...The two articles I choose to read and write about are “Covert Stuttering: Coming out of the Stuttering Closet” and “Stuttering and Sleep: Some Speculation”. I choose these two articles because I found them to be very interesting and insightful. Reading the two articles gave me a lot of informative information about stuttering and how it affects everyday life. I learned how certain lifestyle habits can affect a person who stutters and how stutterers have developed skilled techniques to hide the fact that they stutter. This paper will explain what I read and how it will help me conduct the clinical process with people who stutter. The first article that I will discuss is “Stuttering and Sleep: Some Speculation” by Sandra Melo. It has been researched that stuttering became worse after several nights of poor sleeping. In a single day, the brain processes more information than you can possible imagine. We rely on our brain to actively interpret and manage every piece of information our body is in contact with. When we sleep, the brain gets to rest, recharge and get ready for the next day of activities, thinking, processing, analyzing and more. That is why the amount of sleep we get is crucial if we want to efficiently function during the day. Sleep deprivation affects a person’s speech. It has been a general observance that individuals who lack sleep tend to stutter and slur. Vocabulary becomes limited and the tone of the voice is lowered. When conducting speech therapy with...
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...Dexter Mickens HCA500 Research Paper Introduction In the world today many of the medical issues that exist are met through the implementation of the Health Care System. This research paper will explore the topic of stuttering and its influence on individuals, and also how Health Care affects those with this speech disorder. “Stuttering is a communication disorder in which individuals have involuntary disruption to the fluency of their speech”. Research Problem/Statement The goal of this research paper is to gain insight as to both the causes and possible treatments for speech disorders like stuttering. Also to determine how other individuals who may speak other languages may be influenced by speech disorders. The research that will be conducted will also analyze the social side effects of stuttering like bullying and social anxiety. Literature Review The literature review that was conducted by utilizing the several databases and journal articles found through Kings College EBSO Host database along with other full text databases. Stuttering is a speech disorder that usually is noticed when an individual is still a child. Signs of stuttering in most individuals tend to disappear as the individual ages. Stuttering “occurs most often in children between the ages of 2 and 5… Most children outgrow stuttering. About 1 percent or less of adults stutters”. Stuttering usually develops while an individual is learning to develop their language skills, but can also develop through...
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...Fluency Fluency is another critical skill that must be mastered for students to become proficient readers. Fluency is considered the “bridge” between word recognition (phonics) and reading comprehension” (Rasinski, Paige & Nageldinger, 2015, p. 143). For children to become fluent readers they need to master the skills of rate, accuracy and prosody. According to LaBerge & Samuels (1974) reading is an informational process that requires students to master accuracy and automaticity. Students must be able to read the words accurately to deduce the meaning of the text. Students also must read at the appropriate rate and with the proper intonation and expression, thus creating reading fluency. Automaticity is the when students can pronounce a word it without applying decoding skills, this crucial to help students improve their reading accuracy. Without improving reading accuracy, disfluent students may spend too much time focused on decoding words, thus slowing down their reading (rate) and making it difficult for them to make meaning from the text. When...
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...Fluency is the ability to read the text, correctly, fast, and with expression. Fluency is an important principle of the reading that brings a bond between word recognition and comprehension. To be a fluent reader, a student must have the mastery skills of the phonemic awareness, phonological awareness, and phonics, and with all these skills, a fluent reader recognizes words as well as understands them at the same time. There are a lot of websites that enhance fluency; “www.starfall.com” is one of them, it is a great website for young kids. This website has a lot of reading material that includes letter recognition and sounds (Phonemes) to read stories, poems, rhymes, and songs. Children can practice the letter sounds, sound’s pitch, vowels,...
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...Fluency Classroom Strategies Fluency is one of the major components of the literacy foundations because it provides a correspondence between word recognition and comprehension. In the field of education, there are various strategies that help students improve fluency while reading. Depending on the approach a teacher decides to use for teaching fluency, the methods, materials, and instruction time may vary depending the students. As a teacher it is important to provide students with as many opportunities to read as possible. Therefore, a teacher must have the ability to determine what students should be reading and provide time for reading aloud. Regardless of the approach one pursues, oral reading, choral reading, and audio-assisted reading...
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...Setting and Sample Population The sample population for this study is four third grade students in a general education class in an urban district elementary school. There are 19 students in the class. The four students read at a grade below their grade level. They are non-fluent readers and have consistently performed below par in assessments in reading. Student A is a 9 year old male Hispanic who reads at the first grade level. Student B is a 9 year old African American male who presently reads at the second grade level. Student C is a 9 year Hispanic female who reads at the second grade level. Student D is a biracial (Hispanic and African American) who reads at the second grade level. All of these students receive free lunch and have satisfactory attendance. They do not have an IEP and none of them are English Language learners even though the Hispanic students are bilingual. These four students were chosen because it was noticed that even though they were just reading at one level below their reading level, they exhibit a great lack in comprehension skills. Their reading could also be described as non-fluent. Their reading is slow, choppy, and uninspired. There are also a lot of miscues, insertions, omissions and repetitions of known sight words. After readings like this they fail to answer or answer satisfactorily comprehension questions based on the readings. Samuels (1974), believes this happens because too much of their cognitive resources are used up in trying to...
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...A Correlation Analysis of English Language Proficiency and Performance in Content-Area Cognitive Skills Kate O’Neill - Zayed University Peter M. Theuri – Northern Kentucky University Abstract: Literature is replete with studies indicating the need to develop students’ language skills. Little research has emphasized the importance of language proficiency in enhancing learning or performance in specific content-area courses. This study investigates whether a student’s English language proficiency can be associated with her performance in specific cognitive skills (knowledge, comprehension, application, and analysis) in an introductory accounting course. While the results show no association between TOEFL and performance, the mean of the English composition courses do show a significant association with knowledge and comprehension cognitive skills scores on the first financial accounting course. No associations were attached to the application and analysis cognitive skills. The results are meaningful to faculty in balancing language proficiency with quality instruction in content-area courses. Introduction and Reference Context: English as a language of instruction has quickly taken precedence in most of the universities and colleges around the world. What has also become commonplace is the interchange of students from country to country. The term “international students” has traditionally been attributed to students who matriculate in colleges...
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...are variations of English language based on nationality, native language use, colloquial influences, regional accent and local expression. Philippines is a country that speaks English as second language. Filipinos as non-native speaker of English can read, write, and understand English. Not all Filipinos are good in speaking this foreign language. There are many dialects that affect the acquisition of learning English language. One major factor is that Philippines is an archipelago whereas islands are isolated from each other. Learning English comes with a distinct set of challenges because people speak it in different ways. There are many different dialects in the country. It can affect the way on how to pronounce English words or the fluency in speaking the language especially for the students. English speaking is becoming a common part of our lives...
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...The client will improve fluency skills in order to functionally communicate and participate in activities of daily living. Client will understand and use bouncing as a voluntary technique to reduce stuttering with minimal cuing in structured activities with 70% accuracy. Client will understand when to pause and speak slowly during structured activities with 70% accuracy. Client will understand and use easy onsets as a voluntary technique in structured activities to increase intelligibility with 70% accuracy. Jasmine will be given a piece of paper with 20 short sentences regarding the /p/ and /b/ sounds in the initial position. Jasmine will be instructed to read the sentence out loud and use the bouncing technique on the word that begin...
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...Effectiveness of Technology on Math Facts Fluency Name: Institution: Course: Tutor: Date: A. RESEARCH TOPIC The majority individuals would have the same opinion that a key objective of education must involve the expansion of learners’ comprehension of fundamental mathematical theories along with procedures. Every student, comprising learners with impairments and students vulnerable to failure, require gaining the know-how and capabilities that may allow them into “understanding” math-associated questions which they come across everyday at domicile as well as in upcoming work incidences. Unluckily, substantial evidence exists to designate that such goal isn’t being achieved, particularly for kids manifesting learning problems. Because the initial dispiriting outcomes of arithmetic accomplishment discovered with State Evaluation of Schooling Progress (SESP) during 1974, insufficient evidence exists to indicate that arithmetic accomplishment has increased considerably, particularly for learners with impairments (Spinelli, 2012). The intention for this research is to identify technology effectiveness towards fundamental arithmetic fluency. As a component of the classroom educational involvement, the research was carried out with ten learners with fair to stern cognitive impairments registered into a school of special training. This five-week research employed a solitary-case turnaround plan (ABAB). Data...
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...Get better fluency in (body) language! Nineteen years ago, a smooth-talking salesman walked into my office. My first impression of him was that he was probably an untrustworthy person. In the time we spent together, we became better acquainted. I began to trust him more. He spoke eloquently and shared a business plan with me. Taken in by its promise of handsome rewards, I begged him to let me be a part of it. In less than an hour and a half, he had persuaded me to invest RM40,000. I never saw my money again. Sometimes we say: “I have a strange feeling about this person”, or “I sense something is not right”, or “I have this intuition about this”. It is usually because we are picking up subtle but revealing body language and emotional signals from people that help us form an impression of them. Learning how to read body language will enable you to interpret these signals or accurately conclude what these mean. Signs of deceit Many common body gestures can tell you if a person is lying. For example, he avoids eye contact, rubs his nose or plays with keys or other items in his pocket. These are basic signs that suggest that a person may be lying. However, a serial liar might be able to conceal such obvious signs through his experience and boldness. A trained body-language practitioner will be able to skilfully pose questions and retrieve both verbal and non-verbal clues. If, for example, a person is suspected of stealing from the office cash box, he can be cleverly questioned...
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...Fingerspelling 02-05-13 Joyce L. Groode: Key Notes and Commentary Lesson one * Numbers and fingerspelling are similar in hand shapes but will not be covered in this unit * Joyce did not learn to fingerspell until she was 9 years old * Overall goal- historical changes, variation of shapes, loan signs * Joyce strongly dislikes the ABC cards because it is not the proper way to learn how to fingerspell. * Her method is to unlearn the ABC’s and relearn them as whole units and not individual letters * Children with deaf parents learn fingerspelling as units not letters. They later learn the individual signs in school. * We have to change, and establish a new habit of reading fingerspelling as whole words based on the shape. The three C’s * Children go through phases- see as whole units, omit letters when fingerspelling, after learning to read and write they can then spell correctly. * Word shape= configuration * Closure filling in the gaps by making educated guessed * Context- anticipated or predicts what might be coming in a finger spelled word that idea of expectation or anticipation is very much like using what you know of the English language or what you know of the situation or topic of conversation to provide a context. Lesson Two * Research shows most deaf people look in the area of the thought to keep up with the whole conversation.to pick up the facial, body expression fingerspelling, and the overall space. * Practice...
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...that one can read without full comprehension of what the text actually states, this where the ideas of reading expert Tim Rasinski come into play. Tim Rasinski is a well-accredited reading expert that advocates fluency in the beginner stages of reading. Fluency is the ability to read a text accurately, quickly, and with expression, but fluency bridges the gap between reading and comprehension (resourses). Looking further into the reading theories of Tim Rasinski we can see the possible key to developing reading comprehension through fluency. Biography Timothy Rasinski started out his career in education by teaching for several years as an elementary and middle school classroom and Title I teacher in rural Nebraska (Recourses). He furthered his education and became a professor teaching education at the University of Georgia. Rasinski is currently a professor of literacy education at Kent State University in Ohio (Recourses). He has written over 150 articles and has been included in 15 books or curriculum programs on reading education (Recourses).. Rasinski however in most famous for co-authoring the award winning fluency program called Fluency First, a program aiding many struggling young readers. His theories draw their basis of the foundations of reading fluency and word study, His research has been conducted...
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...dot”. Fluency is a popular choice for implementing interfaces because it adds readability and ease of use. Method chaining and fluency are in practice inseparable. These two aspects of programming seem to be contradictory, one can‟t have both. This essay argues that fluency and LoD can coexist and in the case where the developer must sacrifice one for the other, there is no clear rule to follow. 1.1 Law of Demeter The Law of Demeter was proposed by Ian Holland in 1987. It‟s a programming rule that applies to how methods are written, whose purpose is to assure a good programming style. It‟s been created as a metric to asses the quality of an object-orientated program. The direct purpose of the law is to condense several OOP principles(coupling control, information hiding, information restriction, information localization, structural induction) into a simple and easy to follow rule. The indirect purpose is to ensure loose coupling and stricter modularity. [1] The Law of Demeter is intended to be a guideline, not an absolute restriction. Misunderstanding and blindly following this law can lead to poorer code. [1] The law states that an object “A” should not access an object “B”, retrieved by calling a method of another object “C”, of which “A” has a direct reference to. Instead, “C” should offer an interface that covers the needs of object “A” so it doesn‟t need to access “B”. The law can be greatly simplified by the following rule, “use only one dot”. 1.2 Fluency Fluency...
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...According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), repeated oral reading improves comprehension, as well as reading fluency and word recognition when used in a reading program. The National Reading Panel also reports that these three factors; comprehension, fluency, and vocabulary are important factors for making meaning. The article focuses on the use of word study to help build vocabulary and fluency. The author, reading specialist; Deborah Staudt, describes how she improved the reading skills of her learning disabled students in a south- central school in Pennsylvania by integrating word study with timed repeated reading. Since her students struggled with fluency, fluency was the main goal in addition to comprehension and word recognition. Students were encouraged to set goals for themselves when tracking their reading time. This practice was used to help motivate students and build their automaticity. The author states that students are more likely to forget words more so if they are unable to automatically recognize and read words on their instructional level. Staudt describes how she began her program with the introduction of weekly poems. She recorded the time it took her students to read their poem each day. She also used previously learned poems for practice and to build their fluency. The poems were used as a tool for teaching language skills and comprehension strategies. The word study portion focused on the spelling, rhyme, or rime...
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