...other groups or with the TA and may have consulted with members of other groups: where such discussions had significant impact on our work, we have noted the impact and the source of the help in the report using a footnote. Pledge signature: Matthew Romano, Anthony Perugini, Joseph Kim, Sarah Hemler (by typing my name here, I am bound to the pledge as if the signature was written by hand.) 1. Objectives Objective 1: Calibrate an elbow flow meter. Objective 2: Determine the useful accuracy and range of commercial flow meters based on vortex generation, magnetic field, and ultrasonic sensing. Objective 3: Determine the “wheel map” for the centrifugal pump: the relationship between flow rate, shaft speed, and head across the pump. Objective 4: Determine the pump efficiency of the centrifugal pump as a function of shaft speed and flow rate. 2. Hypotheses Hypothesis 1: The elbow flow meter will be within 10% of the ASME reference standard orifice sensor reading at varying flow rates. Hypothesis 2: Using the magnetic flow meter as our base standard, the rotameter, elbow meter,...
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...was designed. The last two exercises are about choosing the correct characteristics of primary and secondary variable sensors. Generalization: Cascade is possible only if it meets the cascade design criteria. For the first exercise, which is the furnace coil outlet temperature control, in fuel supply pressure, cascade is better. The flow controller will compensate for the disturbance. Whether the secondary corrects for the complete disturbance depends on the flow sensor. In an orifice meter, the density changes with pressure. Therefore, maintaining the flow measurement (ΔP) constant does not maintain the actual flow constant. The mass flow rate can be measured by a mass flow meter, such as a coriolos meter. The total heat release depends on the mass flow rate for light gas hydrocarbon fuels without hydrogen. Therefore, maintaining mass flow rate constant will completely compensate for pressure changes. Cascade control with mass flow control would perform better than with an orifice meter. However, the mass flow meter will be more costly. The density of the liquid does not depend on the pressure. Therefore, the orifice meter provides a good measurement. In terms of fuel density composition, cascade is better. In terms of feed temperature, cascade is neither better nor worse. For a cascade control design, the...
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...Mechanics Lab Abstract Flow rate is a common measurement which often needs to be performed. A venturi meter allows the flow rate in a pipe to be determined from a pressure differential. A venturi narrows the diameter of the pipe for a short duration, converting pressure head to velocity head. Through this pressure differential, Bernoulli’s equation, and the known dimensions of the venturi, the flow rate of the incompressible fluid can be determined. I h1 hthroat ntroduction Q Figure 1: Venturi Meter Concept Pressure is measured at the point h1 and hthroat. As seen in Figure 1, the point hthroat is known as the vena contracta – this is where the velocity is at its maximum. Listed in Table 1 are the venturi dimensions. Athroat is the cross-sectional area of the throat, where hthroat is measured; A1 is the area at the point where h1 is measured. Table 1: Venturi Data A1 (d1) | Athroat (dthroat) | 0.0021 m2 (0.026 m) | 0.00080 m2 (0.016 m) | Because the amount of energy in the flowing fluid must be conserved, the pressure drop occurring is easily used to measure the velocity of the fluid in the throat. This is converted to volumetric flow rate by multiplying the cross-sectional area. Procedure The venturi meter experiment is initiated by closing the valves on the hydraulic bench, turning on the pump, and slowly opening them to ensure that water is flowing. Open the air valve atop the manometer bank and adjust the flow control valve and/or the air...
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... 1. PAPER DESCRIPTION 2. IDENTIFYING A STANDARD WELLTEST PACKAGE AND ITS COMPONENTS 3. EQUIPMENT OPERATION AND FLOWING CONDITIONS 4. SAFETY AROUND YOUR EQUIPMENT 5. CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE 6. CALCULATING FLOW RATES 7. GLOSSARY – Exploration & Production Terms 8. CONVERSIONS & TABLES Paper Description This paper describes the specific conditions under which well tests must be performed, lists the surface testing equipment used to perform these well tests, summarizes how this equipment is used to collect samples at the surface and lists several examples that influence the layout of surface equipment. A reservoir test can only be performed under certain conditions. This means the reservoir must be exposed to a disturbance that will cause the reservoir pressure to change. This pressure change, when recorded and interpreted along with the measured flow rates, will give us information about well and reservoir parameters and geometry. A pressure disturbance is created depending on whether the reservoir is producing or shut down. This means: * If the well has been shut for a long time, the best way to create a pressure disturbance is to flow the reservoir; this is called drawdown. * If the well has been flowing for a long time, shutting the well can create a pressure disturbance; this is called a buildup. A pressure...
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...COEFFICIENT MEASUREMENT INTRODUCTION From application of Bernoulli’s equation (conservation of mechanical energy for a steady, incompressible, frictionless flow) : ideal orifice outflow velocity at the jet vena contracta (narrowest diameter) is: vi= 2gh Where h is the height of fluid above the orifice. The actual flow rate of the jet is defined as: Qt= Acv Where Ac is the cross-sectional area of the vena contracta, given by: Ac= CcAo Where Ao is the area of orifice and Cc is the coefficient of area contraction and, therefore, Cc<1, hence: Qt = CcAoCv2gh The product CcCv is called the discharge coefficient, Cd, so finally: Qt = CdAo2gh If Cd is assumed to be constant, then graph of Qt plotted against h will be linear and the slope, S= CdAo2g Under varying head, the coefficient discharge can be calculated from: Cd= -ARAo2gslope Where slope is obtained from time h vs t plot. APPARATUS Orifice apparatus, measuring cylinder, ruler, stopwatch OBJECTIVE To determine the coefficient of discharge for a small orifice based on flow under constant head and flow under varying head. PROCEDURE 1. The orifice diameter is measured. The orifice plate is removed if necessary and the internal dimension of the header tank is measured. 2. The apparatus is connected to the bench, leveling by adjusting the feet, ensuring the overflow pipe runs into the sump tank. 3. Overflow pipe is raised to a suitable level, release water into the head tank. 4. The flow is control...
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...Automated GSM-Based Weir Monitoring System [pic] _____________________________ A Technical Paper Presented to the Faculty of the College of Engineering and Technology Holy Cross of Davao College _____________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Subject CpE Design Projects _____________________________ by Cagulang, Randy Elminero, Ronell Geronimo, Joanna Rhey Mosqueda, Ramil Jr. Engr. Roumel Faustino Adviser November 2011 Chapter 1 The Problem and Its Scope Weir plays a vital role in valuable water resources. In most cases it takes the form of a barrier across the river that causes water to pool behind the structure. This means that it helps alter the flow characteristics of rivers and streams. Without proper monitoring facilities, this may cause floods that may lead to damage to the community. The need for automated performance monitoring systems is increasing as the personnel resources available for dam safety monitoring remains limited. A properly designed and implemented automated monitoring system can save labor and improve the quality of the data and the ability of the person in charge to detect a developing safety condition. According to the Hydrology Department of Henan Province in China (2011), Banqiao Reservoir Dam connected in River Ru in Zhumadian infamously failed in 1975, causes approximately 26,000 people died from flooding. In addition, about 5,960,000 buildings collapsed, and 11 million residents were...
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...and Biochemical Engineering CBE 2221 – Fluid Flow Air Through Annubar Performed: January 20th, 2011 Group members: Ashley Ching, Christopher Chai, Tanuj Dutta Student no: 250523377 Date of submission: February 3rd, 2011 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Theory and Nomenclature 3 Experimental Setup 3 Experimental Procedure 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion and Recommendations 6 Citations and References 6 Appendix A…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7 Appendix B 10 Introduction The objective of this lab is to calculate the mass flow rates across an annubar by measuring the pressure losses through the straight length of pipe and various fittings at different gas flow rates. The gas used in this experiment is air. The elbow meter was also calibrated and the fanning friction factor across the pipe was calculated. The friction loss due to the velocity head through the straight pipe and other fittings was also calculated. Theory and Nomenclature To measure the gas flow in a pipe, an annubar is used. An annubar is a set of Pitot tubes mounted across a pipe. It measures the differential pressure between the static pressure and the full pressure of the stream. The Pitot tube’s full pressure chamber opening is facing against the stream so that is allows for conical aerodynamics. Applying Bernoulli’s principle and varying the pressure difference calculated the volumetric flow. The following equations were used to calculate...
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...25 N Evaporator Current: 4.5 A Evaporator Voltage: 200 V Condenser Flow Rate: 483 g/s Condenser Temp (inlet) 13.7 (C Condenser Temp (exit) 20.8 (C Condenser Pressure: 590 kPa (gauge) Evaporator Pressure: 190 kPA (gauge) Compressor Temp (inlet) 9.6 (C Compressor Temp (exit) 43 (C Condenser Temp (exit) 23.7 (C Evaporator Temp (inlet) 0.4 (C Calculations Mass flow rate of R134a around Evaporator Q L = (V)(A) = (200)(5.4) = 1080 kW P3 = 590 kPa h3 = h4 = 265 kJ/ kg (from table) T3 = 23.7 (C P1 = 190 kPa h1 = 261 kJ/ kg (from table) T1 = 9.6 (C Q L = m (h1 – h4) m = 1.080 / (261 – 265) = 0.270 kg/s Mass flow rate of R134a around Condenser QH = mcw * Cp (water) (Tcw, in – Tcw, out) = (0.483)(4.18)(13.7 – 20.8) = 14.33 kJ/s P2 = 590 kPa h2 = 283 kJ/ kg (from table) T2 = 43 (C P3 = 590 kPa h3 = h4 = 265 kJ/ kg (from table) T3 = 23.7 (C QH = m (h2 – h3) m = 14.3 / (283 – 265) = 0.8 kg/s Power input to the Compressor Ps (shaft power) = F * (0.053218) * nc = (9.25)(0.053218)(7.87) = 3.82 kW Power Factor = Pa / Ps Pa = (0.57)(3.87) = 2.207 kW Calculations Continued Coefficient of Performance for the Refrigerator ( = QL / Wc Wc = Pa ( = 1.080 / 2.207 = 0.49 Rate of Heat Transfer from the Compressor Win = Qout + m (he – hi)...
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...Quiz 6 1) (a) Figure 1 below shows the arrangements of a circuit for a hydraulic system. The pump draws oil with a specific gravity of 0.90 from a reservoir and delivers it to the hydraulic cylinder. The cylinder has an inside diameter of 125 mm, and in 15 s the piston must travel 500 mm while exerting a force of 5000 kg. It is estimated that there are energy losses of 3.5 m in the suction pipe and 10.7m in the discharge pipe. Both pipe diameter is 50mm. Calculate: (i) The volume flow rate through the pump [4 marks] (ii) The pressure at the cylinder [4 marks] (iii) The power delivered to the oil by the pump if the pump has 70% efficiency [9 marks] Figure 1 2) (a) Figure 2 shows water flowing from reservoir A to B. If the water surface elevation in reservoir B is 110 m, what must be the water elevation in reservoir A if a flow of 0.03 m3/s is to occur in the cast-iron pipe with gate valve fully open? (Assume ambient temperature) [13 marks] (b) Explain what is the purpose of the gate valve in the pipe system? [4 marks] (c) Draw the HGL and EGL for the pipe system. [4 marks] (d) Propose an improvement to reduce the losses in the pipe system. Justify your answer. [4 marks] Elevation = ?? m A Kent = 0.5 L = 150 m Long radius Bend, 90° flanged Gate Valve Elevation = 110 m L = 40 m D = 60 cm Figure 2 D = 60 cm B Kexit= 1.0...
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...Question With the aid of a suitable diagram, describe the operation and construction of a reciprocating compressor employed in a VCR system (30 marks). Introduction A compressor is the most important and often the costliest component of any vapour compression refrigeration system (VCRS). The function of a compressor in a VCRS is to continuously draw the refrigerant vapour from the evaporator, so that a low pressure and low temperature can be maintained in the evaporator at which the refrigerant can boil extracting heat from the refrigerated space. The compressor then has to raise the pressure of the refrigerant to a level at which it can condense by rejecting heat to the cooling medium in the condenser. Reciprocating compressors Description Reciprocating compressor is the workhorse of the refrigeration and air conditioning industry. It is the most widely used compressor with cooling capacities ranging from a few Watts to hundreds of kilowatts. Modern day reciprocating compressors are high speed (≈ 3000 to 3600 rpm), single acting, single or multi-cylinder (up to 16 cylinders) type. Construction features and Principle of Operation Fig. 1 Figure 1 shows the schematic of a reciprocating compressor. Reciprocating compressors consist of a piston moving back and forth in a cylinder, with suction (Sv) and discharge (Dv) valves to achieve suction and compression of the refrigerant vapour. Its construction and working are somewhat similar to a two-stroke engine, as...
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...Debangsu Bhattacharyya (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-261812-0) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 3 Levels of Diagram • Block Flow Diagram (BFD) • Process Flow Diagram (PFD) • Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) – often referred to as Mechanical Flow Diagram Complexity Conceptual increases understanding Increases As chemical engineers, we are most familiar with BFD and PFD. From Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Fourth Edition, by Richard Turton, Richard C. Bailie, Wallace B. Whiting, Joseph Shaeiwitz, and Debangsu Bhattacharyya (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-261812-0) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 1 The Block Flow Diagram (BFD) • BFD shows overall processing picture of a chemical complex – Flow of raw materials and products may be included on a BFD – BFD is a superficial view of facility – ChE information is missing From Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Fourth Edition, by Richard Turton, Richard C. Bailie, Wallace B. Whiting, Joseph Shaeiwitz, and Debangsu Bhattacharyya (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-261812-0) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Definitions of BFD • Block Flow Process Diagram – Figure 1.1 – Similar to sketches in material and energy balances • Block Flow Plant Diagram – Figure 1.2 – Gives a general view of a large complex plant From Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Fourth Edition...
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... Over the years, engineers have found many ways to utilize the force that can be imparted by a jet of fluid on a surface diverting the flow. For example, the pelt on wheel has been used to make flour. Further more, the impulse turbine is still used in the first and sometimes in the second stages of steam turbine. Firemen make use of the kinetic energy stored in a jet to deliver water above the level in the nozzle to extinguish fires in high-rise buildings. Fluid jets are also used in industry for cutting metals and debarring. Many other applications of fluid jets can be cited which reveals their technological importance. This experiment aims at assessing the different forces exerted by the same water jet on a variety of geometrical different plates. The results obtained experimentally are to be compared with the ones inferred from theory through utilizing the applicable versions of the Bernoulli and momentum equations. • Objectives: 1. To determine the force produced by a water jet when it strikes a flat vane and a hemispherical cup. 2. To compare the results measured with the theoretical values calculated from the momentum flux in the jet. • Theory: For the general case shown in figure (1) the momentum flux in the jet is (muo) Where: m is the mass flow rate Uo is the jet velocity just upstream of the vane. After being deflected through the angle (, the momentum flux is (mu1cos() in the x-direction...
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...Computer Assisted Design of Thermal Systems Actual Compressor Calculations 1. Use guidelines for ideal gas turbomachinery to calculate ideal specific work and power. 2. Calculate volume flow rate in cubic feet per minute at the compressor inlet 3. Use the Brake Horsepower for a Generic Centrifugal Compressor graph to determine the basic brake horsepower. 4. Calculate the actual power by multiplying the basic brake horsepower by the ratio of the inlet pressure (in psig) to 14.5. This will give actual power in units of horsepower. You may wish to convert it to watts. 5. Calculate the actual specific work by dividing the actual power (in W) by the mass flow rate (in kg). 6. Calculate the actual adiabatic efficiency from ηs = w ideal w act or Wideal Wact 7. Determine the actual exit conditions by first calculating the actual exit enthalpy from h out,act = h in + w act and then using property evaluation to determine the actual exit entropy and temperature. 8. Calculate any second law parameters (such as irreversibility or reversible work) that are needed. 1 ME 416 CAD of Thermal Systems Figure 1. Brake Horsepower for a Generic Centrifugal Compressor 10000 8.0 6.0 4.0 Pressure Ratio 7.0 5.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 Basic Brake Horsepower (hp) 1000 100 1 10 100 Intake Volume Flow Rate (1000 CFM) 2 ME 416 CAD of Thermal Systems Example 1: Single Stage Compressor Air at 105 kPa and 278 K enters a single stage compressor at 5 kg/s and receives a pressure boost...
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...(P0-P2) and downstream (P0-P3) pressure taps as well. To start this lab we adjusted the flow rate to increase (P0-P3) in equal steps of 2.5 inches of water until the nozzle is choked, which means there is no further increases in (P0-P2) and (P0-P1). For each step, we recorded the readings from all manometers. We did this experiment twice and averaged all readings and calculated the mass flow rate from (P0-P1) assuming incompressible flow in this region and a discharge coefficient of 0.96 after collecting all the data. Then we plotted the mass flow rate vs. (P0-P3) and plot (P0-P2) vs. (P0-P3). This allowed us to compare the limiting values of throat velocity and pressure ratio (P2/P0) with theoretical values based on isentropic flow and also to find conditions that gave choked flow. We needed to use critical pressure ratio, theoretical critical pressure ratio, and theoretical velocity to help us to find choked flow. The purpose of this lab is to simulate the operation of a converging diverging nozzle, which perhaps is one of the most important and basic pieces of engineering hardware associated with the high speed flow of gases. This experiment is intended to help engineers of compressible aerodynamics visualize the flow through this type of nozzle at a range of conditions. We increased step size by 2.5 inches each time until it reached to 40 inches. After we recorded all the data, the choked flow should be around 27.5 inches of water; the manometer started to stop increasing around...
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...marks which satisfy the rubric. - 1 ___________________________________________________________________________ SECTION A A1. (a) Define what is meant by a streamline, a pathline, a streakline and a streamtube. When are the streamlines, pathlines and streaklines identical? [25%] Write down Bernoulli’s equation and define all the terms that appear in the equation. [20%] Water flows vertically upwards through a pipe which tapers from a cross-sectional area of 0.3 m2 at section A to 0.15 m2 at section B. Section B is located 6 m above section A. At A the flow velocity is 1.8 m/s and the static pressure is 117 kN/m2. Neglecting all losses, determine: (i) (ii) (iii) The water volumetric and mass flow rates. The velocity of water at section B. The water static pressure at section B. [15%] [15%] [25%] (b) (c) DATA Gravitational acceleration g = 9.81 m/s2 Density of water = 1,000 kg/m3 - 2 ___________________________________________________________________________ A2. (a) Write the Continuity Equation for a steady, one-dimensional flow and define each term in the equation. If the flow is incompressible what is the simplified form of the equation? [20%] Explain what are the velocity, contraction and...
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