...The collapse of the Roman Empire broke the unity in Western Europe. Different cultural patterns and styles began to merge and take on new forms. A common theme throughout medieval art is religion. Architecture focuses mainly on the construction of churches, where Christians would come to worship. Throughout time, the style of church architecture transforms from being relatively simple and true to the balanced proportions of Roman buildings, to the churches that extend to a much greater height and increase in complexity. Christian iconography was another major form of art during the medieval times. While this was a consistent style throughout the time period, the method of representing Christian figures evolved. The three majors of style of art that reflect the ideology of medieval art include Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic style. The Byzantine Style comes from the Byzantine Empire, which survived the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 (Jarus). The architecture from...
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...transition from one style to the next. The influence of the Gothic style can be seen on churches in different regions in Europe. Although the style may vary slightly from one region to the next, the elements of Gothic architecture can be seen in each of the churches. Saint Denis cathedral is truly the first Gothic cathedral seen in Europe. The construction to renovate the smaller existing structure started in 1135 and was managed by Abbot Suger until the completion in 1144. In Example 1 the arched doorways, lancet windows, flying buttress, and spire can be seen. The stained glass rose window can also be seen, which is found in most, if not all, Gothic cathedrals. The cruciform can be seen in the floor plan, but where Example 1 differs from the previous Romanesque style is that the cathedral is taller and the large windows provide for ample lighting in the worship area rather than a dim, artificially meeting place (Medieval Spell, 2011). One example of the Gothic style is the cathedral of Notre Dame. The construction of the well-known cathedral started in Paris during the year 1163 and was completed in the year 1345. This cathedral displays a few o the architectural features that would represent not only the early period of the movement but would also last until the decline of the Gothic style cathedrals. Possibly the most widely recognized would be the flying buttresses...
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...Ruben Arderi AP World History 8/30/13 Book: Life in a Medieval City by Joseph and Frances Gies The Medieval age lasted for about eleven centuries; it started in 476 when the Western Roman Empire collapsed, and it ended in 1453 when the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople. It would change the world for centuries to come. Poor hygiene and lack of medical knowledge caused many diseases in the medieval period. People were very unsanitary, trash was dumped into rivers, and sewers were open. Many people got sick, and it was not uncommon for people to die from illnesses like dysentery, malaria, diphtheria, flu, typhoid, smallpox, leprosy. Pneumonia was a great killer during the colder months, but the worst off all diseases was the black plague; it wiped out at least 30% of Europe in the 1300’s. In the 1200’s and 1300’s there was a very little amount of doctors throughout Europe. Doctors would have to go to school for about eight years, then take a year of internship by a licensed practitioner and only then could they take a formal test which determines whether they could receive a license to practice. The most common currency was the denier in French, the dinero in Spanish, denari in Italian, denar in Hungarian, and penny in English. It was made of about 30% fine silver the rest different alloys. As the first official currency it was used all over Europe, and it introduced the idea of coins as currency to the world. Some Barons and Princes however would take out a small amount...
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...New Art Forms of the High Middle Ages Throughout history Europe has experienced countless changes in culture and other aspects. The Middle Ages, or Medieval Period, lasted from around 800 into the 1400’s (349). This period can be subdivided into three categories: early, high, and late. The Middle Ages brought about changes in religion, law, and daily life. Changes also occurred in the arts with the introduction of Gothic architecture and troubadour poetry. Although the Middle Ages began as a time of violence, the emergence of Gothic architecture and troubadour poetry are examples of devotion and expression. During the tenth and eleventh centuries cathedrals were constructed (367). The style of the cathedrals resembled Roman architecture, which was the preceding time period. (367). Features of Roman architecture included “massive walls, rounded stones arches, and small windows” (367). By the twelfth century, this new style gained the name “Gothic.” The Gothic style introduced new engineering improvements and emphasized more emotional expression. The structures of Gothic architecture consisted of pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses (367). A flying buttress carried the weight of the roof. “Midieval Archtechture” states: “The walls of Gothic buildings could be thinner than previous styles of architecture because the weight of the roof was supported by the arches rather than by the walls. The pointed Gothic arch provided greater flexibility could also span...
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...always that way, before the increasing popularity of modern architecture, a style characterized by its rejection of the classical approach, became apparent in today’s time, there was a prevailing architectural movement during the 19th century called Gothic Revival that encompasses all the other neoclassical styles in that period. Gothic Revival that is also known as Victorian Gothic or neo-Gothic architecture got its name from the medieval Gothic Architecture it was influenced to. Back in the Medieval era, the style wasn’t referred to as ‘Gothic’ yet, it was only during the period of the Renaissance that the term became commonly used by the people, which was started by Italian architect, historian and writer Giorgio Vasari, deemed all buildings of the middle Ages to be that of having a rude and barbaric quality because it does not conform to the traditional designs of classical Greek and Roman, and also thought of as having an association with the savage Goths, the people who were responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of the medieval period. The movement started in the late 1740's but became even more prevalent during the advent of Romanticism, a movement that is paralleled with the industrial revolution when machines were slowly developed to replace manual labor that provides the people the comfort and convenience of having a more efficient, smooth and speedy operation. At the...
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...aided growth of fief-holding., and in time - Christianity assimilated them into European civilization. In Western Europe, the chief political repercussion of frequent Viking raids was .an increase in the power of local aristocrats to whom threatened populations turned for effective protection. Feudalism of medieval Europe was primarily a complex system of vassalage by which the weak sought protection and sustenance from powerful local nobles. Feudalism in England under William I differed from feudalism in most other countries in that he required sub-vassals to swear allegiance to him. William of Normandy's survey of his new royal possessions in England was recorded in the Doomesday Book. By the thirteenth century, a previous acceptance of homosexuality by church and society had been replaced by Christian persecution of homosexuals due to all of the following: the writings of Thomas Aquinas; a rising tide of intolerance in Europe; the identification of homosexuals with other detested minority groups in society. The "agricultural revolution" of the High Middle Ages was in part brought about by a change from the two-field to the three-field system. The Magyars were originally from western Asia. Students in medieval universities often engaged in quarrels with one another and in confrontations with towns-people. Concerning the curriculum of the medieval university students studied the trivium and quadrivium. The Frankish palace official, Charles Martel, successfully...
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...Middle Ages and Renaissance Art Western Governor’s University It is interesting how two different artistic periods can compare to each other. When comparing Middle Age art to art of the Renaissance, I find a vast transformation of ideas and mentality between the two eras. The Middle Ages, also called the Medieval period, lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. Christianity, religion and the church played an important role in life in the Middle Ages. Life seemed difficult in the Middle Ages. A vast majority of the population could read or write. The population’s hope was declining and this lead to a strong belief that the next life in heaven would be better than the current life that they were in. The basic government and society in Europe during the middle ages was based around the feudal system. (Eco, U. (1986). Because Christianity played an important role during the Middle Ages, early Christian art icons were popular such as images of Christ, the Virgin Mary or saints. Also popular were illuminated manuscripts that were of a religious nature. Because of the radiant glow created by the gold, silver, and other colors that were used, these handwritten and decorated or painted texts were called illuminations. These were still being created in the Middle Ages. Architecture of the Middle Ages also focused on a Christianity theme. Two...
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...Medieval ages vs Renaissance. The mid-14th century marked the beginning of a transition between the Medieval and Modern times. This transition we now known as the Renaissance. The movement initiated in Italy and incorporated almost all aspects of life starting with intellect and politics and reflecting in architecture and art. In Italian “Renaissance” literally means “awakening” or “rebirth”. (Cliff’s Notes, 2013). The Middle ages were thought to be really invented by Renaissance. People of the 14th century were feeling like they were “coming out of the darkness”. Since those dark and dirty centuries left behind didn’t really deserve to be called any special name they just called them ‘the age in between”. We now realize that those ages were also innovative and in it’s 1000 years or so Europe took on the shape and features we know today. “In the lawless age people looked for immediate solutions to immediate problems: how to beat back the enemy, how to rebuild the working economy, how to stay alive. Until, out of anarchy, a new social order was put together that would restructure Europe – the Middle ages.” The medieval art of the Western world covers an enormous range of time and place, over 1000 years of art in Europe, and at times the Middle East and North Africa. Generally we say that medieval art lasted from 5th to 14th centuries. It includes major art movements and periods and the artists themselves. Art historians try to classify medieval art into major periods...
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...in into the age of “rebirth”, forever impacting the way think and perceive the world around us. Northern Italy can be looked upon as the father of modern history; however, it was Northern Italy’s grand-father, Greece and Rome that inspired this modernization of the world. Italy is full of Roman architecture and art; it was this influence, combined with a spike in common wealth that began the first break from medieval logic. Individual city states began flourishing, taking politics into their own hands. Influenced by an increasing number of wealthy businessmen, people began to dismiss the old fire and brimstone ideas of medieval rule and began to center on one’s self. This promotion of “self” compelled people to explore their individual talents and glorify intelligence rather than oppress it. For the first time in centuries, creative arts were encouraged and those who possessed the talent were highly sought after. Religion, while not completely phased out of daily life, was taken into consideration, but people’s lives did not revolve around it like in medieval times. Instead, a typical Renaissance era citizen was involved in every aspect life not letting their spirituality hold them back. Of course, in order to...
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...Gothic Architecture can be viewed as the skyscrapers of the medieval era with the sheer height of the buildings and the slender windows and columns adding to the verticality of the buildings. In his book 'Gothic' Prof. Dr Bruno Klein enlightens the readers that Gothic Architecture was not entirely initiated with the construction of St. Denis by Abbot Sugar but rather played as major catalyst for the movement which had slowly started to appear in the late Romanesque movement. By instigating a search through Klein's work a better understanding of the Gothic movement can be achieved. This paper will discuss in detail factors that contributed towards the Gothic movement and how the movement was not initiated by the construction of St. Denise by Abbot Sugar but rather a few years before hand. By exploring factors such as political, social and cultural beliefs and values that influence the dramatic change that helped emerge the gothic movement and differ it from its predecessor. Aim of this paper is showcase and illuminate the differences between Gothic and Romanesque Architecture but also how past Architectural styles transcends over time rather than stop with the Architectural movement ends and moves to another. The fact that the founding stone of Gothic Architecture was laid on the july 14 1140 can be disputed (Toman and Bednorz 2007, pg 28). According to Prof. Dr. Bruno Klein the rebuilding of the choir of the Benedictine church of St. Denis was begun at the influence of Abbot...
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...Stephanie Rogers Mr. Coleman English 3 10/22/13 Gothic Literature The word gothic has a lot of different meanings. Gothic literature plays a main role in the gothic category. Gothic literature is broke down into many categories. Gothic literature can be cut down in three parts. The History Of Goths, Connection to The Gothic Nove,l and Elements Of The Gothic Novel. The Goths are one of the Germanic tribes that fought with The Roman Empire. The style of architecture prevalent in western Europe in the 12–16th centuries, characterized by pointed arches, rib vaults, and flying buttresses, together with large windows and elaborate tracery. It could mean “medieval” or “uncouth”. It could refer to people in the rock genre of music. Also people that wear the color black. It was awhile before they come up with another meaning. They rediscovered the culture as a type of architecture during the middle ages. Then it eventually started describing certain types of novels. That started taking place in the Gothic-styled architecture. Many of the highly regarded Gothic novelists published their writing and much of the novel's form was defined. Writers such as Steven King are gothic literature writers. He does gothic literature in books and in movies. As Ann B. Tracy writes in her novel The Gothic Novel 1790-1830 Plot Summaries and Index to Motifs, the Gothic novel could be seen as a description of a fallen world. Gothic are a type of archetype that are found In a pattern to...
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...include 73.34 meters in height and is well known as the largest building built in Romania and also verified as the highest cathedral in the country. The uses of value, line, shape and value are very much similar to the same styles due to the fact of the way that the cathedral is built. The towers are all symmetrical to each other and each stone is the same size all around so that gives its shape also a well round symmetrical look throughout the whole outside of the cathedral. The arts subject matter of the cathedral was intended on a creation of a historic landmark. Built in the place of Romanesque building from the 12th century, but the entire structure depicts influences from central Europe. The artwork can be known as representational because it represents a landmark towards central Europe. Its structure is surrounded and built upon statues and monuments which exist of great value, also due to the fact the cathedral was renovated and constructed over due time shows its importance towards past and future references. This work of art represents a gothic architect in Transylvania which it was built in 1520, this cathedral is best known for its gothic features towards the Celi pattern. The artist message behind this creation I believe Is more on the terms of preserving the cathedral and trying to keep this piece of history intact. Numerous tries to preserve and construct other statues and add towers to it really help strengthen the cathedrals features. (...
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...styles were both placed in the western period during the middle ages. Both styles were mostly applied in architecture. Romanesque art started in the 7th century and it reached the rest of the Western Europe in a short period of time. Romanesque was the main artistic style in the 12th century until it gave way to the beginning of gothic architecture (Banister 12). Romanesque art come into being around 1000 AD and lasted until 1150 AD. The name Romanesque came from the fusion of Roman, Carolingian and Ottonian. The Romanesque architectural styles were of Roman origin. The structural design included large internal spaces which were topped by barrel vaults, piers and squat columns. The windows and doors in the Romanesque style were made of round headed arches and most of the major churches are laid out on the basilica plan and are modified by the additions of buttresses, transepts and towers (Banister 12). The gothic art was a medieval art movement that urbanized in France so it was fully developed in France and in England in the 12th century. By the 13th century, it had already spread all over Germany. Gothic art emerged out of Romanesque art in the 12th century. Gothic art spread all over Western Europe. The gothic sacred structural design is notable for its lightness (flying buttresses) and tall structures which were achieved through the development of firm architectural features which included pointed arches, corrugated vaults and traceried windows. It also had slender...
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...Market overview Porter's five forces analysis Major airports and airlines The trend for the future? German Airline Industry Volume vs. Value German Airlines Market Segmentation Volume vs. Value Market Forecasts Volume vs. Value Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Leading Companies Lufthansa Air Berlin PLC & Co. Luftverkehrs KG Germanwings GmbH Ryanair Holdings plc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tr Airports Hub/base of Airlines Strategic location The importance of slots Frankfurt am Main International Airport Passenger traffic -- No.1 in Germany; No.3 in Europe; No.8 worldwide Cargo traffic -- the busiest airport in Europe A hub of Lufthansa, usually with over capacity operations Munich International Airport The second busiest airport in Germany and the 28th busiest in the world It was named the "Best Airport in Europe" and the 4th best worldwide A hub for Lufthansa and Star Alliance airlines, main base for dba and LTU Düsseldorf International Airport The third largest airport in Germany Serves as the main hub for the airline LTU and as an important secondary hub for Lufthansa Hamburg Airport Germany's oldest airport in operation The 4th biggest German airport Berlin Tegel International Airport Has the most scheduled flights among 3 Berlin Int'l airports The main base for Air Berlin and LTU Together with Tempelhof International Airport, the 2nd oldest commercial airport in the world, would...
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...emitted rays, like a laser, which enabled us to see. The first person to realise that light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haitham. He invented the first pin-hole camera after noticing the way light came through a hole in window shutters. The smaller the hole, the better the picture, he worked out, and set up the first Camera Obscura (from the Arab word qamara for a dark or private room). He is also credited with being the first man to shift physics from a philosophical activity to an experimental one. 03 Chess: A form of chess was played in ancient India but the game was developed into the form we know it today in Persia. From there it spread westward to Europe – where it was introduced by the Moors in Spain in the 10 th century – and eastward as far as Japan. The word rook comes from the Persian rukh, which means chariot. 04 Parachute: A thousand years before the Wright brothers a Muslim poet, astronomer, musician and engineer named Abbas ibn Firnas made several attempts to...
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