...Annex 14 Center for International Forest Research Southern Africa Regional Office Lusaka, Zambia Report Climate Change in Zambia: Opportunities for Adaptation and Mitigation through Africa Bio-Carbon Initiative By Samuel Mulenga Bwalya Peaks Environmental Management Consultants P.O Box 32632 Lusaka, Zambia January, 2010 Table of Contents Contents Page Table of Contents................................................................................................................. i List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... ii List of acronyms ................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ v 1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Objectives of the study........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Approaches and methodology............................................................................. 2 2. Climate variability and impacts .................................................................................. 2 2.1 Climate...
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...Cloud Based DDoS Mitigation If you can afford it, ensure that your Internet Service Provider gives you a clean pipe using cloud based DDoS mitigation. If you use multiple links, ensure that both links are protected. There is always a signficant amount of residual DDoS that will flow through. That's why you need a DDoS mitigation system in your network to handle the remainder of the attack. IntruGuard helps cloud service providers with solutions for DDoS attack mitigation as well. If your service provider doesn't provide DDoS attack mitigation services, you must take care of your own network to avoid collateral and other damages. Edge Router Access Control Lists Access lists in the router can be used to block certain addresses, if such addresses can be known a priori. But websites open to the public are, by nature, open to connections from individual computers, which are exactly the agents hackers use to initiate attacks. Robust edge routers provide a robust data center infrastructure. They are the key to a solid foundation. Their high performance makes them sustain large DDoS attacks without performance loss. Juniper Routers provide the ability to perform packet-filtering and black-hole routing combined with Traffic Flow Filtering capability data center administrator today use primarily two methods to mitigate attacks once they have been discovered by the NOC; packet filters, and black-hole routing. Packet filters, also referred to as firewall filters or access...
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...region which is prone to number of natural disasters. Due to its diverse range of terrain and existence of fault lines, the country is susceptible to wide ranging hazards from earthquake to droughts and floods to cyclones. Pakistan has suffered floods almost every year as monsoon rains cause rivers to outflow from their banks. The country also experiences earthquake regularly ranging from moderate to severe in intensity. We have been suffering from drought like situation of varying degrees from many years and the coastal areas are prone to cyclones. There is no comprehensive, integrated disaster management policy at national level for dealing with major disasters like earthquake of 2005 and floods of 2010 and 2011 partially due to limited resources, economic instability and partially due to absence of well trained and equipped disaster management infrastructure. We also lack proper system for disaster prevention and preparedness that could ensure effective mitigation to reduce the loss of life and property damage in the face of a natural disaster. 2. Disaster management is unfortunately seen as provision of relief rather than the management of all of its phases and long term management of risk. We therefore need a comprehensive preparedness, prevention and mitigation strategy with a view to better manage and coordinate activities of various line ministries, departments and civil society. Pakistan has a traditional relief and response oriented disaster management system, however...
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...understanding of a good emergency operations plan is to save people’s lives and protect property. Having a well thought out plan in place will benefit the whole community. Mitigation Strategies The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) suggests that all emergency managers follow the guidelines designed in the Comprehensive Preparedness Guide (CPG) 101 when developing a plan (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 201 para 1). The framework of an emergency operation plan consists of goals, actions, and the action plan. The purpose of a plan is to identify the risk...
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...in the process of completing this assignment. If it is found that cheating and/or plagiarism did take place in the writing of this paper, I understand the possible consequences of the act/s, which could include expulsion from Indiana Wesleyan University. The Flood of 2008 June 7, 2008 was a day like no other that Columbus, Indiana residents could recall. Torrential showers inundated the area with 10 inches of rain onto already saturated ground. This event would forever change the lives of hundreds of citizens of this small central Indiana town. The flood caused an estimated $180 million in damage to Bartholomew County homes and businesses, many of them in Columbus (McLaughlin, 2010). This piece details the response efforts of citizens, as well as local, state, and federal agencies. This paper includes the personal account of a law enforcement officer who, working alongside fellow officers, citizens, and business owners, responded to a flash flood that has since been referred to as the hundred year flood. Also included is the recollection of a flood survivor who nearly lost everything he owned. In addition, preventive measures which were in place in the event of such a disaster are evaluated, as are mitigation efforts that are currently coming to fruition. The flooding occurred at such a fast pace there was no time to prepare and there was little, if any, warning for the citizens of Columbus. Even the staff of the Columbus Police Department were unprepared as their...
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...Chapter 7: Statutory Authority Chapter Outline 1. Introduction of topics and concepts to be discussed in the chapter. a. Legal basis of modern emergency management in the United States. b. Budget authority. c. Program eligibility. d. Roles and responsibilities. 2. Case Studies a. The National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP): Legislation to Address a Particular Hazard b. The Homeland Security Act of 2002: A New Emergency Management c. The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000: A Shift to Pre-Disaster Mitigation 3. Additional Sources of Information 4. Glossary of Terms 5. Acronyms 6. Discussion Questions a. General b. NEHRP c. Homeland Security Act of 2002 d. DMA 2000 7. Suggested Out of Class Exercises Introduction No emergency management system anywhere in the world can properly function without statutory authority and consistent budget appropriations. Statutory authority defines disasters programs, determines who is eligible for these programs, provides the legal support needed to implement disaster programs and establishes the legal foundation for funding the programs and activities of the disaster agency. Without such authority, a government agency is powerless. Legal Basis of Modern Emergency Management in the United States The first recorded emergency management legislation in the United States occurred in 1803 when a Congressional Act was passed to provide financial...
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...Development Programme in collaboration with the Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator for the Disaster Management Training Programme (DMTP) in association with the University of Wisconsin Disaster Management Center. This material draws substantially on the work of Mary Anderson and Fred Cuny, and on United Nations Development Programme and World Bank Guidelines. The draft for this text was reviewed by Yasemin Aysan and Ian Davis, Oxford Polytechnic Disaster Management Centre and Gustavo Wilches-Chaux. Editorial services, including design, educational components and formatting, have been provided by InterWorks. Design consultation and desktop publishing have been provided by Artifax. Cover Photo: Destruction of a bridge by flood waters. VIZDOK photo The first edition of this module was printed in 1991. Utilization and duplication of the material in this module is permissible, however, source attribution to the Disaster Management Training Programme (DMTP) is required. 4 CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................... 7 The relationship between disasters and development ............................. 9 Definition of terms ....................................................................................... 11 How disaster effects can vary from one type of hazard to another .............. 13 How vulnerability varies between and within countries .............................. 16 CASE...
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...Mozambique | The policies that have been implemented to alleviate poverty | | | | | | | TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Factors that have contributed to the rising of poverty levels in Mozambique 4 1) The Mozambican civil war 4 2) The effect of floods, drought and cyclones on poverty levels of Mozambique 5 3.0 The polices aimed at reducing poverty 6 1) Economic and Social Rehabilitation program (ESRP) 6 2) Strategy For Development of Small and Medium sized Enterprises 6 3) Master Plan: Director Plan for Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Disasters 7 4) Strategic Plan for Agricultural Development (PEDSA) 7 4.0The challenges faced by the proposed policies 7 Conclusion 8 Bibliography 3) 1.0 INTRODUCTION Mozambique was a Portuguese colony and later became a member state...
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...The primary effects of hurricanes are that they are one of the most destructive natural hazards, both in terms of frequency and death toll. They pose a major threat to coastal areas, related to the storm surge threat. They are a multiple hazard, since loss of life and property can be a result of one of several factors; Heavy rain, High wind velocity, Storm surge, as a result of the above and low central pressure they also include secondary effects, Flooding, landslides, and related damage. Impacts are a function of when and where the hurricane hits. Storm Surges a storm surge is a large dome of water, 50-100miles wide, which sweeps across the coastline near where the hurricane makes landfall. It is water pushed towards the shore by the force of the winds swirling around the storm, and the drop in pressure (260mm sea level rise for a 30mb fall in pressure) The surge combines with the normal tide to create a storm tide, and wind waves are then superimposed upon this. It can be more than 15ft deep. Most of the US Atlantic and Gulf coasts lie less than 10ft above sea level; therefore at risk. The major danger is from flooding, particularly when coinciding with natural high tides. This causes great potential for loss of life. They not only damage structures, but the debris which they carry is dangerous too. External debris can become deadly missiles in the wind force. Damage to tall objects, esp. power lines, telephone cables can cause disruption. High rise buildings are at risk from...
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...health services of Region 1 (www.facebook.com/ddagupandream?fref=ts). With a population of 161, 375, it is located along the seacoast and at the eastern margin on the delta of Agno River (Dagupan City Disaster Coordinating Council, 2011). It has a total land area of 4008 hectares with 31 barangays. It lies one meter above sea level and Pantal River flows through the city. This poor elevation of the City makes it more vulnerable to flooding. This geological characteristic of Dagupan is the reason why the City is the catch basin of flood waters from the neighboring towns as there are seven river systems that traverse Dagupan City, all of which drain out to the Lingayen Gulf. Flooding occurs due to the exit point of the two bigger river systems in Pangasinan, namely the Agno and the Toboy-Tolong rivers and by the onset of high tide.It is with this reason that when there are heavy rains, storm surges and typhoon, Dagupan City is directly affected with flood. Typhoons are responsible...
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...the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Disasters are often described as a result of the combination of: the exposure to a hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences, Disaster impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease and other negative effects on human, physical, mental and social well-being, together with damage to property, destruction of assets, loss of services, Social and economic disruption and environmental degradation. "Disaster Risk Reduction and Management" - the systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster. Prospective disaster risk reduction and management refers to risk reduction and management activities that address and seek to avoid the development of new or increased disaster risks, especially if risk reduction policies are not put in place. "Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management" or "CBDRRM" - a process of disaster risk reduction and management in which at risk communities are actively engaged in the identification, analysis, treatment, monitoring and evaluation...
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...global warming have on the atmosphere and what actions can we take to rectify the problem. Does global warming exist and what can we do about it? Global warming is caused by natural and human interference. Some global warming differences with natural and anthropogenic climates changes are, natural climate changes include volcanic activity and anthropogenic changes are caused by human influences such as burning coal oil. I believe that global warming is taking place; climate change has already had observable effects on the environment. Glaciers are shrinking, ice on rivers and lakes are breaking up earlier, plants and trees are flowering sooner. The changes in the weather is one indication, many places have been experiencing more floods, droughts and more severe heat waves. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the average surface temperature across the contiguous 48 states has risen at an average rate of 0.13°F per decade. Average temperatures have risen more quickly since the late 1970s and seven of the top 10 warmest years on record for the United States have occurred since 1998, with 2012 being the warmest year on record. A second indicator is the change in the sea level. After a period of approximately 2,000 years of little change, sea level averages has rose throughout the 20th century, and the rate of change has accelerated in recent years. When averaged over all the world’s oceans, total sea level increased at an average rate of 0.06 inches...
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...CIRDAP The Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific (CIRDAP) is a regional, intergovernmental and autonomous institution. It was established in 1979 at the initiative of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations with support from other UN organisations and donor countries/agencies. The member countries of CIRDAP are: Afghanistan, Bangladesh (host state), Fiji Islands, India, Indonesia, Iran, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. The main objectives of the Centre are to: (i) assist national action, (ii) promote regional cooperation, and (iii) act as a servicing institution for its member countries for promotion of integrated rural development through research, action research, training and information dissemination. Amelioration of rural poverty in the Asia-Pacific region has been the prime concern of CIRDAP. The programme priorities of CIRDAP are set under four Areas of Concern: 1) Agrarian development; 2) Institutional/infrastructural development; 3) Resource development including human resources; and 4) Employment. Within these areas of concern, the thematic areas are: Poverty alleviation through participatory approaches with emphasis on social sector development (e.g. health, education and nutrition); Employment generation through microcredit support, infrastructure development and local resource mobilisation;...
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...Disasters that remain confined to land and bottoms of oceans are called as terrestrial disasters. Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides and mine disasters are some examples of terrestrial disasters. Atmospheric disasters are caused due to atmospheric events. Tropical cyclones, droughts, floods etc. are some examples of atmospheric disasters. Disasters occurring due to collisions between the earth and space bodies or due to physical forces between them are called as extra-planetary disasters. High tide waves, hurricanes, landslides, movements of rocks, changes in sea level, biological extinctions etc. are examples of extra- planetary disasters. Disasters that are caused due to human intervention in the natural processes or due to his activities related to development and war are called as man- made disasters. Occurrence of epidemics, nuclear hazards, industrial accidents, biological war fares, bioterrorism etc. are man- made or human induced disasters. In modern age, so many of the natural disasters like earthquakes etc. have become man- made disasters due to human activities of building mega dams and large scale developmental projects. Management and Mitigation of Disasters We know that disasters whether natural or man- made, are very dangerous and destructive. We just cannot do anything to stop a disaster,...
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...Introduction The Red River Floodway commonly known as the Duff’s Ditch is an artificial flood control waterway that stretches for approximately 42 kilometers. The floodway is located in Canada and was built between 1962 and 1968. The Floodway was constructed after a major flooding that led to property destruction and loss of life in 1950. It inflicted significant damage to the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba. During the period of floods, the Red River Floodway takes part of the Red rivers flow and diverts it around the city before discharging it back to the river below the dam at Lockport. The floodway had the ability to carry floodwater at a rate of approximately 1,700 cubic meters per second. An expansion project was later initiated in 2005 to increase the carrying capacity of the floodway so that it can carry flood water at a rate of up to 4,000 cubic meters per second. The decision of expanding the floodway was reached after its containment system reached the maximum capacity in 1997 (Water-Technology.net, 2014). The main purpose of the...
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