...Software Cost Estimation and COCOMO II ❚ Park, Jung-Won ❚ Univ. of Southern Cal. (USC) ❚ Center for Software Engineering (CSE) ❚ Systems Engineering Research Institute (SERI), Taejon, Korea ❚ December 29, 1997 What is COCOMO? ❚ COnstructive COst MOdel ❚ estimating software development effort and cost ❚ function of the size of the software product in source instructions ❚ function of the most significant software cost drivers Importance of Software Cost Estimation - problems ❚ Software project personnel have no firm basis for telling a manager, customer, or salesperson that their proposed budget and schedule are unrealistic. ❚ Software analysts have no firm basis for making realistic hardware-software tradeoff analysis during the system design phase. ❚ Project managers have no firm basis for determining how much time and effort each software phase and activity should take. USC-CSE Affiliates ❚ Commercial Industry (9) AT&T, Bellcore, EDS, HP, IDE, Motorola, Rational, TI, Xerox ❚ Aerospace Industry (9) E-Systems, Hughes, Litton, Lockheed, Loral, Northrop Grumman, Rockwell, SAIC, TRW ❚ Government (3) DISA, USAF Rome Lab, US Army Research Labs ❚ FFRDC’s and Consortia (5) Aerospace, IDA, JPL, SEI, SPC Partial List of COCOMO Packages ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ CB COCOMO COCOMOID COCOMO1 CoCoPro COSTAR COSTMODL GECOMO Plus ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ GHL COCOMO REVIC SECOMO SWAN Steps in Software Estimation ❚ 1. Establish Objectives * Rough Sizing * Make-or-Buy * Detailed Planning ❚ 2. Allocate...
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...Constructive Cost Model COCOMO Adapted from Allan Caine Outline COCOMO in a Coconut-shell Complete Examples Intermediate COCOMO: Cost Drivers Advantages and Limitations of COCOMO COCOMO in a Coconut-shell E = a ( KLOC ) Where b E is the Effort in staff months a and b are coefficients to be determined KLOC is thousands of lines of code The Constants Mode Organic 2.4 a 1.05 1.12 1.20 b Semi-detached 3.0 Embedded 3.6 The Modes Organic 2-50 KLOC, small, stable, little innovation Semi-detached 50-300 KLOC, medium-sized, average abilities, medium time-constraints Embedded > 300 KLOC, large project team, complex, innovative, severe constraints Examples Suppose size is 200 KLOC, Organic 2.4(200)1.05 = 626 staff-months Semi-Detached 3.0(200)1.12 = 1,133 staff-months Embedded 3.6(200)1.20 = 2,077 staff-months Project Duration TDEV Where = c(E ) d TDEV is time for development c and d are constants to be determined E is the effort Constants for TDEV Mode Organic 2.5 c 0.38 0.35 0.32 d Semi-detached 2.5 Embedded 2.5 Example Picking up from the last example, Organic E = 626 staff months TDEV = 2.5(626)0.38 = 29 months Semi-detached E = 1,133 TDEV = 2.5(1133)0.35 = 29 months Embedded E = 2077 TDEV = 2.5(2077)0.32 = 29 months Average Staff Size E [staff - months] SS = = = [staff] TDEV [ months] Productivity Size [KLOC] P= = = KLOC staff - month E [staff - months] Complete Example...
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...Term paper On COCOMO Model Introduction The original COCOMO stands for Constructive Cost Model. The word "constructive" implies that the complexity of the model can be understood because of the openness of the model, which permits exactly to know WHY the model gives the estimates it does. The model was first published by Dr. Barry Boehm in 1981, and reflected the software development practices of these days. The name of this model was COCOMO I or COCOMO ’81. Since this time many efforts were done in the improvement of the software development techniques. Some of the changes were moving away from mainframe overnight batch processing to real time applications, strenuousness in effort in building software for reusing, new kind of system development in including off-the-shelf software components (COTS) and spending as much effort on designing and managing the software development process as was once spent creating the software product. This advanced version at present time is known as COCOMO II. The work for COCOMO II has been supported financially and technically by the COCOMO II Program Affiliates: Aerospace, Air Force Cost Analysis Agency, Allied Signal, DARPA, DISA, Draper Lab, EDS, E-Systems, FAA, Fidelity, GDE Systems, Hughes, IDA, IBM, JPL, Litton, Lockheed Martin, Loral, Lucent, MCC, MDAC, Microsoft, Motorola, Northrop Grumman, ONR, Rational, Raytheon, Rockwell, SAIC, SEI, SPC, Sun, TASC, Teledyne, TI, TRW, USAF Rome Lab, US Army Research Labs, US Army TACOM, Telcordia...
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...A Wish and A Dream May 8, 2012 at 7:30am Whenever I make wishes there always the same, And there always in your name. Today I wished that I had one last day, To hear your voice, even if I don’t know what to say. It’s been 2 years since you died and I can’t recall your face, I can’t remember your loving embrace. Whenever I close my eyes the flash backs hit me like a bad dream. The sound of the phone ringing, the crying on the other line, it was extreme. I recall my cousin’s voice, mumbling the words, I couldn’t fight the tears streaming down my cheek. The drive to the hospital felt like hours, My whole body felt numb and weak. I close my eyes, and I can still see, My loved ones surrounding me. I’m pacing back and forth through the halls, Crying in bathroom stalls. My mind about to make the toughest choice, But I feel like I have no voice. I can still hear the sound of your last breathe, The painful sound of death. The rise and fall of your chest, Wishing god would put you to rest. I did not let you go alone; I was with you till the end. And for that my heart can never mend. And just when I thought you had gone, you’d gasp for air. I held your hand, I told you I loved you, and I sat in that chair. When it was all over, I ran to brother’s side, I just wanted to curl up and hide. Last night I dreamed of the night you died, I jerked awake so fast and cried. I held my head in shame, Feeling like I was to blame. Every time I walk...
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...Although the medicine man’s parrot initially seems meaningless, it serves to represent the docile, caged pet that the majority of the English population wishes for Aminata to become. The relationship between the medicine man and his bird demonstrates the subservient nature that is expected from Aminata. A prime example of this symbolism occurs in Aminata’s insight upon her first interaction with the bird: “And it did not use a homelander language. The bird spoke the toubabu’s language” (76). In this line, Aminata is observing that the medicine man has stripped the parrot of its natural vocal inflections and has instead trained it to adopt his language. It is significant because, in the preceding scene, the medicine man had tried to attach the English name of Mary onto the identity of Aminata and had begun to teach her his dialect. Furthermore, Aminata illustrates her physical captivity in the line “it was locked in that cage just as surely as I was locked in the ship” (76). Utilizing the metaphor “locked in the ship” (76), Aminata parallels the confined life of the parrot with her own enslavement. This comparison is strengthened by the fact that, each night, Aminata must cover the parrot’s cage with a cloth. The placement of fabric over the cage symbolizes how, during the daytime, she is allowed to travel around the ship, just as the bird may peer through the bars of its cage. However, at night, Aminata must descend into the medicine man’s cabin and remain trapped there with no...
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...Penny Thomas is planning to open Marble Slab Creamery’s 37th franchisee in southern Ontario. Marble Slab is known for its fresh daily ice cream, imported high-quality toppings/mixins, and the final blending procedure that is done on a marble granite slab. Her main goal includes achieving fiscal year end revenue of $400000, maximizing product awareness and ensuring a loyal consumer base. The market for ice cream remains strong despite the economy collapsing into a recession. Ice cream is viewed by many as an affordable treat and more prime locations are opening up for new franchise units. The society is moving towards a healthy, wholesome lifestyle that fit directly to Marble Slab’s promotional campaign. The freshness, customization, premium quality and long shelf life differentiate Marble Slab from its competitors and stand competitive in the market. Marble Slab targets young adults aged 15 to 24 years since this demographic values quality, individuality, health and are brand conscious, trend followers. They are usually affluent, pleasure seeking, easily influenced by media, and more prone to impulsive purchasing. In order to increase product awareness and consumer base, it is suggested that Marble Slab take on the following recommendations: Locate in the Thornhill outdoor outlet in Vaughn and open a drive-through for convenience. Open a retail line for product exposure Change catering prices but remain consistent with other franchisees Continue differentiating...
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...SOUND | Alert types | Vibration; Downloadable polyphonic, MP3 ringtones | | Loudspeaker | Yes | | 3.5mm jack | No | | | - DNSe (Digital Natural Sound Engine) | MEMORY | Card slot | microSD, up to 8 GB, buy memory | | Phonebook | 1000 contacts, Photocall | | Call records | Yes | | Internal | 50 MB | DATA | GPRS | Class 10 (4+1/3+2 slots), 32 - 48 kbps | | EDGE | Class 10, 236.8 kbps | | Speed | No | | WLAN | No | | Bluetooth | Yes, v2.1 with A2DP | | USB | Yes, v2.0 | CAMERA | Primary | 2 MP, 1600x1200 pixels | | Features | Smile detection | | Video | Yes, QVGA@15fps | | Secondary | No | FEATURES | Messaging | SMS, MMS, Email | | Browser | WAP 2.0/xHTML, HTML | | Radio | Stereo FM radio with RDS | | Games | Yes + downloadable | | GPS | No | | Java | Yes, MIDP 2.0 | | Colors | Jamaican Yellow, Cupid Pink, Minimal White, and Festival Orange; 2 Fashion Jackets | | | - Social networking integration with live updates - MP3/WMA/eAAC+ player - Find Music recognition service - H.263/H.264/MP4/WMV player - Organizer - Voice memo - Predictive text input | BATTERY | | Standard battery, Li-Ion 960 mAh | | Stand-by | Up to 730 h | | Talk time | Up to 9 h | MISC | SAR US | 0.72 W/kg (head) 0.37 W/kg (body) | | SAR EU | 0.75 W/kg (head) | | Price group |...
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...David Yanich English 202 February 12, 2014 After doing research and realizing how much power and control major companies have in our world, I have come to this main question. How much choice do we really have when we want to purchase goods? Choice is something most people just assume they have when they are picking their cable company, choosing a bank, or even walking through your local food mart. The goal of this essay is to show that while at first glance choices may seem endless, but when you do a small amount of research you can quickly realize that most brands link back to the same parent company. The majority of foods, drinks, and health products we buy trace their way back to 10 major corporations. Society today has this false idea that they have a choice in what they buy at the grocery store. For example you may not like large soda companies and decide to not buy their products. But if you buy bottled water, sports drinks, energy drinks, or fruit juice chances are you are buying a brand from a soda producing parent company. Most retailers charge a fee to get products on the most visible shelves which keeps small companies away from your line of sight. This is because large consumer good companies have a special relationship with retailers. Like an “I’ll scratch your back if you scratch mine ideology”. Many of the products that you see on store shelves are direct competitors that are linked to the same company. “ConAgra sells six varieties of popcorn” (http://www.alternet...
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...Rising from the ashes- FM Radio When all advertisers & media planners had written off radio, small change in government of India guidelines put it back into the picture. With latest songs and fresh radio presenters, it became the next big thing. One can say that FM Radio in India rose from its ashes. But soon this wave passed away & it became just another media available on the block. This article is written in the view to analyse what went wrong, and how radio companies can make a come-back in the world of advertising by focussing on its strengths and lastly tips for advertisers on how to use this medium to its fullest. Various inputs from primary & secondary research have been compiled to address the issues in detail. Because rural & semi-urban consumers are very different in India, we would like to focus on the FM radio in major metros in this article. Why are we talking about FM radio? * FM Radio in India has the highest reach ranging ~ 90% & outnumbers the no. of TV sets in the country by 3:1. But only account for a very small pie of the 9000cr market of advertising spends. It is only about 3% according to an Arthur Anderson’s survey. While globally, spends on radio ranges from 4% to 12%, with United States & Canada at high end of 12%. So it makes us believe that there is some merit in the medium that we are not utilizing to the best of its potential. * Also, it is to be noted that this vast reach is not just because vast rural...
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...Research Article FM RADIO REVOLUTION IN PAKISTAN A case study - By Dr. Ahsan Akhtar Naz* Abstract Introduction Pakistani society is shifting towards change. Media is playing a vital role in this social change. In this regard, FM channels are being considered as more effective medium. These channels are running under the control of Pakistani Government. Now, these are spreading far and wide from metropolitans to towns. Due to this mass acceptance, these channels are acting as leverage of media revolution. The government regulatory authority PEMRA is regulating these channels. PEMRA has issued many licenses to cross media groups, businessmen, advertising agencies, public universities, etc. This analysis is about the popularity of these channels and examines the quality of different programs. This covers maximally the quality of different programs. Covering maximum aspects of FM radio channels in Pakistan as well as focusing on the freedom of information and public right to know. Some details of PEMRA's efficiency in four years have also been discussed. The relevant bodies can improve the role of these FM channels. A task is also added for previous, about FM channels in Lahore . Introduction Social scientists are feeling that Pakistani society is converting into information society, gradually. The majority of Pakistani population is economically poor .The governments have not paid proper attention towards education. As a result, they can't gain education properly. Despite...
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...replacing the radio with a television. Sadly today the radio is mainly used in vehicles. The radio is a great tool for drivers to keep from falling asleep behind the wheel or some radios in new models of cars; they can communicate through their radio speakers. The advances that the radio had during the twentieth century been very important and life changing. When the radio was first invented it was a great success and it did the job it entailed. During the 20th Century the radio made some very important advances, they are advances ranging from transmute radio signals to amplifier levels, and FM radio to HD radio. All these advances made the radio what it is today. Transmatic radio signals are when a wireless receiver can transmit sound from over 2000 miles; this is a new way to send Morse code. FM Radio and HD radio advances came in the late twentieth century yet they were just as important; the FM radio came to solve the static problem that the AM radio was having. Rather than increasing...
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...FM Broadcasting began in Alpine, New Jersey right on the top of the New Jersey Palisades. This was where Major Edwin Howard Armstrong, the inventor of FM radio built Alpine Tower, also known as “Armstrong Tower” in 1937. As the discoverer of frequency modulation “FM” in 1933, Armstrong spent many years experimenting on this discovery while working for RCA. Armstrong went through several legal battles throughout his thirteen years of FM discovery and research (and following his death). On April 10, 1938 Armstrong broadcasted for the first time on FM radio, from his experimental call sign W2XMN. The FM radio was discovered after RCA’s former president David Sarnoff asked Armstrong to provide “a little black box” that could eliminate the static that plagued AM (amplitude modulation) broadcasting (FYBush). Ten years later, Armstrong discovered how to change the radio waves frequency. After Armstrong’s discovery and when David Sarnoff realized how great his discovery was. “This is not an ordinary invention," Sarnoff declared, “This is a revolution." (Amplifier) Sarnoff gave Armstrong RCA’s experimental television laboratory on top of the Empire State Building. Eventually, Sarnoff felt threatened by this discovery. RCA was slowly working on commercial television, and they did not want to spend extra money replacing radio equipment once Armstrong’s FM technology was accepted by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission). Armstrong was asked to remove his equipment from the laboratory...
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...Usage & Attitudes Category | Description | How used | Frequently | Usage Occasion | Everyday | Perceived Attributes | Makes you cool and remove the warmth | Usage reason | Refreshment, chilling mood, hot weather | Brand Communication Brand media history * Polar was 2nd choice in ice-cream in young generation in recent years. * Polar’s mostly communication in the past was TVC, Newspaper ads, Sponsor of renowned of any exibihition or school program etc * Polar is well known for sponsoring school campaigning program. * Besides, Polar gives newspaper ads in renowned newspapers & billboards in all around the country * Polar recently started to give ads in FM radio channels as the listening radio culture emerging in Bangladesh * Polar frequently gives new product offers, promotion of new products. Brand Communication Keya’s initial Promotional campaigns are made by Litmus communications limited. Some of the examples of TVCs are, Polar fresco ice-cream Year: 2011 Agency: Litmus Communications Limited Artist: Pinky Direction: Mahmud Vai Voice: Elita Karim Music: Ripondon a kinofilms production "Utshabay Saradin Polar Ice-cream “Company: Dhaka Ice-cream Industries limited Year: 2010 Agency: Litmus Communications Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh Concept: Wazir Sattar Polar Ice-Cream (SKU Based) TVC Year : 2009 Agency: Litmus Director: Aadnan Rahaman Music: Fuad Al Muqtadir Models: Bipasha Kabir, Mirazul Islam, Fiton...
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...TEARDROPS ON MY GUITAR Drew looks at meI fake a smile so he won't seeWhat I want and I needAnd everything that we should be I'll bet she's beautifulThat girl he talks aboutAnd she's got everythingThat I have to live without Drew talks to meI laugh 'cause it's just so funnyI can't even seeAnyone when he's with me He says he's so in loveHe's finally got it rightI wonder if he knowsHe's all I think about at night He's the reason for the teardrops on my guitarThe only thing that keeps me wishing on a wishing starHe's the song in the car I keep singingDon't know why I do Drew walks by meCan he tell that I can't breathe?And there he goes, so perfectlyThe kind of flawless I wish I could be She better hold him tightGive him all her loveLook in those beautiful eyesAnd know she's lucky 'cause He's the reason for the teardrops on my guitarThe only thing that keeps me wishing on a wishing starHe's the song in the car I keep singingDon't know why I do So I drive home aloneAs I turn out the lightI'll put his picture downAnd maybe get some sleep tonight 'Cuz he's the reason for the teardrops on my guitarThe only one who's got enough of me to break my heartHe's the song in the car I keep singingDon't know why I do He's the time taken up but there's never enoughAnd he's all that I need to fall intoDrew looks at meI fake a smile so he won't...
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...Operation Guide NWZ-B152 / B153 / B152F / B153F ©2010 Sony Corporation 4-185-044-11(1) Table of Contents Home Menu Index Note Table of Contents Depending on the country/region in which you have purchased the player, some models may not be available. Browsing the Operation Guide To use the buttons in the Operation Guide Click the buttons located in the upper right of the pages of this manual to jump to “Table of Contents,” “About the Home Menu” or “Index.” Jumps to the table of contents Find what you are looking for from a list of topics in the manual. Home Menu Index Jumps to the Home menu list Find what you are looking for from a list of the option items in the player’s menu. Jumps to the index Find what you are looking for from a list of key words mentioned in the manual. Hint You can jump to the indicated page by clicking a page number in the table of contents or in the index. You can jump to the indicated page by clicking a page reference indication (e.g., p. 5) on each page. To search for a reference page by keyword, enter the keyword into the find text field on the Adobe Reader window. Operation procedures may differ, depending on your Adobe Reader version. To change the page layout The buttons on the Adobe Reader window enable you to select how pages are displayed. Text field to find text Continuous Pages are displayed as a continuous roll of pages, fitting the page width inside the window. When you scroll, the...
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