...The world has seen an enormous increase in flights for leisure, business and commercial purposes around the world over recent years. What do you think are the most advantages and disadvantages of such fights? Do you think flights should be taxed more? Over the last few decades, flights have become one of the most popular transports that bring benefits and have clear advantages to leisure, business and commerce. However, some disadvantages have already emerged and caused various concerns that will be discussed in this essay. Travelling by air for leisure purposes is a very practical means of transport, because it enables people to spend less time on the way to their destinations and they do not face time-consuming problems. In addition, flights are so flexible and convenient that they can be booked and rejected at any time. For instance, if anyone has intention to travel from Singapore to New York lots of airline companies offer their services with regard to client’s demand. Likewise, there are several commercial benefits as well. Exotic products and fresh fruits that are common in today’s markets are brought by airplane and consumers have gained the opportunity of buying them reasonably in good condition. Despite the above-mentioned advantages, flights raise some drawbacks that encourage to be reconsidered. First of all, airplanes burn much more fuel than other transports and produce harmful gases that result in environmental pollution. For example, acid rain which contributes...
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...The crash and subsequent investigation of Colgan flight 3407 was determined to be inappropriate responses from the crew when they encounter icing conditions which led to a departure from controlled flight NTSB (2009, February 12). This accident led to the consensus within the industry that first officers at regional airlines needed to have more experience. While it is hard to quantify how much experience is needed, the FAA felt that the requirements agreed upon in Public Law 111-216 were a good start. This legislation led to my research question “what is the best way for a newly certified commercial pilot to accumulate the required 1,500 hours” The four time building activities I choose to explore were; flight instructing, corporate flying, aerial advertising and ferry flying....
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...History of flight attendant began as soon as passenger air travel began in the early 1920’s. United airlines was the first to offer special service to passengers in flight. In 1925, they hired graduate nurses to tend to their passengers comfort and needs, who were called stewardesses. Soon after other airlines added stewardesses to their flights as well. At first they were responsible for refueling airplanes, loading passenger luggage and equipment necessary for the flight as well as cleaning the interior of the airplane. After a period of time, airplanes were growing larger and the number of passengers increased, the stewardesses also began preparing and serving meals and drinks during flights (Barry, 2007). According to Thomas (2009), “By the late 1930’s flight attendants were expected to work long hours making about $1 an hour and on average worked about 100 hours a month, also at that time they were treated poorly by the male passengers groping, pinching and padding their butts” (p.4). Upon World War II the nurses left the airlines and joined the military. The airlines started to hire young women who were not nurses. In that time most flight attendants were women, and the airlines often required that they remain unmarried in order to retain their job. Airlines also instituted age, height, and weight restrictions. They were also expected to provide a glamorous and pleasant image for airlines (Ferguson, 2005). Barry (2007) explained that because training flight attendants...
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...Exam 2 Part A (a.) We first created the “trim” file to determine the required control (elevator and thurst setting) to achieve specific equilibrium flight by minimizing the left hand side of equations (2.5-34) which are equations for the time derivatives of the velocity, angle of attack, pitch rate, and pitch angle. The “transp” function is used in the “trim” file to determine the rate of changes for these specified controls. Once trimmed flight is achieved, the non-dimensional characteristics of this flight are used to determine the dimensional derivatives needed to set up the state space model for the trimmed flight. Once the dimensional derivatives are computed, the state space angle of attack, pitch rate, velocity, and pitch can be set up. Several characteristics of both the short period and phugoid of this state space model can be seen in Table 1. Table 1: A table of system characteristics for both the short term period and phugoid Characteristic | Short Period | Phugoid | Eigenvalues | -0.6252 +/- 1.3188i | -0.0021 +/- 0.0780i | Time Period (s) | 1.5995 | 486.9 | Frequency (s^-1) | 1.3188 | 0.078 | Settling Time (s) | 6.398 | 1947.6 | Period of Oscillation (s) | 4.7645 | 80.5 | Natural Frequency (s^-1) | 1.4594 | 0.0781 | Damping Ratio | 0.4284 | 0.0263 | Part B We were tasked with plotting the Argand diagrams associated with the individual phugoid and short-period modes. An argand diagram is a scaled representation of the eigenvectors, represented...
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...9/22/2015 Niranjan Nandakumar | Flight Vehicle Design | Design of a subsonic jet transport airplane | Flight Vehicle Design | Design of a subsonic jet transport airplane | Contents Introduction………………………………2 What is the problem?.................................3 Solution to problem…………………..…..3 Results from problem…………………….3 Conclusion……………………………….3 Reference List……………………………4 Appendix…………………………………5 Comments………………………………...9 Introduction The purpose of this project was to understand how to calculate the take-off gross weight, empty weight and mission fuel weight of a subsonic jet transport airplane over a set time. In this project there were several formulas used in order to find the weight of the airplane. For example, I had to find the payload of the passengers, the crew and the flight attendants as well as their baggage’s because those weights would affect the weight of the plane. I also have to find the fuel efficiency ratios for each component of the flight. In other words, I had to find the fuel efficiency ratios for the warmup, take off, the cruise and many more. What is the problem? In this project, I had to estimate take-off gross weight, empty weight and mission fuel weight of a subsonic jet transport airplane. I was given specifications about the transport plane like how many passengers, the crew, the range of the airplane and many more. The specifications can be seen in the appendix on page 5. Solution to problem The...
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...1. Flight Controls Purpose of flight controls: The purpose of a flight control system is transfer motion/force input from a pilot to a flight control surface. In a traditional aircraft, flight control systems are broken down by axis of control: pitch, roll and yaw. Flight control systems can be either reversible or irreversible. A reversible system is a flight control system where movement applied to the control surface moves the control in the flight compartment. A simple example is shown in Figure 1. Reversible flight control systems are used on smaller aircraft where the hinge moment (surface) loads are small enough that a mechanical linkage system is adequate. Another reversible flight control system is shown in Figure 2. This is a 2D representation of a system that shows some typical components in a reversible flight control system. The systems shown in Figures 1 and 2 both contain a cable system, however, reversible systems can also be designed using pushrods and bellcranks without cables. Figure 2 Reversible Flight Control System An irreversible system is a flight control system that utilizes powered controls so that movement of the surface will not move the control in the flight compartment. An example of an irreversible flight control system is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows a mechanical system connected to a hydraulic actuator. The linkage positions the servo within the actuator that controls which side of the actuator sees high-pressure fluid and...
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...not make it to the runway due to the approach being too low. I want an instrument rating because I believe it makes a safer more confident pilot. I can mention several occasions of pilots getting into an IMC condition while flying VFR, JFK’s aircraft, most recent a Blackhawk helicopter locally that ran into fog and crashed, speculation is the pilot became disoriented. On the coast fog will roll in with zero visibility in 20 -30 minutes on occasion. “Many accidents are the result of pilots who lack the necessary skills or equipment to fly in marginal visual meteorological conditions (VMC) or IMC and attempt flight without outside references.”(FAA, 2012, p. vii) Key principles to instrument flight are trust your instruments not what your body is telling you. Successfully recognize errors in your instruments and what to do when these situations arise. During instrument flight when a pilot becomes disoriented he should try to obtain the horizon, trust his/her instruments, and ignore what your body is...
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...The Six Pack of Flight Instruments It seems as if though cockpits of modern jets are becoming more and more intricate and complex. The have added greatly to the primary flight instruments and have filled vast amounts of space in cockpits. It is still very relevant to the aircraft for which it is designed, but lets get back to basics. Lets cut out all of the excess and focus on a few primary instruments, instruments that one would be guaranteed to find no matter the plane. These are the instruments that make up the “Six Pack” (Learn to Fly, 2013). The “Six Pack” is comprised of the six basic flight instruments that are used by pilots. These instruments are typically found in two rows of three. Going from left to right the instruments that make up the “Six Pack” are the air speed indicator, attitude indicator, altimeter, vertical speed indicator, heading indicator, and turn coordinator. These instruments are the main source of information for pilots. These instruments can be divided into two categories based off of how they work, which are static or pitot-static and gyroscopic instruments. The instruments that fall into the static category are the airspeed indicator, altimeter, and vertical speed indicator. The airspeed indicator shows the aircraft’s airspeed in knots relative to the surrounding air. This is known as true airspeed and can be very valuable information for flight planning. It is also usually just a few knots different than indicated airspeed in...
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...AlRBL"S TR.\INING FLIGHT CONTROLS MANUAL 1.27.00 SEQ 001 P 1 ~S~O~~T~R FLIGHT CREW OPERATING CONTENTS I REV 36 27.00 27.10 CONTENTS DESCRIPTION - GENERAL - ARCHITECTURE NORMAL LAW GENERAL PITCH CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LATERAL CONTROL LOAD ALLEVIATION FUNCTION (A320 ONLY) 7 SIDESLIP TARGET RECONFIGURATION CONTROL LAWS GENERAL FLIGHT CONTROLS LAW RECONFIGURATION ALTERNATE LAW ALTERNATE LAW WITHOUT REDUCED PROTECTION DIRECT LAW ABNORMAL ATTITUDE LAWS MECHANICAL BACKUP CONTROLS AND INDICATORS PEDESTAL LATERAL CONSOLES GLARESHIELD OVERHEAD PANEL SIDESTICK INDICATIONS ON PFD ECAM F/CTL PAGE ECAM WHEEL PAGE WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS - MEMO DISPLAY FLAPS AND SLATS - DESCRIPTION - CONTROLS AND INDICATORS - WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS 1 5 8 1 1 3 4 5 8 9 11 12 14 1 5 1 6 8 1 2 3 6 6 7 7 27.20 27.30 27.40 R 27.50 27.60 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SIMU F.P.S.3 UP for training only STD 1.3.1 AlRBL"S TR.\INING FLIGHT CONTROLS MANUAL 1.27.10 SEQ 001 P 1 ~S~O~~T~R FLIGHT CREW OPERATING DESCRIPTION I REV 34 I GENERAL I The fly-by-wire system was designed and certified to render the new generation of aircraft even more safe, cost effective, and pleasant to fly. BASIC PRINCIPLE Flight control surfaces are all : - Electrically-controlled, and - Hydraulically-activated. The stabilizer and rudder can also be mechanically-controlled. Pilots use sidesticks to fly the aircraft...
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...FIGHT OR FLIGHT EXAMPLES: Situation 1: You walk into class a few moments late, only to find everyone putting books and notes away- preparing for a test you did not realise had been scheduled for today. Your heart seems to stop, your mouth is dry, your knees feel weak and you momentarily consider hurrying back out the door. Your life is not really in danger, and running away will not solve your problem—so why should you feel a physical urge to escape? Situation 2: At a meeting for which you have thoroughly prepared, the boss criticises you and accuses you of failing to attend to tasks that were, in reality, someone else’s responsibility. As all eyes turn on you, you feel your face getting hot, your jaw tightening, and your fist clenching. You would not shout or hit anyone—doing so would only make things worse. But you feel like shouting or striking out. These two scenarios illustrate the two poles of the fight-or-flight response, a sequence of internal processes that prepares the aroused organism for struggle or escape. It is triggered when we interpret a situation as threatening. The resulting response depends on how the organism has learned to deal with threat, as well as on an innate fight-or-flight “program” built into the brain. Situation 1: You walk into class a few moments late, only to find everyone putting books and notes away- preparing for a test you did not realise had been scheduled for today. Your heart seems to stop, your mouth is dry, your knees feel weak...
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...and contrast a waitress to a flight attendant People have different expectations when they look for jobs. Some go for high salaries and great perks. Some simply go for jobs that can guarantee happiness and fulfillment. In an isolated case, to be a waitress or a flight attendant, one needs to be exposed to certain aspects of the two jobs so one can make a sound decision in deciding how to pursue one’s choice of career. A waitress and a flight attendant may be compared and contrasted in terms of their job responsibilities, requirements and benefits received. Both a waitress and a flight attendant are expected to perform certain job responsibilities. Both a waitress and a flight attendant are expected to provide good service and comfort to people under their care. Similarly, they serve people of varying ages, ranging from small children to senior citizens. By dealing with people of different walks of life, waitresses and flight attendants learn to how to treat others with respect. Although waitresses and flight attendants have almost identical duties, the place where they conduct their jobs is very different. Waitresses are normally confined to working in a restaurants or cafes, while flight attendants are be found serving people in midair. Apart from their job scope, both waitresses and flight attendants must fulfill certain requirements. Both jobs require their personnel to be in top health condition. Preferably, both a waitress and a flight attendant should be fit and free...
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...Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Anthony Vallido Aviation Safety 409 Abstract United Airlines Flight 811 left Honolulu bound for Auckland, New Zealand on February 24, 1989. A few minutes in the flight the cargo doors blew out and because of the decompression, nine passengers were immediately sucked out of the plane. The debris from the cargo door damaged the planes Number 3 and 4 engines. Captain David Cronin prepared for an emergency landing. The parents of one of the fatalities, Lee Campbell, investigated the accident because they want to know what caused the cargo door to open in midair. Kevin and Susan Campbell were very persistent and relentless in their fight to prove that the cause of the cargo door opening is a malfunction in the electrical system of the locking mechanism. It would take them a few years and spend their own money just to prove their theory and prevent future accidents from happening. Their persistence paid off when the NTSB finally issued a report stating what the Campbell’s have been campaigning all along. Introduction On February 24, 1989, United Airlines Flight 811 took off from Honolulu bound for New Zealand. The flight carried 337 passengers, 3 flight crew and 15 flight attendants. The pilots were Captain David Cronin, First Officer Al Slader and Flight Engineer Mark Thomas. After the plane has been in the air for16 minutes, the passengers heard a grinding sound followed by a loud thud which shook the aircraft. A few seconds...
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...GENERAL PRINCIPAL When aircraft are flying at high speed, the aerodynamic forces acting on the control surface are such that it is not possible to move the surfaces without some form of assistance. This assistance can be provided in the form of hydraulic or electric power or a combination of both of the systems. This system is important for the aircraft to fly. . The purpose of the powered flight control unit fitted on the aircraft is to: 1) Aircraft speed and aerodynamic loads imposed on control surface too great for the pilot to overcome using manual force only. 2) Assist the pilot to overcome this load 3) No need for normal form of aerodynamic assistance, example: balance tab and spring balance tab EXPLAINATION OF POWERED FLIGHT CONTROL UNIT (PFCU) Figure 1: Powered Flight Control Unit System Drawing Artificial Feel With purely mechanical flight control systems, the aerodynamic forces on the control surfaces are transmitted through the mechanisms and are felt directly by the pilot, allowing tactile feedback of airspeed. With hydro mechanical flight control systems, however, the load on the surfaces cannot be felt and there is a risk of overstressing the aircraft through excessive control surface movement. To overcome this problem, artificial feel systems can be used. With total hydraulic or electric power moving the control surface, it becomes difficult for the pilot to gauge the amount of control movement required for any maneuver. This is because...
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...A TRAINING COURSE ON PROPER WORK ETIQUETTE FOR FLIGHT ATTENDANTS Training Objectives At the end of the training course, the participants will be able to: * Work more efficiently and effectively * Feel more comfortable working around the workplace and working with others * Provides leadership, guidance, and assistance in various emergency and non-emergency situations. * Enough knowledge and skills in the field of flight attendant * Accommodates and provides leadership, direction, and assistance for safety and comfort to passengers on board our aircraft, while working independently and as part of a team Training Participants: Flight Attendants (Stewardess) * Ages 18 – 27 * Females must be single, at least 5’2 ½ (preferably 5’3) * Males preferably single, at least 5’6 * Filipino citizen * College graduate * Preferably knows how to swim * Can speak English and Filipino * With perfect vision (20/20) or with contact lenses but not beyond (20/30) * Ability to meet rigorous physical duty requirements including pushing and pulling up to 150 lbs * Must have excellent communication skills * Must be emotionally resilient to cope with emergencies and traumatic situations * Projects a friendly, confident, and pleasing personality * Must have a minimum of two years customer service experience * Must have ability to demonstrate sales skills * Must obtain a Tuberculosis (TB) clearance * Must have a valid...
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...Andes flight disaster Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, also known as the Andes flight disaster and, in South America, as the Miracle of the Andes (El Milagro de los Andes) was a chartered flight carrying 45 people, including a rugby union team, their friends, family and associates, that crashed in the Andes on 13 October 1972. More than a quarter of the passengers died in the crash and several others quickly succumbed to cold and injury. Of the 27 who were alive a few days after the accident, another eight were killed by an avalanche that swept over their shelter in the wreckage. The last 16 survivors were rescued on 23 December 1972, more than two months after the crash. The survivors had little food and no source of heat in the harsh conditions at over 3,600 metres (11,800 ft) altitude. Faced with starvation and radio news reports that the search for them had been abandoned, the survivors fed on the dead passengers who had been preserved in the snow. Rescuers did not learn of the survivors until 72 days after the crash when passengers Nando Parrado and Roberto Canessa, after a 10-day trek across the Andes, found Chilean arriero Sergio Catalán, who gave them food and then alerted the authorities to the existence of the other survivors. The crash On 13 October 1972, a chartered Uruguayan Air Force twin turboprop Fairchild FH-227D was flying over the Andes carrying the Old Christians Club rugby union team from Montevideo, Uruguay, to play a match in Santiago, Chile. The trip...
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