsistence level. As mankind progressed, and populations increased, the nature of there relationship with marine environments shifted from a subsistence based practice to that of a commercial nature. Fish were no longer harvested on a level relative to the individuals and families it provided for, but became an industry tethered to supply and demand. This change altered the dynamics between man and the oceans when commercial fishing effectively became a "commodities market" (Brett, Clausen). Certain species carried higher values than others and fishing practices became exploitive as the supply was thought to be endless within the huge bodies of water. However, at the time marine ecology was little understood and thus sustainable fishing practices were ignored as well as the not yet realized affects the commercial fishing industry had on trophic dynamics. As commercial fishing developed and spread along with population increase, intensive extraction...
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...Overfishing in the Oceans Introduction Recent studies found that overfishing in the ocean is depleting sea life around the world. Overfishing in the oceans is taking the sea life at a rate too high that the fished sea life is having a hard time replenishing itself. Part 1 Overfishing started in the early 1800’s when humans started seeking blubber for oil lamps. When humans started overfishing for blubber it drastically reduced the whole population. The fish population like the Atlantic cod, herring and sardines were fished to the point it was almost extinct by the mid 1900’s. The disruption of the food chain became catastrophic by the late 20th century. Large commercial fishing ships in today’s industry are equipped with aggressive state of the art sonars to find schools of fish fast and accurately. Some of the large commercial ships have powerful engines that can drag really big fishing equipment through the ocean, so fish really don’t have a chance to escape. There is a type of fishing that is blamed for unnecessary damage to the bottom of the ocean called bottom trawling. Marine scientist compare bottom trawling to a bulldozer, except it has nets that collect turtles, coral and everything that is in its path. It causes irreversible damage to the coral reefs, slow growing fish species and even kills the sea turtles. Part 2 Solutions that we can do to help prevent over fishing in the oceans are, for one to change our eating habits. We don’t have to stop eating fish but...
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...book “Marine Conservation Biology” as “A fishery which rotates among multiple species can deplete individual stocks and still be sustainable so long as the ecosystem retains its intrinsic integrity. Such a definition might consider as sustainable fishing, practices that lead to the reduction and possible extinction of some species” (2005). However, his research shows that this definition is not always accurate, many fish species naturally decline and fluctuate depending on weather, natural predators and disease. Rapid increases of population and human activity, for instance fishing, have put considerable pressure on our fish stocks, as a result, 32 percent of our marine fish stocks are depleted,...
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...--------------------------------------3 2. Bangladesh Economy and Fisheries Impact on their Economy-------------------------4 3.1. Current Situation of Bangladesh Economy----------------------------------------------4 3.2. Fisheries in Bangladesh----------------------------------------------------------------------4 3.3. Dried Fish in Bangladesh--------------------------------------------------------------------6 3.4. Frozen Fish Exports of Bangladesh-------------------------------------------------------7 3.5. Contribution of Shrimp Export Industry of Bangladesh-------------------------------8 3. Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 4. References------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 Bangladesh Fishing Industry and its Impact on Local Economy 1. Introduction Fishing industry has made a great impact on Bangladesh in terms of their local economy as the results in various studies show excellent growth trends. Marine fisheries have made excellent contribution from 1970 to 1993 with an increasing trend of 28.2 percent. Marine fish production is expected from artisanal fishing areas including commercial and subsistence fishing. Most of the people living in coastal communities largely depend on fishing to meet their living needs. Fisheries are also offering Bangladeshi people enhanced contribution in terms of...
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